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½ºÅåȦ¸§±¹Á¦¹°¿¬±¸¼Ò(SIWI) ¸¶¸®¾Æ ½Ã´Ï¾î Åë½Å¿ø, ¡®Àεµ ÁöÇϼö ½ÇÅ¡¯ SIWI¿¡ ±â°í

¼¼°èÀºÇà, ¡°ÁöÇϼö, º¸ÃæµÇ´Â ¼Óµµº¸´Ù ÈξÀ ºü¸£°Ô ÃßÃ⡦ÀεµÁö¿ª 60%°¡ 20³â³» ÁöÇϼö °í°¥ À§Ç衱 ¿¹Ãø

¡®¼¼°è ¹°ÀÇ ³¯(World Water Day)¡¯ 2022³â ÁÖÁ¦´Â ¡®ÁöÇϼö, º¸ÀÌÁö ¾Ê´Â °ÍÀ» º¸ÀÌ°Ô ÇÏ´Â °Í¡¯ 



Àεµ´Â ¸¹Àº À§´ëÇÑ ¼º°ø»ç·Êµé¿¡ ´ëÇØ °¨»çÇØ¾ß ÇÒ ÁöÇϼö ÀÚ¿øÀ» °¡Áö°í ÀÖ´Ù. ±×·¯³ª Áö±Ý ÀÌ ³ª¶óÀÇ ´ë¼öÃþÀº À§ÇèÇÒ Á¤µµ·Î °í°¥µÇ°í ¿À¿°µÇ¾î ÀÖ´Ù. ¹Ù·Î ±×°ÍÀÌ °¡Àå ÇÊ¿äÇÒ ¶§ ¸»ÀÌ´Ù. »õ·Î¿î ¿¬±¸¿¡ µû¸£¸é ÀÌ ¹®Á¦´Â ÀÌÀü¿¡ °¡Á¤Çß´ø °Íº¸´Ù ÈξÀ ´õ ½É°¢ÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù.


¼¼°è ÁöÇϼöÀÇ °ÅÀÇ 4ºÐÀÇ 1ÀÌ Àεµ¿¡ ÀÇÇØ »ç¿ëµÇ°í ÀÖ´Ù. ³ì»öÇõ¸í(Green Revolution)À¸·Î ºÒ¸®´Â ³ó¾÷ »ý»ê¼ºÀÇ ÇöÀúÇÑ Áõ°¡´Â ºñ·á¿Í »ìÃæÁ¦ÀÇ ±¤¹üÀ§ÇÑ »ç¿ë°ú ÇÔ²² ÁöÇϼö ÀÚ¿øÀÇ °³¹ß¿¡ ¹ÙÅÁÀ» µÎ°í ÀÖ´Ù.

 

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¼¼°è ÁöÇϼöÀÇ °ÅÀÇ 4ºÐÀÇ 1ÀÌ Àεµ¿¡ ÀÇÇØ »ç¿ëµÇ°í ÀÖ´Ù. ÀεµÀÇ ÇÑ ¿©ÀÚ°¡ ¿öÅÍ ÆßÇÁ¸¦ ÀÌ¿ëÇÏ¿© ¹°À» »Ì¾Æ ¿Ã¸®°í ÀÖ´Ù.  [»çÁøÃâó(Photo source) = ½ºÅåȦ¸§±¹Á¦¹°¿¬±¸¼Ò(SIWI)]

 

1950³â´ëºÎÅÍ Àεµ´Â ÁöÇϼö ´ë·® ÆßÇÎÀ» Àå·ÁÇÏ°í º¸Á¶±ÝÀ» Áö±ÞÇßÀ¸¸ç, ½ÃÃßµÈ °üÁ¤ ¼ö´Â 100¸¸°³¿¡¼­ °ÅÀÇ 3õ¸¸ °³·Î Áõ°¡Çß´Ù. ±Ù·¡ÀÇ ±Þ¼ÓÇÑ °ø¾÷È­µµ ÁöÇϼö ÁýÁß ÀÌ¿ëÀ» ÅëÇؼ­ ½ÇÇöµÇ°í ÀÖ´Ù.


°á°ú´Â? ºó°ïÀ²ÀÇ Å« Ç϶ô(A massive drop in poverty rates) : ³ì»öÇõ¸íÀº ½Ä·® ¾Èº¸¸¦ ȹ±âÀûÀ¸·Î Çâ»ó½ÃÄ×°í 2006³â°ú 2016³â »çÀÌÀÇ º¸´Ù ÃÖ±ÙÀÇ °æÁ¦ ÆØâÀº 2¾ï7õ100¸¸ ¸íÀÇ »ç¶÷µéÀ» ºó°ï¿¡¼­ ±¸Çϴµ¥ µµ¿òÀ» ÁÖ¾ú´Ù.


ÇÏÁö¸¸ ¶Ç ¶³¾îÁø °ÍÀº ÁöÇϼö´ë(water tables) À̾ú´Ù. ¼¼°èÀºÇà(World Bank)¿¡ µû¸£¸é ÁöÇϼö´Â º¸ÃæµÇ´Â ¼Óµµº¸´Ù ÈξÀ ºü¸£°Ô ÃßÃâµÇ°í ÀÖÀ¸¸ç, µû¶ó¼­ Àεµ Áö¿ªÀÇ 60%°¡ 20³â À̳»¿¡ ÁöÇϼö °í°¥ÀÇ À§Çè ¼öÁØ¿¡ µµ´ÞÇÒ °¡´É¼ºÀÌ ³ô´Ù. Àεµ Áö¿ª¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ¶Ç ´Ù¸¥ ¿¬±¸´Â ±× Áß 60%°¡ ÀÌ¹Ì ÁöÇϼö°¡ °í°¥µÇ¾ú°Å³ª ¿À¿°µÇ¾ú°Å³ª µÑ ¸ðµÎ¶ó´Â °ÍÀ» º¸¿©ÁØ´Ù.


ÀÌ°ÍÀº ´ëºÎºÐÀÇ ³óºÎµéÀÌ ÁöÇϼö¿¡ ÀÇÁ¸ÇÏ°í ÀÖ´Â ÀÌ ³ª¶óÀÇ ³óºÎµé¿¡°Ô ½É°¢ÇÑ ¹®Á¦¸¦ ¾ß±âÇÑ´Ù. Àεµ¿¡¼­ ¼ÒºñµÇ´Â ÁöÇϼöÀÇ 90% °¡±îÀÌ°¡ ³óÀÛ¹°À» °ü°³Çϴµ¥ »ç¿ëµÈ´Ù. ÇöÀçÀÇ ÆßÇÁÁú °æÀïÀº ±×°ÍÀ» °¨´çÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Â ³óºÎµéÀÌ ¼ÒÁßÇÑ ¹°À» ã±â À§ÇØ Á¡Á¡ ´õ ±íÀÌ ±¸¸ÛÀ» ¶Õ´Â °ÍÀ» ÀǹÌÇÑ´Ù. ±×·¯³ª ´ëºÎºÐÀÇ ¼Ò¾×º¸À¯ÀÚ¿¡°Ô ÀÌ°ÍÀº ½ÇÇö °¡´ÉÇÑ ¼±ÅûçÇ×ÀÌ ¾Æ´Ï´Ù. ÃÖ±Ù ¸î ³â°£ ¸¹Àº »ç¶÷µéÀÌ Æ÷±âÇÏ°í µµ½Ã·Î ÀÌÁÖÇß´Ù.

 

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¼¼°èÀºÇà¿¡ µû¸£¸é Àεµ Áö¿ªÀÇ 60%°¡ 20³â À̳»¿¡ ÁöÇϼö °í°¥ÀÇ À§Çè ¼öÁØ¿¡ µµ´ÞÇÒ °¡´É¼ºÀÌ ³ô°Å³ª ±× Áß 60%°¡ ÀÌ¹Ì ÁöÇϼö°¡ °í°¥µÇ¾ú°Å³ª ¿À¿°µÈ °ÍÀ¸·Î ¿¹ÃøÇß´Ù.  [»çÁøÃâó(Photo source) = Thirst Relief International]

 

ÁöÇϼö Àü¹®°¡ÀÎ ºñ³ª ½º¸®´Ï¹Ù»ê(Veena Srinivasan) ¹Ú»ç¿¡ µû¸£¸é, ÀεµÀÇ Áõ°¡ÇÏ´Â ¹° À§±â´Â µµ½Ã Áö¿ªÀ¸·ÎÀÇ ´ë·® ÀÌÁÖ¸¦ À̲ö Å« ¿äÀÎÀÌÁö¸¸ Á¾Á¾ °£°úµÇ°í ÀÖ´Ù. 


¡°»ç½ÇÀº »óȲÀÌ »ó»ó ÀÌ»óÀ¸·Î ½É°¢Çϸç, ¡®Äڷγª19(Covid-19)¡¯ ÀÌÈÄ ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ »óȲÀº ÈξÀ ´õ ¸í¹éÇØÁú °ÍÀÌ´Ù. µµ½Ã¿¡¼­ »õ·Î¿î »îÀ» »ì±â À§ÇØ ³ó»ç¸¦ Æ÷±âÇÑ ¸¹Àº °¡³­ÇÑ »ç¶÷µéÀÌ ÀÏÀÚ¸®¸¦ ÀÒ°í ¸¶À»·Î ¹Ð·Á³ª°í ÀÖ´Ù. ÇÏÁö¸¸ ¹®Á¦´Â ±×µéÀÌ ¾î¶»°Ô ½º½º·Î ¸Ô°í »ì °ÍÀΰ¡ ÇÏ´Â °ÍÀÌ´Ù¡±¶ó°í ºñ³ª ½º¸®´Ï¹Ù»ê(Veena Srinivasan) ¹Ú»ç´Â ¸»ÇÑ´Ù.


¾Æ¼ÒÄ« »ýÅÂȯ°æ¿¬±¸Àç´Ü(ATREE ; Ashoka Trust for Research in Ecology and the Environment)ÀÇ »çȸȯ°æÇõ½Å¼¾ÅÍ ¼ÒÀåÀÎ ºñ³ª ½º¸®´Ï¹Ù»ê ¹Ú»ç´Â ÁöÇϼö À§±â¿Í ¹ÐÁ¢ÇÑ °ü·ÃÀÌ ÀÖ´Â ¸¶À»°ú ³ó¹ÎÀÇ °ï°æÀ» ÁÖ¸ñÇÏ°í ½Í´Ù°í »ý°¢ÇÏ°í ÀÖ´Ù. ¸¶À»¿¡ »ç´Â ¾à 7¾ï ¸íÀÇ ÀεµÀεéÀº ¸ÅÀÏ ÇÊ¿äÇÑ °ÍÀ» ÁöÇϼö¿¡ ÀÇÁ¸ÇÏ°í ÀÖÀ¸¸ç, ½Ã°ñ °¡Á¤ÀÇ 85%°¡ ÁöÇϼö¿¡ ÀÇÁ¸ÇÏ°í ÀÖ´Â ¹Ý¸é, µµ½Ã¿¡¼­´Â 45%°¡ ÁöÇϼö¿¡ ÀÇÁ¸ÇÏ°í ÀÖ´Ù.


±×³àÀÇ ¿¬±¸´Â ¶ÇÇÑ ÀÌ°ÍÀÌ °ø½ÄÀûÀÎ Åë°è¿¡¼­ º¼ ¼ö ÀÖµíÀÌ Àεµ ºÏ¼­ºÎ, ¼­ºÎ, ±×¸®°í ¹Ýµµ»Ó¸¸ ¾Æ´Ï¶ó ³ª¶óÀÇ ¸¹Àº Áö¿ª¿¡¼­ ³ªÅ¸³ª°í ÀÖ´Â ¹®Á¦¶ó´Â °ÍÀ» º¸¿©ÁØ´Ù.


ATREE »çȸȯ°æÇõ½Å¼¾ÅÍ ¼ÒÀåÀÎ ºñ³ª ½º¸®´Ï¹Ù»ê(Veena Srinivasan) ¹Ú»ç´Â ¡°ÀÌ°ÍÀº Àεµ°¡ ÁöÇϼö »óȲÀ» ÈξÀ ´õ ½É°¢ÇÏ°Ô ¹Þ¾ÆµéÀ̱⠽ÃÀÛÇØ¾ß ÇÑ´Ù´Â ¶Ç ´Ù¸¥ °æÁ¾À» ¿ï¸± ÇÊ¿ä°¡ ÀÖ´Ù. ±×°ÍÀº ´Ü¼øÇÑ ¹° ¹®Á¦°¡ ¾Æ´Ï¶ó »ý°è ¹®Á¦ÀÌ´Ù. ´õ ¾ÇÈ­µÉ °Í¡±À̶ó°í °æ°íÇß´Ù.


ºñ³ª ½º¸®´Ï¹Ù»ê ¹Ú»ç¿Í ±×³àÀÇ µ¿·áÀÎ Å×ÇϽººñ È£¶ó(Tejasvi Hora), ³­µðŸ B ¹Ù¼ö(Nandita B Basu)°¡ ÀÌ ºÐ¾ß¿¡¼­ ¿¬±¸¸¦ ¼öÇàÇßÀ» ¶§, ±×µéÀº ¼öÀ§°¡ »ó½ÂÇÏ°í ÀÖ´Ù´Â °ø½Ä ¼öÄ¡¸¦ ³ªÅ¸³»´Â Àεµ ³²ºÎ¿¡¼­µµ ÁöÇϼö°¡ »ç¶óÁö´Â °Í¿¡ ´ëÇÑ °°Àº À̾߱⸦ °è¼Ó µé¾ú´Ù. 


¡°¿ì¸®´Â ÀÌ Â÷À̸¦ ÀÌÇØÇÒ ¼ö ¾ø¾ú´Ù. ³óºÎµéÀº ²ûÂïÇÑ »óȲ¿¡¼­ ¹þ¾î³ª±â À§ÇØ ½º½º·Î ¸ñ¼ûÀ» ²÷¾úÁö¸¸, °í±Þ Àú³Î¿¡¼­´Â ºñ°¡ ³»¸®°í Á¤ºÎÀÇ ¼º°øÀûÀÎ °³ÀÔ ´öºÐ¿¡ »óȲÀÌ ³ª¾ÆÁö°í ÀÖ´Ù´Â °ø½Ä µ¥ÀÌÅ͸¦ ¹ÙÅÁÀ¸·Î ±â»ç¸¦ Àоú´Ù. ±×°ÍÀº ¸»ÀÌ µÇÁö ¾Ê¾Ò´Ù¡±¶ó°í ½º¸®´Ï¹Ù»ê ¹Ú»ç´Â ¸»ÇÑ´Ù.


°á±¹ ±×µéÀº ±×·²µíÇØ º¸ÀÌÁö¸¸ °ÆÁ¤½º·¯¿î ¼³¸íÀ» ã¾Æ³Â´Ù. Áö±¸¹°¸®ÇÐ ¿¬±¸ ¼­½Å(Geophysical Research Letters)À̶ó´Â °£Ç๰¿¡ ½Ç¸° Àεµ ³²ºÎÀÇ ¡®Áö¾Æµå¿öÅÍ º¹±¸ Æз¯µ¶½º(The Giadwater Recovery Paradox in South India)¡¯¶ó´Â ±â»ç¿¡¼­ ¿¬±¸¿øµéÀº ¸»¶ó¹ö¸° ¿ì¹°ÀÌ µ¥ÀÌÅÍ ÁýÇÕ¿¡¼­ Á¦°ÅµÇ¾ú±â ¶§¹®¿¡ ¼öÄ¡°¡ ¾î¶»°Ô ¿Ö°îµÇ¾ú´ÂÁö¸¦ ¼³¸íÇÑ´Ù. °¡Àå ÀÚÁÖ »ç¿ëµÇ´Â ÁöÇϼö °æÇâ Æò°¡ ¹æ¹ýÀº Àεµ ³²ºÎ¸¦ Ư¡Áþ´Â °æÁú¾Ï ´ë¼öÃþ ½Ã½ºÅÛ¿¡ ÀûÇÕÇÏÁö ¾ÊÀº °ÍÀ¸·Î ¹àÇôÁ³´Ù.

 

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Àεµ ½Ã°ñ °¡Á¤ÀÇ 85%°¡ ÁöÇϼö¿¡ ÀÇÁ¸ÇÏ°í ÀÖ´Â ¹Ý¸é, µµ½Ã¿¡¼­´Â 45%°¡ ÁöÇϼö¿¡ ÀÇÁ¸ÇÏ°í ÀÖ´Ù.  [»çÁøÃâó(Photo source) = Thirst Relief International]

 

¡°ÀÌ°ÍÀº Àεµ°¡ ÁöÇϼö »óȲÀ» ÈξÀ ´õ ½É°¢ÇÏ°Ô ¹Þ¾ÆµéÀ̱⠽ÃÀÛÇØ¾ß ÇÑ´Ù´Â ¶Ç ´Ù¸¥ °æÁ¾À» ¿ï¸± ÇÊ¿ä°¡ ÀÖ´Ù. ±×°ÍÀº ´Ü¼øÇÑ ¹° ¹®Á¦°¡ ¾Æ´Ï¶ó »ý°è ¹®Á¦ÀÌ´Ù. ±×¸®°í ±×°ÍÀº ÈξÀ ´õ ¾ÇÈ­µÉ °ÍÀÌ´Ù¡±¶ó°í ½º¸®´Ï¹Ù»ê ¹Ú»ç´Â ¸»ÇÑ´Ù.


¼¼°èÀºÇà°ú Á¤ºÎÀÇ ½ÌÅ©ÅÊÅ©ÀÎ Àεµ °æÁ¦°³¹ß°èȹ(NITI Aayog ; National Institution for Transforming India)´Â ÇöÀçÀÇ À§±â¸¦ ¾ÇÈ­½Ãų ¼ö ÀÖ´Â ¸î °¡Áö Ãß¼¼¸¦ ÁöÀûÇÏ°í ÀÖ´Ù. ¿ì¼± 2050³â¿¡´Â 17¾ï ¸íÀ¸·Î ´Ã¾î³¯ °ÍÀ¸·Î ¿¹»óÇß´Ù. ±×°ÍÀº ¿À¿°°ú ÇÏ¡¤Æó¼öÀÇ Áõ°¡»Ó¸¸ ¾Æ´Ï¶ó ¹°, À½½Ä, ¼ÒºñÀç¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ¼ö¿äÀÇ Áõ°¡¸¦ °¡Á®¿Â´Ù. 


À¯¿£(UN)Àº ¶ÇÇÑ 2050³â±îÁö 4¾ï ¸í ÀÌ»óÀÇ ÀεµÀεéÀÌ µµ½Ã·Î ÀÌÁÖÇÒ °ÍÀ¸·Î Ãß»êÇÏ°í ÀÖ´Ù. µ¿½Ã¿¡ ±âÈĺ¯È­´Â Àεµ¸¦ ±Ø´ÜÀûÀÎ ±â»ó Çö»ó°ú ºñ°æÁ¦ÀûÀÎ ¸ó¼ø¿¡ ÈξÀ ´õ ¹Î°¨ÇÏ°Ô ¸¸µé °ÍÀÌ´Ù.


½º¸®´Ï¹Ù»ê ¹Ú»ç´Â ¡°ÇöÀç ÀεµÀÇ ÁöÇϼö °í°¥Àº ÁÖ·Î ±âÈĺ¯È­¿¡ ÀÇÇÑ °ÍÀÌ ¾Æ´Ï¶ó ÀÎÀ§ÀûÀÎ °³ÀÔÀÌ ÈξÀ ´õ Áß¿äÇÏ´Ù´Â °ÍÀ» °­Á¶ÇÏ´Â °ÍÀÌ Áß¿äÇÏ´Ù. ÇÏÁö¸¸ ±âÈĺ¯È­´Â »óȲÀ» ¾ÇÈ­½ÃÅ°°í ¿¹Ãø ºÒ°¡´ÉÇÑ ±âÈÄ¿¡¼­ ¿ì¸®´Â ¿ÏÃæ¼ö·Î¼­ ÁöÇϼö°¡ Á¤¸»·Î ÇÊ¿äÇÒ °ÍÀÌ´Ù. ´ë½Å¿¡ ¿ì¸®´Â À߸øµÈ °ü¸®·Î ÀÎÇØ ±×°ÍÀÇ ¸¹Àº ºÎºÐÀ» ³¶ºñÇß´Ù. È­Àç Á÷Àü¿¡ º¸ÇèÀ» Å¿ì´Â °Í°ú °°´Ù¡±¶ó°í °­Á¶ÇÑ´Ù.


½º¸®´Ï¹Ù»ê ¹Ú»ç´Â Àεµ°¡ ¾ÕÀ¸·Î ´ÚÄ¥ µµÀü¿¡ ´ëºñÇÏ°í ÀÖ´Ù°í »ý°¢ÇÏÁö ¾Ê´Â´Ù. ½Ò°ú °°Àº ¸Å¿ì ¸ñ¸¶¸¥ ÀÛ¹°À» Àç¹èÇϱâ À§ÇØ °ü°³Á¦¿Í »ìÃæÁ¦¸¦ ´ë·®À¸·Î »ç¿ëÇÏ´Â µî ³¶ºñÀûÀÎ °üÇàÀ» Àå·ÁÇÏ´Â ¸¹Àº Àμ¾Æ¼ºê°¡ ¿©ÀüÈ÷ Á¸ÀçÇÑ´Ù. ´ëºÎºÐÀÇ Æó±â¹°Àº 󸮵ÇÁö ¾ÊÀº ä ÀÚ¿¬À¸·Î ¹æÃâµÇ´Âµ¥, ÀÌ°ÍÀÌ ÀÌ ³ª¶ó ´ã¼öÀÇ 70%°¡ ¿À¿°µÇ´Â ÇÑ °¡Áö ÀÌÀ¯ÀÌ´Ù.


ATREE »çȸȯ°æÇõ½Å¼¾ÅÍ ¼ÒÀåÀÎ ºñ³ª ½º¸®´Ï¹Ù»ê(Veena Srinivasan) ¹Ú»ç´Â "´õ ¿¹Ãø ºÒ°¡´ÉÇÑ ±âÈÄ¿¡¼­, ¿ì¸®´Â ¿ÏÃæÀç·Î ÁöÇϼö°¡ Á¤¸»·Î ÇÊ¿äÇÒ °ÍÀÔ´Ï´Ù. ´ë½Å¿¡ ¿ì¸®´Â À߸øµÈ °æ¿µÀ¸·Î ±×°ÍÀÇ ¸¹Àº ºÎºÐÀ» ³¶ºñÇß´Ù. È­Àç Á÷Àü¿¡ º¸ÇèÀ» Å¿ì´Â °Í°ú °°´Ù"°í ¿ª¼³Çß´Ù.

µ¥À̺ñµå ºí·¹ÀÌÅ©½½¸®(David Blakeslee), ·¥ ÇǽøÕ(Ram Fishman)°ú ÇÔ²² ¾´ ÃÖ±Ù ±â»ç¿¡¼­ ºñ³ª ½º¸®´Ï¹Ù»ê(Veena Srinivasan) ¹Ú»ç´Â ¶ÇÇÑ ÀûÀýÇÑ ÀûÀÀ Àü·«¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ´õ ¸¹Àº ¿¬±¸¸¦ ¿ä±¸ÇÑ´Ù. º¹ÇÕÀûÀÎ ¿äÀÎÀº ±¹°¡ÀÇ ÁöÇϼö ±ÔÁ¦À̸ç, ±×³à´Â À̸¦ ¡®±Ùº»ÀûÀÎ °áÇÔ¡¯À¸·Î ±ÔÁ¤ÇÑ´Ù. 


ºñ³ª ½º¸®´Ï¹Ù»êÀº ¡°ÀεµÀÇ ÁöÇϼö ±ÔÁ¦¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ÀüÅëÀûÀÎ Á¢±Ù¹ýÀº ¿©·¯ ±¹°¡ ±â°ü°ú ±¹°¡ Â÷¿ø »çÀÌ¿¡ ºÐ»êµÇ¾î ÀÖÀ» »Ó¸¸ ¾Æ´Ï¶ó ÁöÇϼö¿Í ÁöÇ¥¼ö¸¦ ºÐ¸®Çؼ­ º¸´Â °æÇâÀÌ ÀÖ´Ù¡±°í ¸»Çß´Ù.


»þ¶óÅ©Âùµå¶ó ·¼(Sharachchandra Lele)°ú ÇÔ²² ¾´ ±â»ç¿¡¼­ ±×³à´Â ÀÌ°ÍÀÌ Á¾Á¾ À߸øµÈ °æ¿µÀ¸·Î À̾îÁø´Ù°í ÁÖÀåÇÑ´Ù. ÀÇ»ç°áÁ¤ÀÚµéÀÌ ÁöÇ¥¼ö¿Í ÁöÇϼö »çÀÌÀÇ ÀÏüÀû ¿¬°áÀ» ¹«½ÃÇϸé, ¿¹¸¦ µé¾î ÁöÇϼö °í°¥À» ¡®ÇØ°á(solve)¡¯ÇÏ´Â ¹æ¹ýÀ» ÅÃÇÏ¿© ÁöÇϼö °í°¥À» ´ë¼öÃþ¿¡ Á÷Á¢ ¹°À» ÁÖÀÔÇÏ°í, ÀÌ Áö¿ªÀÇ °­°ú ½ÀÁö¿¡ ÇØ·Î¿î ¿µÇâÀ» ¹ÌÄ¥ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù.


ºñ³ª ½º¸®´Ï¹Ù»êÀº ÀÇ»ç°áÁ¤ÀÚµéÀÌ È®½ÇÇÑ »ç½Ç°ú µ¥ÀÌÅ͸¦ ¹ÙÅÁÀ¸·Î °èȹÀ» ¼¼¿ï ¼ö ÀÖµµ·Ï ¼­·Î ´Ù¸¥ ±â°üµé °£ÀÇ Çù·ÂÀÌ ´õ¿í °­È­µÇ°í ÁöÇ¥¼ö¿Í ÁöÇϼöÀÇ ¸ð´ÏÅ͸µÀÌ Áõ°¡Çϱ⸦ ¿øÇÑ´Ù. 


¡°¿ì¸®°¡ ¾ó¸¶³ª ¸¹Àº ÁöÇϼö¸¦ º¸À¯ÇÏ°í ÀÖ´ÂÁö¸¦ ¾Ë°Ô µÇ¸é, Áö±¸ ¹× ´ë¼öÃþ ¼öÁØ¿¡¼­ ÀûÀýÇÑ Àμ¾Æ¼ºê¸¦ ±ÔÁ¦ÇÏ°í ¸¸µå´Â °ÍÀÌ ÈξÀ ½¬¿öÁú °ÍÀÌ´Ù. ±×·¯±â À§Çؼ­´Â ´©°¡ ¹°À» ¾òÀ» ¼ö ÀÖ´ÂÁö ÇÒ´çÇÏ´Â ¸ÞÄ¿´ÏÁòµµ ÇÊ¿äÇÏ´Ù. ½±Áö´Â ¾Ê°ÚÁö¸¸ ¼±ÅÃÀÇ ¿©Áö°¡ º°·Î ¾ø¾î¿ä. ¿ì¸®´Â ¿ì¸®°¡ °¡Áø ÁöÇϼö¸¦ º¸È£ÇØ¾ß ÇÑ´Ù¡±¶ó°í ºñ³ª ½º¸®´Ï¹Ù»ê(Veena Srinivasan) ¹Ú»ç´ÂÀº °á·ÐÁþ´Â´Ù.


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Groundwater crises threaten the poor in India



India has its groundwater resources to thank for many of its greatest success stories. But now the country¡¯s aquifers are dangerously depleted and polluted ? just when they are needed the most. New research indicates that the problem may be even worse than previously assumed.


Almost a quarter of the world¡¯s ground- water is used by India. The country¡¯s remarkable rise in agricultural productivity, dubbed the Green Revolution, was based on the development of groundwater resources, combined with extensive use of fertilizers and pesticides. 


Starting in the 1950s, India encouraged and subsidized massive pumping of ground- water, with the number of drilled tube wells increasing from 1 million to nearly 30 million. The rapid industrialization of recent years has also been achieved through intensive groundwater use. 


The result? A massive drop in poverty rates: the Green Revolution drastically improved food security and the more recent economic expansion between 2006 and 2016 helped lift 271 million people out of poverty. 


But what also dropped were the water tables. Accord- ing to the World Bank, groundwater is being abstracted much faster than it is being replenished, so that 60 per cent of India¡¯s districts are likely to reach critical levels of groundwater depletion within two decades. Another study of Indian districts shows that in 60 per cent of them, groundwater is already depleted, contaminated or both. 


This spells serious trouble for the country¡¯s farmers, most of whom rely on groundwater. Close to 90 per cent of the groundwater consumed in India is used to irrigate crops. The current race to the pumps means that farmers who can afford it drill deeper and deeper in search of precious water. However, for most smallholders, this is not a feasible option. In recent years, many have given up and moved to the cities. 


According to groundwater expert Dr Veena Srinivasan, India¡¯s escalating water crisis is a big, but often overlooked, driver behind the mass migration to urban areas.


 ¡°The truth is that the situation is worse than anyone can imagine, and after Covid-19, this will become much more apparent. Many poor people who abandoned farming for a new life in the city have now lost their employment and are being pushed back to the villages. But the question is: how will they feed themselves?¡± she says. 


As Director of the Centre for Social and Environmental Innovation at the Ashoka Trust for Research in Ecology and the Environment (ATREE), Dr Veena Srinivasan wants to draw attention to the plight of villagers and farmers, which is closely linked to the groundwater crisis. Approximately 700 million Indians living in villages depend on groundwater for their daily needs and 85 per cent of rural households rely on groundwater, compared to 45 per cent in cities. 


Her research also shows that this is a looming problem in large parts of the country, not just in north-western, western, and peninsular India, as official statistics would have it.  


¡°This should be another wake-up call that India needs to start taking its groundwater situation much more seriously. It is not just a water problem, but a livelihood problem. And it is about to get much worse,¡± Dr Veena Srinivasan, Director of the Centre for Social and Environmental Innovation, ATREE.


When Dr Veena Srinivasan and her colleagues Tejasvi Hora and Nandita B Basu carried out research in the field, they kept hearing the same stories about disappearing groundwater in southern India too, where the official numbers indicated rising water levels. 


¡°We just couldn¡¯t understand this discrepancy. Farmers were killing themselves to get out of a terrible situation, but in the high-end journals we read stories based on official data that described how things were getting better, thanks to rainfall and successful government interventions. It just didn¡¯t make sense,¡± Veena Srinivasan says. 


Eventually they found what seems like a plausible but worrying explanation. In the article The Groundwater Recovery Paradox in South India, published in the publication Geophysical Research Letters, the researchers describe how the numbers had become skewed because wells that went dry were subsequently removed from the data set. The groundwater trend assessment methods most frequently used have turned out to be less suitable for the hard-rock aquifer systems that characterize southern India. 


¡°This should be another wake-up call that India needs to start taking its groundwater situation much more seriously. It is not just a water problem, but a livelihood problem. And it is about to get much worse,¡± Veena Srinivasan says.


The World Bank and the government think tank NITI Aayog point to several trends that could exacerbate the current crisis. For starters, the number of Indians could rise to 1.7 billion by 2050. With that comes growing demand for water, food, and consumer goods, as well as an increase in pollution and wastewater. 


The United Nations also estimates that over 400 million Indians will have moved to cities by 2050. In the same time period, climate change will make India much more susceptible to extreme weather events and unpredic- table monsoons.


¡°It is important to emphasize that India¡¯s current groundwater depletion is not primarily caused by climate change; manmade interventions are much more important. But climate change exacerbates the situation, and in a more unpredictable climate, we will really need groundwater as a buffer. Instead we have wasted much of it through mismanage- ment. It¡¯s like burning your insurance policy right before the fire,¡± Veena Srinivasan states. 


She does not feel that India is pre- pared for the challenges ahead. Many incentives remain in place that encourage wasteful practices, including massive use of irrigation and pesticides to grow very thirsty crops such as rice. Most waste- water is released untreated into nature which is one reason why 70 per cent of the country¡¯s freshwater is polluted.


¡°In a more unpredictable climate, we will really need groundwater as a buffer. Instead we have wasted much of it through mismanagement. It¡¯s like burning your insurance policy right before the fire.¡± Dr Veena Srinivasan, Director of the Centre for Social and Environmental Innovation, ATREE.


In a recent article, written together with David Blakeslee and Ram Fishman, Veena Srinivasan also calls for more research on suitable adaptation strategies. A compounding factor is the country¡¯s groundwater regulation, which she de- scribes as ¡®fundamentally flawed¡¯. 


¡°The traditional approach to groundwater regulation in India is not only fragmented between several different national agencies and the state level, we also tend to look at surface water separately from groundwater,¡± Veena Srinivasan says. 


In an article written together with Sharachchandra Lele, she argues that this often leads to mismanagement. When decision-makers disregard the integral link between surface and groundwater, they may, for example, opt to ¡°solve¡± groundwater depletion by building a dam to inject water directly into an aquifer, with detrimental effects for rivers and wetlands in the area. 


Veena Srinivasan would like to see much more collaboration between different agencies and an increase in monitoring of both surface and groundwater, so that decision-makers can plan based on hard facts and data. ¡°When we know how much groundwater we have, it will be much easier to regulate and create the right incentives at district and aquifer level. For that, we also need a mechanism to allocate who gets what water. It will not be easy, but we don¡¯t really have much choice. We must protect the groundwater we have,¡± Veena Srinivasan concludes. 


This article originally appeared in Waterfront in 2020.


The 2022 theme for World Water Day, set by UN Water, is Groundwater. 


[Ãâó=½ºÅåȦ¸§±¹Á¦¹°¿¬±¸¼Ò(SIWI)(Groundwater crises threaten the poor in India | SIWI) / 2022³â 3¿ù 11ÀÏÀÚ]

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