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[ÇØ¿Ü¿¬±¸º¸°í¼­] ¹Ì±¹ ¶óÀ̽º´ëÇÐ, ÁúÈ­ºØ¼Ò°¡ °úºÒÈ­¿Áź»ê Æı« Ã˸Š¹ß°ß

 

 

¹Ì±¹ Åػ罺ÁÖ ÈÞ½ºÅà¿¡ ÀÖ´Â ¶óÀ̽º ´ëÇб³(Rice University)ÀÇ È­ÇÐ ¿£Áö´Ï¾îµéÀº PFAS(perfluorooctanoic acid; °úºÒÈ­¿Áź»ê)  '¿µ¿øÈ÷(Forever)'  È­Çй°ÁúÀ» °¡Àå Àû°Ô ¿¹»óÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Â °÷¿¡¼­ Æı«ÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Â È¿À²ÀûÀÎ Ã˸Ÿ¦ ¹ß°ßÇß´Ù.


¶óÀ̽º ´ëÇб³ÀÇ ¸¶ÀÌŬ ¿ý(Michael Wong) ±³¼ö´Â ¿¬±¸¿øµéÀÌ ³î¶ó¿òÀ» ±â´ëÇÏÁö ¾Ê´Â °úÇÐ ½ÇÇèÀÇ ÇÑ ºÎºÐÀ» ¾ð±ÞÇϸ鼭¡°ÀÌ°ÍÀÌ ÅëÁ¦¿´´Ù¡±°í ¸»Çß´Ù. ´ëÁ¶±ºÀº º¯¼ö¸¦ ÃøÁ¤ÇÏ´Â ±âÁؼ± ÀÎ ½ÇÇè °úÇÐÀÇ Ã´µµÀÌ´Ù.


¸¶ÀÌŬ ¿ý(Michael Wong) ±³¼ö´Â¡°¿ì¸®´Â ¾ÆÁ÷ º»°ÝÀûÀ¸·Î Å×½ºÆ®ÇÏÁö´Â ¾Ê¾ÒÁö¸¸ ½ÇÇè½ÇÀÇ º¥Ä¡ ž Å×½ºÆ®¿¡¼­ 4½Ã°£¸¸¿¡ 99%ÀÇ PFOA¸¦ Á¦°ÅÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ¾ú´Ù¡±¶ó¸é¼­ ±¤Ã˸ŠÃ˸ŠÀÎ ÁúÈ­ºØ¼Ò(boron nitride)¿¡ ´ëÇØ ¸»Çß´Ù. ÇлýµéÀº ¿ì¿¬È÷ ¹ß°ßµÇ¾î 1³â ÀÌ»ó ½ÃÇèÀ» º¸³Â´Ù.

 

 

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¡º¹Ì±¹È­ÇÐÇÐȸÁö(Environmental Science and Technology Letters)¡»¿¡¼­ ¿Â¶óÀÎÀ¸·Î Á¦°øµÇ´Â À̵éÀÇ ¿¬±¸´Â ÀÌÀü¿¡ º¸°íµÈ ±¤Ã˸ź¸´Ù ºü¸¥ Ŭ¸³¿¡¼­ ÁúÈ­ºØ¼Ò°¡ PFOA(°úºÒÈ­¿Áź»ê)¸¦ Æı«ÇÑ´Ù´Â °ÍÀ» ¹ß°ßÇß´Ù. 


PFOA(°úºÒÈ­¿Áź»ê)´Â 20 ¼¼±â¿¡ ¹æ¼ö ÀÇ·ù, ½ÄÇ° Æ÷Àå, ºñ Á¡Âø¼º ÆÒ ¹× ¼ö¸¹Àº ´Ù¸¥ ¿ëµµ¸¦ À§ÇØ ÄÚÆÃÀ» ¸¸µé±â À§ÇØ °³¹ß µÈ 4õ°³ ÀÌ»óÀÇ È­ÇÕ¹° ±ºÀ¸·Î °¡Àå ³Î¸® ÆÛÁø PFAS (perfluoroalkyl and polyfluoroalkyl substances; ÆÛÇà ·ç¿À·Î ¾Ëų ¹× Æú¸® Ç÷ç¿À·Î ¾Ëų ¹°Áú) Áß ÇϳªÀÌ´Ù. PFAS´Â ȯ°æ¿¡ ¸Ó¹«¸£´Â °æÇâÀÌ Àֱ⠶§¹®¿¡ '¿µ¿øÈ÷(Forever)' È­Çй°ÁúÀ̶ó°í ºÒ·ÁÁ³À¸¸ç °úÇÐÀÚµéÀº ½Å»ý¾Æ¸¦ Æ÷ÇÔÇÑ °ÅÀÇ ¸ðµç ¹Ì±¹ÀÎÀÇ Ç÷¾×¿¡¼­ ¹ß°ßÇß´Ù.


Ã˸Ŵ ¸¶ÀÌŬ ¿ý(Michael Wong) ±³¼öÀÇ Àü¹® ºÐ¾ßÀÌ´Ù. À̵éÀº ¹ÝÀÀ¿¡ Âü¿©Çϰųª ¼ÒºñÇÏÁö ¾Ê°í È­ÇÐ ¹ÝÀÀÀ» ÀÏÀ¸Å°´Â È­ÇÕ¹°ÁúÀÌ´Ù. ±×ÀÇ ½ÇÇè½ÇÀº TCE¿Í Áú»ê¿°À» Æ÷ÇÔÇÑ ¿©·¯ ¿À¿° ¹°ÁúÀ» Æı«Çϱâ À§ÇÑ Ã˸ÅÁ¦¸¦ °³¹ßÇßÀ¸¸ç, ¾à 18°³¿ù Àü¿¡ PFAS¸¦ ó¸®Çϱâ À§ÇÑ »õ·Î¿î Ã˸ÅÁ¦¸¦ ã´Â ÆÀÀ» ¸Ã¾Ò´Ù °í ¸»Çß´Ù.


¸¶ÀÌŬ ¿ý(Michael Wong) ±³¼ö´Â ¡°¿ì¸®´Â ¸¹Àº °ÍÀ» ½ÃµµÇß´Ù. ³ª´Â ÀÛµ¿ÇÒ °ÍÀ¸·Î »ý°¢µÇ´Â ¸î °¡Áö ÀڷḦ ½ÃµµÇß´Ù. ±×µé Áß ´©±¸µµÇÏÁö ¾Ê¾Ò´Ù. ÀÌ ±â´ÉÀº ÀÛµ¿ÇÏÁö ¾Ê¾ÒÀ¸¸ç ÀÛµ¿Çß´Ù¡±¶ó°í °­Á¶Çß´Ù.


Ã˸Å, ÁúÈ­ºØ¼Ò ºÐ¸» ¶Ç´Â BNÀº ¸ÞÀÌÅ©¾÷, ½ºÅ² Äɾî Á¦Ç°, ÄÄÇ»ÅÍ Ä¨ ¹× ±âŸ ¼ÒºñÀÚ ¹× »ê¾÷ Á¦Ç°À» ³Ã°¢½ÃÅ°´Â ¿­ ÆäÀ̽ºÆ®¿¡ ³Î¸® »ç¿ëµÇ´Â ½ÃÆǵǴ ÇÕ¼º ±¤¹°ÀÌ´Ù.


¹ß°ßÀº PFAS Ã˸ſ¡ ´ëÇÑ ¼ö½Ê ¹øÀÇ ½ÇÆÐÇÑ ½ÇÇèÀ¸·Î ½ÃÀ۵Ǿú´Ù. ¸¶ÀÌŬ ¿ý(Michael Wong) ±³¼ö´Â ÀÚ½ÅÀÇ ½ÇÇè½Ç ±¸¼º¿ø µÎ ¸í¿¡°Ô Áß±¹ Īȭ´ëÇб³ ´ëÇпø»ý ¸®Áö µÎ¾È(Lijie Duan)°ú ¶óÀ̽º ´ëÇб³ ´ëÇпø»ý º¸¿Õ(Bo Wang)À» ¹æ¹®ÇÏ¿© Èĺ¸ È­ÇÕ¹°¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ÃÖÁ¾ ½ÇÇèÀ» Çϵµ·Ï ¿äûÇß´Ù°í ¸»Çß´Ù.


¸¶ÀÌŬ ¿ý(Michael Wong) ±³¼ö´Â¡°À̵é Áß Çϳª°¡ ±¤Ã˸ŠÀÏ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù°í Á¦¾ÈÇÑ ¹®ÇåÀÌ ÀÖ¾ú´Âµ¥ À̴ ƯÁ¤ ÆÄÀåÀÇ ºû¿¡ ÀÇÇØ È°¼ºÈ­ µÉ °Í¡±À̶ó¸é¼­ "¿ì¸®´Â ±×·ì¿¡¼­ ºûÀ» ÀÚÁÖ »ç¿ëÇÏÁö´Â ¾ÊÁö¸¸, '¾ÕÀ¸·Î °¡¼­ µÑ·¯º¸ÀÚ.'  žçÀº ÀÚÀ¯ ¿¡³ÊÁöÀÌ´Ù. ºûÀ¸·Î ¹«¾ùÀ» ÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´ÂÁö º¸ÀÚ¡±¶ó°í ¸»Çß´Ù.


ÀÌÀü°ú °°ÀÌ ½ÇÇè ±×·ìÀº Àß ¼öÇàµÇÁö ¾Ê¾ÒÁö¸¸ ¸®Áö µÎ¾È(Lijie Duan)Àº ÁúÈ­ ºØ¼Ò Á¦¾î¿¡¼­ ƯÀÌÇÑ Á¡À» ¹ß°ßÇß´Ù. ±×³à¿Í ¸¶ÀÌŬ ¿ý(Michael Wong) ±³¼ö ¿¹±âÄ¡ ¾ÊÀº ¿À·ù, »ùÇà Áغñ ¹®Á¦ ¹× ÀÌ»óÇÑ °á°ú¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ´Ù¸¥ ¼³¸íÀ» ¹èÁ¦Çϱâ À§ÇØ ½ÇÇèÀ» ¿©·¯ ¹ø ¹Ýº¹Çß´Ù.  ±×µéÀº °è¼Ó °°Àº °ÍÀ» º¸¾Ò´Ù.


¸¶ÀÌŬ ¿ý(Michael Wong) ±³¼ö´Â ¡°ÀÌ°ÍÀº °üÂûÀÌ´Ù. PFOA°¡ µé¾îÀÖ´Â ¹°º´À» µé°í BN ÆÄ¿ì´õ¸¦ ´øÁ® ¹ÐºÀÇÑ´Ù. ±×°Ô ´Ù¾ß. ¼ö¼Ò¸¦ ÷°¡Çϰųª »ê¼Ò·Î Á¦°ÅÇÒ ÇÊ¿ä°¡ ¾ø´Ù. ¿ì¸®°¡ È£ÈíÇÏ´Â °ø±â, ¿À¿° µÈ ¹° ¹× BN ÆÄ¿ì´õÀÌ´Ù. Àڿܼ±¿¡, ƯÈ÷ 254³ª³ë¹ÌÅÍÀÇ ÆÄÀåÀ» °¡Áø UV-C ±¤¼±¿¡ ³ëÃâ½ÃÅ°°í 4½Ã°£ ÈÄ¿¡ ´Ù½Ã µé¾î¿À¸é PFOAÀÇ 99%°¡ ºÒ¼Ò, ÀÌ»êȭź¼Ò ¹× ¼ö¼Ò·Î º¯È¯µÇ¾ú´Ù¡±¶ó°í ¸»Çß´Ù.


¸¶ÀÌŬ ¿ý(Michael Wong) ±³¼ö´Â À̾î "¹®Á¦´Â ºûÀ̾ú´Ù. »ì±Õ ·¥ÇÁ¿¡ ÀϹÝÀûÀ¸·Î »ç¿ëµÇ´Â 254³ª³ë¹ÌÅÍ ÆÄÀåÀº ³Ê¹« À۾Ƽ­ ÁúÈ­ ºØ¼ÒÀÇ ¹êµå °¸À» È°¼ºÈ­ ÇÒ ¼ö ¾ø´Ù. ±×°ÍÀº ÀǽÉÀÇ ¿©Áö¾øÀÌ »ç½ÇÀÌÁö¸¸, ½ÇÇèÀº ±×°ÍÀÌ ºÒ°¡´ÉÇÏ´Ù°í Á¦¾ÈÇß´Ù"¶ó°í µ¡ºÙ¿´´Ù.


±×´Â ÀÌ¾î ¡°ºûÀ» Á¦°ÅÇϸé Ã˸ŠÀÛ¿ëÀ» ¹ÞÁö ¸øÇÑ´Ù¡±°í ¸»Çß´Ù. ¶ÇÇÑ "BN ÆÄ¿ì´õ¸¦ Á¦°ÅÇÏ°í ºû¸¸ »ç¿ëÇÏ¸é ¹ÝÀÀÀÌ ¾ø´Ù"¶ó¸é¼­ "µû¶ó¼­ ÁúÈ­ ºØ¼Ò°¡ 254³ª³ë¹ÌÅÍ UV-C ±¤À» Èí¼öÇÏ´Â °ÍÀÌ ±¤ÇÐÀûÀ¸·Î ºÒ°¡´ÉÇßÀ½¿¡µµ ºÒ±¸ÇÏ°í, ÁúÈ­ºØ¼Ò´Â ±¤À» ¸íÈ®ÇÏ°Ô Èí¼öÇÏ°í PFOA¸¦ Æı«ÇÏ´Â ¹ÝÀÀÀ» Ã˸ŠȭÇÏ°í ÀÖ¾ú´Ù"°í µ¡ºÙ¿´´Ù.


¸¶ÀÌŬ ¿ý(Michael Wong) ±³¼ö´Â¡°ÀÛµ¿ÇÏÁö ¾Ê¾Æ¾ß ÇÑ´Ù¡±°í ¸»Çß´Ù. À̾±×·¡¼­ ¾Æ¹«µµ ÀÌ°É Ã£Áö ¾Ê¾Ò´Ù°í »ý°¢Ç߱⠶§¹®¿¡ °á°ú¸¦ ¹ßÇ¥ÇÏ´Â µ¥ ½Ã°£ÀÌ ¿À·¡ °É·È´Ù. ÀÌ ¸ð¼ø¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ¼³¸íÀÌ ÇÊ¿äÇß´Ù¡±¶ó°í ¼³¸íÇß´Ù.


±×´Â ¡°¿ì¸® ¹°ÁúÀº 254 ³ª³ë¹ÌÅÍ(nm)ÀÇ ºûÀ» Èí¼öÇÑ´Ù°í °á·ÐÀ» ³»·ÈÀ¸¸ç ÀÌ´Â ºÐ¸»ÀÇ ¿øÀÚ Àû °áÇÔ ¶§¹®¡±À̶ó°í ¸»Çß´Ù. ÀÌ¾î ¡°°áÇÔÀÌ ¹êµå °¸À» ¹Ù²Û´Ù. ±×µéÀº ºÐ¸»ÀÌ PFOA¸¦ ¾Ã´Â ¹ÝÀÀ¼º »êÈ­ Á¾À» »ý¼ºÇϱ⿡ ÃæºÐÇÑ ºûÀ» Èí¼öÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖÀ» Á¤µµ·Î Ãà¼ÒÇÑ´Ù¡±¶ó°í ¸»Çß´Ù.


¸¶ÀÌŬ ¿ý(Michael Wong) ±³¼ö´Â ¶Ç "ÀÌ°°Àº ¿ø¸®¸¦ ¼³¸íÀ» È®ÀÎÇϱâ À§ÇØ ´õ ¸¹Àº ½ÇÇèÀû Áõ°Å°¡ ÇÊ¿äÇÒ °Í"À̶ó°í ¸»Çß´Ù. ±×·¯³ª PFOAÀÇ °á°ú¿¡ ºñÃß¾î º¼ ¶§, ÁúÈ­ºØ¼Ò Ã˸Ű¡ ´Ù¸¥ PFAS È­ÇÕ¹°¿¡µµ ÀÛ¿ëÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖÀ»Áö ±Ã±ÝÇØÇß´Ù.


'GenX'´Â ¶ÇÇÑ ¿µ¿øÇÑ È­Çй°Áú´Ù. PFOA°¡ ±ÝÁöµÇ¾úÀ» ¶§ 'GenX'´Â À̸¦ ´ëüÇϱâ À§ÇØ °¡Àå ³Î¸® »ç¿ëµÇ´Â È­Çй°Áú Áß Çϳª¿´´Ù. ¶ÇÇÑ 'GenX'°¡ ÀÌÀü Á¦Ç°¸¸Å­ Å« ȯ°æ¹®Á¦°¡ µÉ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù´Â Áõ°Å°¡ ´Ã¾î³ª°í ÀÖ´Ù.


¸¶ÀÌŬ ¿ý(Michael Wong) ±³¼ö´Â¡°PFOA¿Í ºñ½ÁÇÑ À̾߱âÀÌ´Ù. ±×µéÀº Áö±Ý ¾îµð¿¡¼­³ª GenX¸¦ ã°í ÀÖ´Ù. ±×·¯³ª ÀÌ µÑÀÇ ÇÑ °¡Áö Â÷ÀÌÁ¡Àº »ç¶÷µéÀÌ ÀÌÀü¿¡ PFOA¸¦ ºÐÇØÇϱâÀ§ÇÑ Ã˸ŷΠ¾î´À Á¤µµ ¼º°øÀ» °ÅµÎ¾ú´Ù´Â °ÍÀÌ´Ù. ±×µéÀº 'GenX'¸¦ À§ÇÑ °ÍÀÌ ¾Æ´Ï´Ù¡±¶ó°í °­Á¶Çß´Ù


¸¶ÀÌŬ ¿ý(Michael Wong) ±³¼ö¿Í µ¿·áµéÀº ÁúÈ­ºØ¼Ò ºÐ¸»µµ 'GenX'¸¦ Æı«ÇÑ´Ù´Â °ÍÀ» ¹ß°ßÇß´Ù.  °ú´Â PFOA¸¸Å­ ÁÁÁö ¾Ê¾Ò´Ù. 244³ª³ë¹ÌÅÍ(nm) ±¤¿¡ 2 ½Ã°£ ³ëÃâµÇ¸é BNÀº ¼ö¼º ½Ã·á¿¡¼­ GenXÀÇ ¾à 20%¸¦ Æı«Çß´Ù. ±×·¯³ª ¸¶ÀÌŬ ¿ý(Michael Wong) ±³¼ö´Â "ÀÌ ÆÀ¿¡ 'GenX'ÀÇ Ã˸Š°³¼± ¹æ¹ý¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ¾ÆÀ̵ð¾î°¡ ÀÖ´Ù"¶ó°í ¸»Çß´Ù.


¸¶ÀÌŬ ¿ý(Michael Wong) ±³¼ö´Â "ÀÌ ÇÁ·ÎÁ§Æ®°¡ ÀÌ¹Ì ¶óÀ̽º ±â¹Ý(Rice-based) '³ª³ë½Ã½ºÅÛ °øÇבּ¸¼¾ÅÍ(Nanosystems Engineering Research Center for Nanotechnology-Enabled Water Treatment ; NEWT)'ÀÇ ³ª³ë½Ã½ºÅÛ °øÇבּ¸¼¾ÅÍ¿¡¼­ ¿©·¯ »ê¾÷ ÆÄÆ®³ÊÀÇ °ü½ÉÀ» ²ø°í ÀÖ´Ù"°í ¸»Çß´Ù. 

 

NEWT´Â ±¹¹Î°úÇÐÀç´Ü(National Science Foundation)ÀÌ ÀÚ±ÝÀ» Áö¿øÇÏ´Â ÇÐÁ¦ °£ ¿£Áö´Ï¾î¸µ¿¬±¸¼¾ÅÍ·Î, ÀθíÀ» º¸È£ÇÏ°í Áö¼Ó°¡´ÉÇÑ °æÁ¦ °³¹ßÀ» Áö¿øÇÏ´Â µ¶¸³Çü ¼öó¸® ½Ã½ºÅÛÀ» °³¹ßÇÑ´Ù.


¸¶ÀÌŬ ¿ý(Michael Wong) ±³¼ö´Â¡°¿¬±¸´Â Àç¹ÌÀÖ°í ÁøÁ¤ÇÑ ÆÀ ³ë·ÂÀ̾ú´Ù"¶ó¸é¼­ "¿ì¸®´Â ÀÌ°Í¿¡ ´ëÇÑ Æ¯Ç㸦 Ãâ¿øÇßÀ¸¸ç, ±â¼úÀÇ Ãß°¡ Å×½ºÆ® ¹× °³¹ß¿¡ ´ëÇÑ NEWTÀÇ °ü½ÉÀº Å« ½Å·ÚÀÇ Ç¥ÀÌ´Ù"¶ó°í ¼³¸íÇß´Ù.


Ãß°¡ ¿¬±¸°øµ¿ÀúÀڷδ ¶óÀ̽º´ëÇÐÀÇ Àü ¿¬±¸ÀÚÀÎ Å´¹ú¸® Çí(Kimberly Heck), ¼öÁø±Å(Sujin Guo), ÿ½Ã Ŭ¶óÅ©(Chelsea Clark), Á¦ÀÌÄß ¾Æ·¹µ·µµ(Jacob Arredondo) ¹× Åä¸Ó½º ¼¾ÇÁƲ(Thomas Senftle) µî°ú Áß±¹ Īȭ´ëÇб³ÀÇ ¹ÖÇÏ¿À ¿Õ(Minghao Wang), ¼§È­ À¢(Xianghua Wen) ¹× ¿ëÈÞ¼Û(Yonghui Song), ±×¸®°í ¾Ö¸®Á¶³ª ÁÖ¸³´ëÇÐÀÇ Æú ¿þ½ºÅÍÈ£ÇÁ(Paul Westerhoff) µîÀÌ´Ù.


ÀÌ ¿¬±¸´Â ¹Ì±¹ ±¹¸³°úÇÐÀç´Ü(National Science Foundation; EEC-1449500)°úÁß±¹ÀåÇÐÇùÀÇȸ(China Scholarship Council)ÀÇ Áö¿øÀ» ¹Þ¾Ò´Ù.


¡á ¶óÀ̽º´ëÇб³(Rice University) ¼Ò°³
ÈÞ½ºÅÏÀÇ 300 ¿¡ÀÌÄ¿¿¡ ´ÞÇÏ´Â »ï¸² Ä·ÆÛ½º¿¡ À§Ä¡ÇÑ ¶óÀ̽º´ëÇб³(Rice University)´Â ¹Ì±¹ ´º½º & ¿ùµå ¸®Æ÷Æ® (US News & World Report)¿¡ ÀÇÇØ Àü±¹ 20´ë ´ëÇб³ Áß Çϳª·Î Áö¼ÓÀûÀ¸·Î ¼±Á¤µÇ¾ú´Ù. 


¶óÀ̽º´ëÇб³(Rice University)´Â °ÇÃà, ºñÁî´Ï½º, Æò»ý ¿¬±¸, °øÇÐ, Àι®ÇÐ, À½¾Ç, ÀÚ¿¬ °úÇÐ ¹× »çȸ °úÇÐ Çб³¸¦ ³ôÀÌ Æò°¡ÇßÀ¸¸ç º£ÀÌÄ¿ °ø°ø Á¤Ã¥ ¿¬±¸¼ÒÀÇ º»°ÅÁöÀÌ´Ù. ¶óÀ̽ºÀÇ Çкλý ´ë ±³¼ö ºñÀ²Àº 3õ962¸í, ´ëÇпø»ý 3õ27¸íÀ¸·Î 6´ë1¿¡ ºÒ°úÇÏ´Ù. 

 

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Boron Nitride Destroys PFAS 'Forever' Chemicals PFOA, GenX

 

 

Rice University chemical engineers found an efficient catalyst for destroying PFAS ¡°forever¡± chemicals where they least expected.


¡°It was the control,¡± said Rice Professor Michael Wong, referring to the part of a scientific experiment where researchers don¡¯t expect surprises. The control group is the yardstick of experimental science, the baseline by which variables are measured.


¡°We haven¡¯t yet tested this at a full scale, but in our benchtop tests in the lab, we could get rid of 99% of PFOA in four hours,¡± Wong said of boron nitride, the light-activated catalyst he and his students stumbled upon and spent more than a year testing.


Their study, which is available online in the American Chemical Society journal Environmental Science and Technology Letters, found boron nitride destroyed PFOA (perfluorooctanoic acid) at a faster clip than any previously reported photocatalyst.

 

 PFOA is one of the most prevalent PFAS (perfluoroalkyl and polyfluoroalkyl substances), a family of more than 4,000 compounds developed in the 20th century to make coatings for waterproof clothing, food packaging, nonstick pans and countless other uses.


PFAS have been dubbed forever chemicals for their tendency to linger in the environment, and scientists have found them in the blood of virtually all Americans, including newborns.


Catalysts are Wong¡¯s specialty. They are compounds that bring about chemical reactions without taking part or being consumed in those reactions. His lab has created catalysts for destroying a number of pollutants, including TCE and nitrates, and he said he tasked his team with finding new catalysts to address PFAS about 18 months ago.


¡°We tried a lot of things,¡± Wong said. ¡°We tried several materials that I thought were going to work. None of them did. This wasn¡¯t supposed to work, and it did.¡±


The catalyst, boron nitride powder, or BN, is a commercially available synthetic mineral that¡¯s widely used in makeup, skin care products, thermal pastes that cool computer chips and other consumer and industrial products.


The discovery began with dozens of failed experiments on more likely PFAS catalysts. Wong said he asked two members of his lab, visiting graduate student Lijie Duan of China¡¯s Tsinghua University and Rice graduate student Bo Wang, to do final experiments on one set of candidate compounds before moving on to others.


¡°There was literature that suggested one of them might be a photocatalyst, meaning it would be activated by light of a particular wavelength,¡± Wong said. ¡°We don¡¯t use light very often in our group, but I said, ¡®Let¡¯s go ahead and doodle around with it.¡¯ The sun is free energy. Let¡¯s see what we can do with light.¡±


As before, none of the experimental groups performed well, but Duan noticed something unusual with the boron nitride control. She and Wang repeated the experiments numerous times to rule out unexpected errors, problems with sample preparation and other explanations for the strange result. They kept seeing the same thing.


¡°Here¡¯s the observation,¡± Wong said. ¡°You take a flask of water that contains some PFOA, you throw in your BN powder, and you seal it up. That¡¯s it. You don¡¯t need to add any hydrogen or purge it with oxygen. It¡¯s just the air we breathe, the contaminated water and the BN powder. You expose that to ultraviolet light, specifically to UV-C light with a wavelength of 254 nanometers, come back in four hours, and 99% of the PFOA has been transformed into fluoride, carbon dioxide and hydrogen.¡±


The problem was the light. The 254-nanometer wavelength, which is commonly used in germicidal lamps, is too small to activate the bandgap in boron nitride. While that was unquestionably true, the experiments suggested it could not be.


¡°If you take away the light, you don¡¯t get catalysis,¡± Wong said. ¡°If you leave out the BN powder and only use the light, you don¡¯t get a reaction.¡±


So boron nitride was clearly absorbing the light and catalyzing a reaction that destroyed PFOA, despite that fact that it should have been optically impossible for boron nitride to absorb 254-nanometer UV-C light.


¡°It¡¯s not supposed to work,¡± Wong said. ¡°That¡¯s why no one ever thought to look for this, and that¡¯s why it took so long for us to publish the results. We needed some sort of explanation for this contradiction.¡±


Wong said he, Duan, Wang and co-authors offered a plausible explanation in the study.


¡°We concluded that our material does absorb the 254-nanometer light, and it¡¯s because of atomic defects in our powder,¡± he said. ¡°The defects change the bandgap. They shrink it enough for the powder to absorb just enough light to create the reactive oxidizing species that chew up the PFOA.¡±


Wong said more experimental evidence will be needed to confirm the explanation. But in light of the results with PFOA, he wondered if the boron nitride catalyst might also work on other PFAS compounds.


¡°So I asked my students to do one more thing,¡± Wong said. ¡°I had them replace PFOA in the tests with GenX.¡±


GenX is also a forever chemical. When PFOA was banned, GenX was one of the most widely used chemicals to replace it. And a growing body of evidence suggests that GenX could be just as big an environmental problem as its predecessor.


¡°It¡¯s a similar story to PFOA,¡± Wong said. ¡°They¡¯re finding GenX everywhere now. But one difference between the two is that people have previously reported some success with catalysts for degrading PFOA. They haven¡¯t for GenX.¡±


Wong and colleagues found that boron nitride powder also destroys GenX. The results weren¡¯t as good as with PFOA: With two hours exposure to 254-nanometer light, BN destroyed about 20% of the GenX in water samples. But Wong said the team has ideas about how to improve the catalyst for GenX.


He said the project has already attracted the attention of several industrial partners in the Rice-based Nanosystems Engineering Research Center for Nanotechnology-Enabled Water Treatment (NEWT). NEWT is an interdisciplinary engineering research center funded by the National Science Foundation to develop off-grid water treatment systems that both protect human lives and support sustainable economic development.


¡°The research has been fun, a true team effort,¡± Wong said. ¡°We¡¯ve filed patents on this, and NEWT¡¯s interest in further testing and development of the technology is a big vote of confidence.¡±


Additional study co-authors include Kimberly Heck, Sujin Guo, Chelsea Clark, Jacob Arredondo and Thomas Senftle, all of Rice; Minghao Wang, Xianghua Wen and Yonghui Song, all of Tsinghua University; and Paul Westerhoff of Arizona State University.


The research was supported by the National Science Foundation (EEC-1449500) and the China Scholarship Council.

 

Rice University
Located on a 300-acre forested campus in Houston, Rice University is consistently ranked among the nation¡¯s top 20 universities by U.S. News & World Report. Rice has highly respected schools of Architecture, Business, Continuing Studies, Engineering, Humanities, Music, Natural Sciences and Social Sciences and is home to the Baker Institute for Public Policy.

 

With 3,962 undergraduates and 3,027 graduate students, Rice¡¯s undergraduate student-to-faculty ratio is just under 6-to-1. Its residential college system builds close-knit communities and lifelong friendships, just one reason why Rice is ranked No. 1 for lots of race/class interaction and No. 4 for quality of life by the Princeton Review. Rice is also rated as a best value among private universities by Kiplinger¡¯s Personal Finance.

 

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