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[±Û·Î¹ú¼ö󸮱â¼ú] ¼¼¶ó¹Í ºÐ¸®¸·, À½¿ë¼ö ó¸® ½ÃÀå¼­ ÀáÀç·Â Ä¿Á®
À̸§ °ü¸®ÀÚ waterindustry@hanmail.net ÀÛ¼ºÀÏ 2015.08.18 Á¶È¸¼ö 1643
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[±Û·Î¹ú¼ö󸮱â¼ú] ¼¼¶ó¹Í ºÐ¸®¸·, À½¿ë¼ö ó¸® ½ÃÀå¼­ ÀáÀç·Â Ä¿Á®
 
 
Global Issue Technology
 
¼¼¶ó¹Í ºÐ¸®¸·, À½¿ë¼ö ó¸® ½ÃÀå¼­ ÀáÀç·Â Ä¿Á®

ÇöÀç ºÐ¸®¸· ½ÃÀå Á¡À¯À² 3% ºÒ°ú¡¦°øÁ¤¼ö ó¸® µî Æ´»õ½ÃÀå¼­ ¼ºÀå¼¼
 pH ÀúÇ×¼º ³ô°í․»ý»ê Ç÷°½º À¯·® ¸¹¾Æ¡¦¸· ¼ö¸íµµ »ó´ëÀûÀ¸·Î ±æ¾î


¼¼¶ó¹Í ºÐ¸®¸·(Ceramic Membranes)Àº ¹Ì·¡¿¡ Å« ÀáÀç·ÂÀÌ ÀÖÀ» °ÍÀ̶ó°í Æò°¡µÇ°í ÀÖÁö¸¸, ¾ÆÁ÷ ºÐ¸®¸· ½ÃÀåÀÇ Á¡À¯À²Àº 2¢¦3%¿¡ ºÒ°úÇÏ´Ù. Blue Tech Research(www.bluetechresearch.com)´Â Water & Wastewater International(www.wwinternational.com) 2015³â 7¢¦9¿ùÈ£¿¡ ¼¼¶ó¹Í ºÐ¸®¸·À» Àû¿ëÇÑ ¼öó¸® ¹× ¿À․Æó¼öó¸®, ¼ö¸í Áֱ⠺ñ¿ë, ÇٽɽÃÀå°ú ÃÖ±ÙÀÇ Çõ½Åµé¿¡ ´ëÇÑ »çÇ×À» ±â°íÇß´Ù. ±× ³»¿ëÀ» ½Æ´Â´Ù.


¼¼¶ó¹Í ÇÑ¿Ü¿©°ú(UF)¸·ÀÇ °³¹ßÀº °íºÐÀÚ¸¦ ÀÌ¿ëÇÑ ¿©°ú¸·º¸´Ù ¸ÕÀú °³¹ßµÇ¾ú´Ù. ÇÏÁö¸¸ ¼¼¶ó¹Í Á¦Ç°Àº ¼öó¸® ¹× ¿À․Æó¼ö 󸮿¡¼­ ¸· ¿©°ú Á¦Ç° ½ÃÀåÀÇ ÀϺθ¸À» Â÷ÁöÇÏ°í ÀÖ´Ù. 5¾ï ´Þ·¯¿¡ ´ÞÇÏ´Â UF ó¸® ½ÃÀåÀÌ ¿ª»ïÅõ Àüó¸®, »ýÈ°Çϼö․Á¤¼öó¸® µî ºÐ¾ß¿¡¼­ Áö¼ÓÀûÀ¸·Î ¼ºÀåÇÏ°í ÀÖÁö¸¸ ¼¼¶ó¹Í Á¦Ç°ÀÌ Â÷ÁöÇÏ´Â ½ÃÀå ºñÀ²Àº 2¢¦3%¿¡ ºÒ°úÇÏ´Ù.

¼¼¶ó¹Í ºÐ¸®¸·ÀÇ Àû¿ëÀº »ó´çÈ÷ ÀûÀº ¼öÁØÀ¸·Î Áö³­ 20³â µ¿¾È ´ë·« 500¸¸ ¸íÀÇ Àα¸¿¡ ÇØ´çÇÏ´Â 200°³ ÀÌ»óÀ¸·Î ÃßÁ¤µÇ´Â ó¸®ÀåÀÌ °Ç¼³µÇ¾ú´Ù. Áö³­ 5³â µ¿¾È ´©Àû ¼³ºñ ¿ë·®Àº ¼ÒÆø Áõ°¡ÇÏ¿´´Âµ¥, ÀÌ´Â PWN°ú Metawater(¸ÞŸ¿öÅÍ)¿¡ ÀÇÇØ °³¹ßµÈ µÎ °÷ÀÇ ´ë±Ô¸ð ó¸®Àå(10¸¸§©/ÀÏ)ÀÌ 2014³â¿¡ ¿î¿µÀ» ½ÃÀÛÇ߱⠶§¹®ÀÌ´Ù.

¿ª»çÀûÀ¸·Î ºÃÀ» ¶§ ¼¼¶ó¹Í ºÐ¸®¸·À» »ç¿ëÇÏ´Â µ¥ °¡Àå Å« °É¸²µ¹ÀÌ µÈ °ÍÀº °íºÐÀÚ ¼ÒÀ縦 ÀÌ¿ëÇÑ °Íº¸´Ù ÈξÀ ³ôÀº CAPEX(Capital expenditures, ¹Ì·¡ÀÇ ÀÌÀ±À» âÃâÇϱâ À§ÇØ ÁöÃâµÈ ºñ¿ë) ¶§¹®À¸·Î ÃÖ´ë 3¹è±îÁö °í°¡ÀÌ´Ù. ¼¼¶ó¹Í ºÐ¸®¸·ÀÇ °øÁ¤»óÀÇ ÀåÁ¡Àº pH¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ÀúÇ×¼ºÀÌ ³ôÀ¸¸é¼­ »ý»ê Ç÷°½º À¯·®ÀÌ ¸¹À¸¸ç, ¸·ÀÇ ¼ö¸íÀÌ »ó´ëÀûÀ¸·Î ±æ¾î °ø±Þ¾÷ÀÚµé·Î ÇÏ¿©±Ý °øÁ¤¼öÀÇ Ã³¸®, ¹°․±â¸§ ºÐ¸®Ã³¸®, »ó¾÷¿ë ¼ö¿µÀå ¹° ó¸® ¹× ÁöÇϼö·ÎºÎÅÍÀÇ ¶óµã Á¦°Å µî »õ·Î¿î Æ´»õ½ÃÀåÀ» ãÀ» ¼ö ÀÖ°Ô Çß´Ù.
 
   
¡ã ÀϺ»ÀÇ ¸ÞŸ¿öÅͻ翡¼­ °ø±ÞÇÑ ¼¼¶ó¹Í ¸âºê·¹ÀÎÀÌ ¼³Ä¡µÈ ³×µ¨¶õµåÀÇ ¾ØµðÅ© III Ç÷£Æ®. ¸ÞŸ¿öÅÍ»ç´Â ¸ðµâÀÇ ÅõÀÚºñ¿ëÀ» §³´ç 100´Þ·¯·Î ³·Ãâ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù°í ¹ßÇ¥Çß´Ù.

The development of ceramic ultrafiltration(UF) membranes predates that of their polymeric counterparts. Yet ceramics only make up a fraction of the market for membrane filtration products in water and wastewater treatment. While the US$500 million UF treatment market continues to grow in applications such as reverse-osmosis pre-treatment, municipal wastewater and drinking water treatment, ceramics comprise only a 2¢¦3% market share.

Adoption of ceramic membranes has been fairly modest, with an estimated 200+ treatment plants, representing a population equivalent of roughly five million people, over the past 20 years.

The past five years has seen a small uptick in the cumulative installed capacity, with two large-scale plants developed by PWN and Metawater(100,000§©/day) becoming operational in 2014.

Historically the primary barrier to ceramic membrane usage is the much higher CAPEX compared with polymerics(up to three times as much). The process advantages of ceramic membranes(pH resistance, higher flux rates, longer membrane service life) have enabled suppliers to carve out a few niche markets such as in produced water treatment, oil/water separation, commercial pool treatment and radium removal from groundwater.

À½¿ë¼ö ó¸®(Drinking water treatment)


¼¼¶ó¹ÍÀÌ °íºÐÀÚ¿¡ ºñÇØ ¹°¸®ÀûÀ¸·Î °­ÇÏ´Ù´Â Á¡Àº ¸¹Àº °ø±Þ¾÷ÀÚµé·Î ÇÏ¿©±Ý »ê¾÷¿ë¼ö¿Í ó¸®ÇϱⰡ ³­ÇØÇÑ ¿ø¼ö󸮸¦ ¸ñÇ¥·Î Á¤ÇÏ°Ô ÇßÁö¸¸, ºÐ¸®¸· ÆǸŠ½ÃÀå¿¡¼­ °¡Àå Å« ºÎºÐÀ» Â÷ÁöÇÏ´Â °ÍÀº ¾ÆÁ÷Àº ¸Ô´Â¹°ÀÎ À½¿ë¼ö ó¸® ºÎºÐÀÌ´Ù.

ºÏ¹Ì Áö¿ª°ú À¯·´ÀÇ UF ºÐ¸®¸·(ÁÖ·Î °íºÐÀÚ ºÐ¸®¸·)Àº ½Ä¼ö 󸮿¡¼­ »ó´çÇÑ ½ÃÀå ¼º°øÀ» °ÅµÎ¾ú´Âµ¥ ºÐ¸®¸·ÀÌ Å©¸³Å佺Æ÷¸®µã(cryptosporidium)°ú °°Àº ¹Ì»ý¹°¿¡ ´ëÇØ ¹°¸®ÀûÀÎ ¾ïÁ¦ ¿ªÇÒÀ» Ç߱⠶§¹®ÀÌ´Ù. 1990³â´ë ÃÊ ¹Ì±¹ ³×¹Ù´Ù ÁÖ¿Í À§½ºÄܽŠÁÖ¿¡¼­ ¹ß»ýÇÑ Å©¸³Å佺Æ÷¸®µã º´¿ø¼º ¹Ì»ý¹°ÀÇ Ã¢±È ¶§¹®¿¡, »ì±ÕÁ¦¿¡ ´ëÇØ ³»¼ºÀ» °®´Â ¹Ì»ý¹°À» Á¦°ÅÇÏ´Â °ÍÀÌ ¼öó¸®ÀÇ Áß¿äÇÑ ¿ì¼± ¼øÀ§°¡ µÇ¾ú´Ù.


   
¡ã ÇϳªÀÇ ¿øÇü º£¼¿(vessel) ³»¿¡ 200¿©°³ÀÇ ¼¼¶ó¹Í ¸âºê·¹ÀÎ ¿¤¸®¸ÕÆ®¸¦ ÀåÂøÇÑ °ÍÀ¸·Î PWN»ç´Â ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ ±¸¼ºÀ¸·Î ¸âºê·¹ÀÎÀÇ ¿ª¼¼Á¤ÇÒ ¶§ ÇÊ¿äÇÑ ¿¡³ÊÁö·®À» ÁÙÀÏ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù°í ¹ßÇ¥Çß´Ù.
ÃÖ±Ù¿¡ PWN»ç(Metawater․NGK)¿¡ ÀÇÇØ ¿Ï¼ºµÈ ´ë±Ô¸ð À½¿ë¼ö ½Ã¼³Àº °íºÐÀÚ ºÐ¸®¸·¿¡ ´ëÇؼ­ ¼¼¶ó¹Í ºÐ¸®¸·ÀÌ ¼ö¸í Áֱ⠺ñ¿ë Ãø¸é¿¡¼­ °æÀï·ÂÀ» °®±â ½ÃÀÛÇß´Ù´Â °ÍÀ» º¸¿©ÁØ´Ù. Áö±Ý±îÁö ¼¼¶ó¹Í ¼ö¸í Áֱ⠺ñ¿ëÀ» Æò°¡ÇÏ´Â °úÁ¤¿¡¼­ ÁÖ¿ä ¾î·Á¿òÀº ºÐ¸®¸·ÀÇ ³»±¸¿¬ÇÑ(°ø±Þ¾÷ÀÚ¿¡ ÀÇÇØ 15¢¦20³âÀ¸·Î ÃßÁ¤ ¹ßÇ¥)¸¦ ÀÔÁõÇÏ´Â °ÍÀ̾ú´Ù.

1990³â´ë ÃʺÎÅÍ Purifics¿Í °°Àº ±â¾÷¿¡ ÀÇÇÏ¿© ¼³Ä¡µÈ »ó¾÷Àû ¼³ºñµéÀÌ È°¹ßÇÏ°Ô ¿î¿µµÇ¾î ¿ÔÀ¸¸ç, ´ëºÎºÐÀÇ ¼³ºñµéÀº ¾ÆÁ÷µµ Ãʱ⠼³Ä¡µÈ ºÐ¸®¸· ¸ðµâÀ» ±×´ë·Î »ç¿ëÇÏ°í ÀÖ´Ù. ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ ±ä ³»±¸¿¬ÇÑ¿¡ ´ëÇÑ Å¸´ç¼ºÀº Metawater¿¡ ÀÇÇÑ ¸ðµâ CAPEX °¡°ÝÀÇ °¨¼Ò(Æò°¡¾× 100´Þ·¯/§³) È¿°ú¿Í ±â¼úÀÇ ½ÃÀåÁøÀÔ¿¡ ´ëÇÑ Ä£±Ù¼ºÀÇ Áõ°¡¿Í °áÇÕÇÏ¿© ¾ÕÀ¸·Î À½¿ë¼ö 󸮿¡¼­ÀÇ ½ÃÀåÁøÀÔ ÀáÀç·ÂÀº »ó´çÈ÷ Ä¿Áú °ÍÀ¸·Î ¿¹»óµÈ´Ù.

ÃÖ±ÙÀÇ 7MGD(700¸¸ °¶·±/ÀÏ, 2¸¸6õ500§©/ÀÏ) ±Ô¸ð·Î ¾÷±×·¹À̵带 °èȹÇÏ°í ÀÖ´Â ¹Ì±¹ÀÇ ¡®¹öÆ®-½Ç¹öº¸¿ì °ø°ø¾÷¹«ºÎ¼­ÀÇ °³¿ï¹° ó¸® Ç÷£Æ® »ç¾÷¡¯ÀÇ ÀÔÂû¿¡¼­ Metawater°¡ Á¦¾ÈÇÑ ¼¼¶ó¹Í ¸ð³ë¸®½º(monolith, ´ÜÀÏ ¾Ï¼®À¸·Î µÈ) ½Ã½ºÅÛÀÌ ´Ù¸¥ 3°³ÀÇ ÀÏ¹Ý UF ½Ã½ºÅÛ °æÀï»çº¸´Ù ´õ ³ªÀº 20³â ¼ö¸íÁֱ⠺ñ¿ëÀ» º¸¿©ÁÖ°í ÀÖ´Ù.

The robustness of ceramics compared with polymerics has led to many suppliers targeting industrial and difficult-to-treat waters, however the largest market by volume of membrane sales is still drinking water treatment. In North America and Europe UF membranes(primarily polymeric membranes) found considerable market success in drinking water treatment because the membrane is a physical barrier for microorganisms such as cryptosporidium. Outbreaks of cryptosporidium contamination in the early 90s in Nevada and Wisconsin made removal of disinfection resistant microbes a critical priority for municipalities.

Recent large-scale drinking water installations completed by PWN (Metawater/NGK) indicate that ceramics are beginning to show life-cycle cost competitiveness with polymeric membranes. A principal challenge with evaluating ceramic life-cycle cost to date was validating the service life claims of the membranes (estimated by suppliers at 15¢¦20 years).

Commercial installations by companies such as Purifics have now been active since the early 1990s, many of which are still using the original membrane module. The validation of this claim, combined with Metawater's decreasing module CAPEX(estimated at US$100/§³) and the market's growing familiarity with the technology indicate strong potential for future growth in drinking water treatment. A recent project tender for an upgrade to the 7 MGD(26,500§©/day) Butte-Silver Bow Public Works Department's Basin Creek Water Treatment Plant in the US revealed that the proposed Metawater ceramic monolith system showed a better 20-year life cycle cost than the three competing UF systems proposals.

±× Áß 2°÷ÀÇ Á¦¾È¼­´Â ±âÁØÀ» ÃæÁ·½ÃÅ°Áö ¸øÇØ Å»¶ôÇß°í Åë°úÇÑ ´Ù¸¥ ÇϳªÀÇ Á¦¾È¼­»ó ÀÔÂû°¡´Â MetawaterÀÇ 870¸¸ ´Þ·¯º¸´Ù 90¸¸ ´Þ·¯°¡ ´õ ¸¹¾Ò´Ù. ¹ßÁÖó·ÎºÎÅÍÀÇ Æ¯º°ÇÑ ¿äû»çÇ׿¡ ºÎÀÀÇÏ¿© ½Ã½ºÅÛ º¸ÁõÀ» À§ÇÑ ¿Ïº®ÇÑ ±â¼ú·Â Á¦°øÀ¸·Î Metawater°¡ ±Ý¾×»ó ÀÌÁ¡À» °®°Ô µÇ¾ú´Ù.

ÃÖ±Ù¿¡ ¿Ï¼ºµÈ ´ë±Ô¸ð »ç¾÷À¸·Î´Â ÀϺ» ¿äÄÚÇϸ¶¿¡ 17¸¸1õ§©/ÀÏ ±Ô¸ð °øÀå, ³×´ú¶õµå ¾ØµðÁöÅ© III°øÀåÀÇ 12¸¸§©/ÀÏ Ç÷£Æ®, ¹Ì±¹ ÄݷζóµµÀÇ 3¸¸7õ§©/ÀÏ Ã³¸® ±Ô¸ð °øÀå µîÀÌ ÀÖ´Ù. 2014³â ¸»¿¡´Â ¿µ±¹ ÇöóÀ̸ӽº¿¡ 9¸¸§©/ÀÏ ±Ô¸ðÀÇ »ç¾÷ÀÌ ÀÔÂû ¹ßÇ¥µÇ¾ú´Ù.

¸âºê·¹ÀÎÀÇ ÆĿ︵ Çö»ó ³»¼ºÀÌ Áõ°¡µÇ¸ç ¼¼¶ó¹Í ¸ðµâÀÇ ¼¼Á¤ÀÌ ¿ëÀÌÇÏ´Ù´Â Á¡Àº ¸¹Àº »ç¶÷µé·Î ÇÏ¿©±Ý °øÁ¤¿¡¼­ ¹èÃâµÇ´Â ¹°ÀÇ Ã³¸®¿Í ±â¸§․±×¸®½º ºÐ¸®°¡ ¼¼¶ó¹Í ¸âºê·¹Àο¡ ÁÁÀº ½ÃÀå ±âȸ¸¦ ÁÙ °ÍÀ̶ó°í ¿¹»óÄÉÇß´Ù. ¼®À¯ °¡½º »ê¾÷¿¡ÀÇ ¼³Ä¡ ½ÇÀûÀº °ÅÀÇ ¾ø¾úÀ¸³ª Veolia(CeraMem)»ç´Â ÀÌ ºÐ¾ß¿¡¼­ °¡Àå È°¹ßÇÑ ¿µ¾÷À» ÇØ¿Ô´Ù.

Veolia»ç´Â ½ÃÀå¿¡ ´ëÇÑ °ø°ÝÀûÀÎ ¸¶ÄÉÆÃÀ» 7³â µ¿¾È ÇØ¿ÔÀ½¿¡µµ ºÒ±¸ÇÏ°í Áö±Ý±îÁö 3°³ÀÇ ½Ã¼³(300¢¦400§©/ÀÏ ±Ô¸ð)¸¸À» °Ü¿ì ¼³Ä¡ÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ¾ú´Ù. ¼®À¯¿Í °¡½ººÐ¾ß¿¡¼­ ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ ¼öó¸® ±â¼úÀ» »ó¾÷È­ÇÏ´Â °ÍÀº Ä¿´Ù¶õ µµÀüÀ¸·Î ÀνĵǴ °ÍÀ» °¨¾ÈÇϸé ÀÏÁ¾ÀÇ ÀÛÀº ¼º°øÀ̶ó°í º¼ ¼öµµ ÀÖ´Ù.

ÇÏÁö¸¸ ÃÖ±Ù ¼®À¯ °ªÀÌ Ç϶ôÇÏ¿© »õ·Î¿î ½ÃÀåºÐ¾ß(ij³ª´Ù ¿ÀÀÏ »÷µå ¹× ¹Ì±¹ ¼ÎÀÏÀ¯ °³¹ß)°¡ ¾Ð·ÂÀ» ¹Þ°í ÀÖ´Ù´Â Á¡À» »ý°¢Çϸé ÀÌ ºÐ¾ßÀÇ ¼ºÀåÀº ±ØÈ÷ Á¦ÇÑÀûÀÏ ¼öµµ ÀÖ´Ù. ±×·³¿¡µµ ÀÌ ½ÃÀåÀº ¿©ÀüÈ÷ ¼¼¶ó¹Í ºÐ¸®¸· ±â¾÷µéÀÌ ¸ñÇ¥·Î ÇÏ´Â ½ÃÀåÀÌ´Ù.


   
 
Two of the proposals were disqualified due to compliance failures in the scope, but the other accepted bid was more than US$0.9 million more than Metawater's US$8.7 million tender. Provision of a warranty for the system, a specific request of the project owners, may have contributed to Metawater's cost advantage.

Recently complete large-scale projects include the 171,000§©/day plant in Yokahama, Japan, the 120,000§©/day Andijk III plant in the Netherlands, and a 37,000§©/day plant in Colorado. In late 2014, a 90,000§©/day project was tendered in Plymouth, UK.

The added fouling resistance and ease of cleaning ceramic modules led many to speculate that produced water treatment and oil/grease removal represented a strong market opportunity for ceramics. Installations in the oil and gas industry have been few, with Veolia(CeraMem) the most active company in this area. Veolia claims to have three installations(300¢¦400§©/day in size) to date despite seven years of aggressively targeting the market.

Given the challenge with commercialising new water technologies in the oil and gas sector, this can be viewed as a minor success. However, given the recent decline in oil prices that are straining the targeted market segments(Canadian Oil Sands and US Shale Oil) growth potential in this area appears limited. Nevertheless, this market continues to be one targeted by ceramic membrane companies.

Ãʱâ´Ü°èÀÇ Çõ½Å(Early stage innovation)

Àü ¼¼°èÀÇ ½Å»ý ±â¾÷µéÀº ¼¼¶ó¹Í ºÐ¸®¸·À» ¸¸µå´Â »õ·Î¿î ±â¼úµéÀ» °³¹ßÇÏ°í ÀÖÀ¸¸ç ±âÁ¸ÀÇ À¯¸íÇÑ °³¹ß¾÷üµéÀº °íºÐÀÚ Æú¸®¸Ó ºÐ¸®¸·°úÀÇ °æÀï¿¡¼­ ÃÑ »ý¾Ö ºñ¿ë ºÐ¾ß¸¦ ±âÁØÀ¸·Î °æÀï·ÂÀ» °®±â À§ÇØ °¡°ÝÀ» ³·Ãß·Á´Â ³ë·ÂÀ» °è¼ÓÇÏ°í ÀÖ´Ù.

¼¼¶ó¹Í ºÐ¸®¸·Àº ÀϹÝÀûÀ¸·Î »êÈ­¹° ÀÔÀÚ¿Í ¿ë¸Å·Î ¸¸µé¾îÁø ½½·¯¸®¸¦ ÁöÁö ±âÆÇ¿¡ Àû¿ëÇÏ¿© ºÐ¸®¸·À» ¿ä·Î¿¡¼­ ¼Ò°á½ÃÄÑ ¸¸µç´Ù. ÀÌ´Â ´õ ÀÛÀº ±â°ø Å©±â¸¦ ¸¸µé ¼ö ÀÖµµ·Ï ±âÆÇ À§¿¡ ¿¬¼âÀûÀ¸·Î ¹Ì¼¼ÃþÀ» Æ÷ÇÔ½ÃÅ°´Â ´Ù´Ü°è °øÁ¤ÀÌ´Ù. Áï, ÇϳªÀÇ °úÁ¤À¸·Î ºÒ±ÕÁúÇÏ°Ô ¸¸µå´Â Æú¸®¸Ó ¸âºê·¹Àΰú Å©°Ô ´Ù¸¥ Á¡ÀÌ´Ù.


   
 
Áö³­ ¸î ³â µ¿¾È Çõ½ÅÀûÀÎ ±â¾÷µéÀÇ °á°ú¹°µéÀÌ ³ªÅ¸³ª±â ½ÃÀÛÇߴµ¥ ¼¼¶ó¹Í ºÐ¸®¸·À» Á¦Á¶Çϴ Ưº°ÇÏ°í »õ·Î¿î ¹æ¹ýµéÀÌ Á¦½ÃµÇ¾úÀ¸¸ç, »ý»ê ´Ü°¡¸¦ ³·Ãâ ¼ö ÀÖ°í, ´õ ÁÁÀº ¼º´ÉÀ¸·Î °æÁ¦¼º¿¡ ¿µÇâÀ» ÁÙ ¼ö ÀÖ´Â ¶Ç ´Ù¸¥ ±â¼úµéµµ °³¹ßµÇ¾ú´Ù. ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ Çõ½ÅÀû ±â¾÷µé 4°÷À» ¼Ò°³ÇÏ°íÀÚ ÇÑ´Ù.

Young companies around the world are developing novel methods of producing ceramic membranes, even as key established producers strive to bring down the price to compete with polymeric membranes on a whole-life cost basis.

Ceramic membranes are typically produced by applying a slurry of oxide particles and solvents onto a supporting substrate and sintering the membrane in a kiln. It is a multi-step process involving successively finer layers on a substrate to produce smaller pore sizes(an important difference to polymeric membranes that can be produced "asymmetrically" in a single step).

A crop of innovative companies has appeared over the last few years offering unique and new ways to produce ceramic membranes. Some of the new methods may lead to lower production costs, while others provide enhanced performance characteristics that may swing the economics for other reasons. The following four companies are among the innovators.

±Ý¼Ó ºÐ¸®¸·(Metal membranes)

±Ý¼Ó ºÐ¸®¸·(Metal membranes)Àº ±Ý¼Ó, ¾Ë·ç¹Ì´½, ¶Ç´Â ƼŸ´½ÀÇ ¾ãÀº ¸·À» ÃëÇؼ­ ÇöóÁ ¾ÆÅ©(Àü±âÀûÀ¸·Î ¶Ç´Â ÁÖÀ§¿¡¼­ »Õ¾î³»¾îÁø °¡½ºÀÇ ¾Ð·Â¿¡ ÀÇÇÏ¿© ±â°èÀûÀ¸·Î ¼ö·ÅµÈ Çö󽺸¶ ±âµÕÀ» °¡Áø ¾ÆÅ©)¿¡ ³ëÃâ½ÃŲ´Ù. ÇöóÁ ¾ÆÅ©´Â ±Ý¼Ó¸·ÀÇ Ç¥¸é¿¡ °íµµ·Î »êÈ­µÈ ȯ°æÀÎ ±Ý¼Ó-»êÈ­¹° Ãþ(Áï, ±â°ø¼º ¼¼¶ó¹ÍÃþ-»êÈ­¾Ë·ç¹Ì´½ ¶Ç´Â ÀÌ»êȭƼŸ´½)À» Çü¼ºÇÑ´Ù.

±Ý¼ÓÆÇÀÇ µÞ¸éÀº ¼¼¶ó¹ÍÃþÀÌ ³ëÃâµÇµµ·Ï ¿¡ÄªÃ³¸® µÈ´Ù. ±Ý¼ÓÆÇÀº ÁöÁöÃþ ¿ªÇÒÀ» Çϸç ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ Á¦Á¶±â¼úÀÇ °¡Àå Å« ÀåÁ¡À¸·Î´Â ¸Å¿ì ¹Ì¼¼ÇÑ ÃþÀ» °®´Â ¼¼¶ó¹Í ¸âºê·¹ÀÎÀ» ¸¸µé ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù´Â Á¡À¸·Î ±â°øÀÇ Å©±â´Â 1§¬(0.001§­) ÀÌÇÏ·Î °¡´ÉÇÏ´Ù.

Metal Membranes takes a thin sheet of metal, aluminum or titanium and exposes it to a plasma arc. The plasma arc creates a highly oxidising environment at the surface of the metal plate that forms a metal-oxide layer(i.e. a porous ceramic layer - either aluminum oxide or titanium dioxide).

The reverse of the metal plate is then etched to leave just the ceramic layer exposed. A metal plate is used as a structural support. One of the potential advantages of this manufacturing approach is that you can create very thin, layered ceramic membranes. The company indicates that it can get pore sizes in the <1§¬(0.001§­) range.

¼¼¶óÇ︯½º(Cerahelix)

Helix NFM ¸ðµ¨Àº ±â°øÀÇ Å©±â°¡ ´ë·« 1§¬(³ª³ë¹ÌÅÍ, 10¾ïºÐÀÇ 1£í) Á¤µµÀÎ ¼¼¶ó¹Í ³ª³ë¿©°ú ºÐ¸®¸·À¸·Î ÀÌ ºÐ¸®¸·Àº ºñ°áÁ¤¼ºÀÇ Æ¼Å¸´½ »êÈ­¹° ¼¼¶ó¹ÍÀ» ±â¹ÝÀ¸·Î ÇÏ¿© ¼¼¶óÇ︯½º(Cerahelix)·Î ÇÏ¿©±Ý Á¼Àº ¹üÀ§ÀÇ Å©±â ºÐÆ÷¸¦ °®´Â ±â°øµéÀ» °¡Áú ¼ö ÀÖ°Ô ÇÑ´Ù. ƼŸ´½ »êÈ­¹°Àº ¾Ë·ç¹Ì´½ »êÈ­¹°º¸´Ù ´õ ºñ½Î°í »ó´ëÀûÀ¸·Î Åõ°ú¼ºÀÌ ÁÁÀ¸¸ç Ä£¼ö¼ºÀÌ°í pH ¹üÀ§°¡ ³ÐÀ¸¸ç UF(ÇÑ¿Ü¿©°ú), NF(³ª³ë¿©°ú) ±×¸®°í ±âÆÇÀ¸·Î ÀûÇÕÇÏ´Ù.

¼¼¶óÇ︯½º ±â¼úÀÇ ÇÙ½ÉÀº ±âÆÇ¿¡ ºÐ¸®¸· ÃþÀ» ¸¸µå´Â ¹æ¹ýÀÌ´Ù. DNA °¡´ÚÀ» Æ÷ÇÔÇÏ°í ÀÖ´Â ¿ë¾×À» ¸¸µç´Ù. ¿ë¾×Àº Á©À» Çü¼ºÇϴµ¥, ¿ë¾× ¼Ó¿¡¼­´Â DNA °¡´ÚÀÌ ¹è¿­À» ÇÏ°í ÀÖ´Ù. ÀÌ Á©(gel)À» ¼¼¶ó¹Í ±âÆÇ¿¡ ÀÔÈ÷°í ¼Ò°á °úÁ¤ Áß¿¡¼­ DNA´Â Ÿ¼­ ¾ø¾îÁ®¼­ Á¶¹ÐÇÑ ±â°ø Å©±â ¹üÀ§¿Í Á÷¼±ÀÇ ±â°ø Åë·Î¸¦ °®´Â ¼¼¶ó¹Í ºÐ¸®¸·ÀÌ ¸¸µé¾îÁø´Ù.

Á÷¼±ÀÇ ±â°ø Åë·Î¿Í È°¼º ºÐ¸®¸· ÃþÀÇ ¾ãÀº µÎ²²´Â ´Ù¸¥ ¼¼¶ó¹Í ºÐ¸®¸·º¸´Ù Çâ»óµÈ À¯¼ÓÀ» º¸ÀåÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ°Ô ÇÑ´Ù. ÇöÀç ÆÄÀÏ·µ ÀåÄ¡´Â ½ÊÀÚÈ帧(cross-flow)À¸·Î ÀÛµ¿µÇ´Â Æ©ºí·¯(tubular) ¸ð¾ç ¶Ç´Â ´ÙÁß Ã¤³Î Çü½ÄÀÇ ºÐ¸®¸·À¸·Î ±¸¼ºµÇ¾î ÀÖ´Ù. ¼¼¶óÇ︯½º´Â Æò¸· ÇüÅÂÀÇ ºÐ¸®¸·À» Á¦Á¶ÇÏ¿´°í ´ë¿ë·®ÀÇ »ç¿ëÀ¸·Î´Â ±âÁ¸ÀÇ ´ÙÁß Ã¤³Î ½Ã½ºÅÛº¸´Ù ´õ¿í ¸¹Àº ä³ÎÀ» °®´Â ¸ð³ë¸®½º Á¦Ç°À» °ø±ÞÇÑ´Ù.


   
¡ã ÇǴнº ½ÅÅ×Å©(Phoenix SinTech)¿¡¼­ »ý»êÇÏ°í ÀÖ´Â ¼¼¶ó¹Í ¸âºê·¹ÀÎ.


The Helix NFM is a ceramic nanofiltration membrane with pore sizes of approximately 1nm. The membranes are based on a(non-crystalline) titania ceramic that enables Cerahelix to narrow the pore size range. Titania is more expensive than alumina and has relatively high permeability, high hydrophilicity, a wide pH range, and is suitable for UF, nanofiltration(NF) and as a substrate.

The core of the Cerahelix technology is the method of producing the membrane layer on the substrate. A solution is produced containing DNA strands. The solution forms a gel in which the DNA strands are aligned.

This gel coats the ceramic substrate and during the sintering process the DNA is burned off, producing a ceramic membrane with a tight pore size range and straight pore channels. The straight pore channels and thinness of the active membrane layer holds the promise of better flux rates than other ceramic membranes.

Current pilot units consist of tubular or multi-channel membranes operated in cross-flow. Cerahelix has produced flat-sheet membranes as well and, for high-volume applications, will offer monoliths with more channels than its current multi-channel systems.

³ª³ë½ã(Nano Sun)

³ª³ë ½ã(Nano Sun)Àº ±â°øÀÇ Å©±â°¡ 0.1§­¿¡¼­ 1§­ »çÀÌÀÎ ÀÌ»êȭƼŸ´½ ³ª³ë¼¶À¯(Á¤¹Ð¿©°ú)¿¡ ±â¹ÝÀ» µÐ »õ·Î¿î ´Ù±â´ÉÀÇ ºÐ¸®¸·À» °³¹ßÇß´Ù. ¿¬±¸½Ç ½ÇÇè°á°ú ´ÙÀ½°ú °°Àº ¿©·¯ ÀåÁ¡ÀÌ ¹àÇôÁ³´Ù.

ÀÌ ºÐ¸®¸·Àº ¡â¸Å¿ì ³ôÀº À¯¼Ó(½ÇÇè½Ç¿¡¼­ 960 LMH±îÁö ±¸ÇöµÇ¾ú´Ù. 1 LMH´Â 1½Ã°£ µ¿¾È 1§³ÀÇ ¸·¿¡ ¸î LÀÇ À¯Ã¼°¡ Èê·¯°¬´ÂÁö¸¦ ³ªÅ¸³»´Â ´ÜÀ§) ¡â³·Àº ÆĿ︵¹ß»ý, ³ôÀº ¿Âµµ ÀúÇ×¼º(À¯±â ¿À¿°¹°Áú Á¦°Å¸¦ À§ÇØ 250¡É±îÁö °¡¿­ÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù) ¡âUV±¤¼±À» °¡ÇØ ÀÌ»êȭƼŸ´½(TiO2) ³ª³ë¼¶À¯¸¦ µé¶ß°Ô ÇÏ¿© ±¤Ã˸Š»êÈ­ ÀÛ¿ëÀ» ÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Â ´É·Â º¸À¯ µîÀÇ Æ¯Â¡ÀÌ ÀÖ´Ù.

ÀÌ»êȭƼŸ´½ ³ª³ë¼¶À¯´Â ºñ°èÇü ±¸Á¶¸¦ Çü¼ºÇÏ°í ¶ÇÇÑ °íÀ¯ÀÇ ¹Ì»ý¹° »ì»ó Ư¼ºÀ» °®´Â´Ù. ³ª³ë½ãÀÇ ºÐ¸®¸·Àº ÀüÀÚ¹æ»ç °úÁ¤À¸·Î ¸¸µé¾îÁø ³ª³ë¼¶À¯¸¦ Àç·á·Î ÇÏ°í ³­¾ç±â¼ú´ëÇÐ(NTU)¿¡¼­ °³¹ßÇÑ 3D ÇÁ¸°Æà ±â¼úÀ» ÀÌ¿ëÇÏ¿© Á¦ÀÛÇÑ´Ù.

ÀÌ»êȭƼŸ´½À» ±â¹ÝÀ¸·Î ÇÑ ¼¼¶ó¹Í ºÐ¸®¸·Àº Á¸ÀçÇÏÁö¸¸ ½ÃÀå¿¡¼­ »ó¿ëÈ­µÈ ÀÌ»êȭƼŸ´½ ³ª³ëº¹ÇÕ¼ÒÀçÀÇ ºÐ¸®¸·Àº ¾ÆÁ÷±îÁö ¾ø°í 3D ÇÁ¸°Æà ±â¼ú·Î ¸¸µé¾îÁø ºÐ¸®¸· ¶ÇÇÑ ÇöÀç±îÁö´Â óÀ½À¸·Î ¾Ë·ÁÁ® ÀÖ´Ù. Áï, ³ª³ë½ã¿¡¼­ ¸¸µç ºÐ¸®¸·ÀÇ Ç°ÁúÀÌ °ËÁõµÇ±â¸¸ ÇÑ´Ù¸é ½ÃÀå¿¡ »ó´çÇÑ ¿µÇâÀ» ÁÙ ¼ö ÀÖÀ½À» ½Ã»çÇÑ´Ù.

ÇöÀç ÀÌ·ç¾îÁö°í ÀÖ´Â ½ÇÇèÀº Æò¸·À» ±â¹ÝÀ¸·Î ÇÑ plate․frame ±¸Á¶ÀÇ ¸·À» ÀÌ¿ëÇÏ¿© ÁøÇàµÇ°í ÀÖ´Ù. ÇÏÁö¸¸ ÀÌ ºÐ¸®¸·ÀÇ ´Ù±â´ÉÀ¸·Î ÀÎÇØ ³ª±ÇÇüÀÇ ¸âºê·¹Àεµ °ËÅä ´ë»óÀÌ µÉ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù.
NanoSun has developed a novel flexible membrane based on titanium dioxide nanofibers with a pore size ranging from 0.1§­ to 1§­(microfiltration). Lab testing has shown the membrane to have several key advantages including.

¡âVery high flux (up to 960LMH has been demonstrated in the lab) ¡âLow fouling rates, high temperature tolerance (it can be heated to 250¡É to burn off organic foulants) ¡âThe ability to perform photocatalytic oxidation by exciting the titanium dioxide nanofibers with UV radiation.

The TiO2 nanofiber membrane forms a scaffold type structure and has inherent biocidal properties as well. NanoSun's membrane is fabricated using a 3D-printing technology developed at Nanyang Technological University(NTU) with nanofibres fabricated from an electrospinning process are used as an input material.

Although there are TiO2-based ceramic membranes, there are no commercial TiO2 nano-composite membranes on the market, and no other membranes are produced currently through 3D printing.

This suggests that if the membrane qualities claimed by NanoSun can be validated, the technology could be highly disruptive to the membrane market. Current testing has been done using flat-sheet plate and frame membranes; however the flexible nature of the membrane is enabling NanoSun to explore spiral-wound form factors.

·£½º ¿¡³ÊÁö ¼­ºñ½º(Lance Energy Services)

·£½º ¿¡³ÊÁö ¼­ºñ½º(Lance Energy Services)´Â »õ·Î¿î È­ÇÐÀû ó¸® ¹æ¹ýÀ» °³¹ßÇÏ¿© ¡®³ª³ë ±â´É¼º ¼¼¶ó¹Í ºÐ¸®¸·¡¯À» ¸¸µé¾ú´Ù. Áö±Ý±îÁö ÀÌ ½ÇÇè °á°úÀÇ ´ëºÎºÐÀº 0.2§­ ±â°ø Å©±â(200§¬) ºÐ¸®¸·À̾ú´Ù. ·£½º»ç´Â È­ÇÐÀû ó¸® °úÁ¤Àº ´Ü¼øÈ÷ ºÐ¸®¸·¿¡ ÄÚÆÃÀ» ÀÔÈ÷´Â °ÍÀÌ ¾Æ´Ï¶ó º»·¡ ¼¼¶ó¹Í ºÐ¸®¸·ÀÇ ÇÕħ (impregnation)ÀÌ ¹ß»ýµÈ´Ù°í ¹àÈ÷°í ÀÖ´Ù.

È­ÇÐÀû ó¸®ÀÇ Ä§Åõ °á°ú·Î, °³ÁúµÈ »çÇ×µéÀÌ ºÐ¸®¸·À¸·ÎºÎÅÍ ´â¾Æ ¾ø¾îÁö°Å³ª ¶³¾îÁ®³ª°¡Áö ¾Ê°Ô µÈ´Ù. È­ÇÐÀû ó¸®ÀÇ °á°ú´Â ºÐ¸®¸·À¸·Î ÇÏ¿©±Ý °­ÇÑ Ä£¼ö¼ºÀ» °®°Ô ÇÏ´Â °ÍÀ¸·Î ·£½º»ç´Â À̸¦ ¡®Çø-À¯±â¼º(organo-phobic)¡¯À̶ó ºÎ¸£°í ÀÖ´Ù.

ƯÇã ³»¿ë¿¡ µû¸£¸é À§¿¡ ¼³¸íÇÑ Ã³¸®ÀÇ °á°ú¹°Àº ºÐ¸®¸·ÀÌ Ä£¼ö¼ºÀ» °®°Ô ÇÏ°í ±â¸§ÀÌ ºÐ¸®¸· Ç¥¸é¿¡ ºÙ´Â °ÍÀ» ¹æÁöÇϵµ·Ï ÇÏ´Â ¡®±â´É¼ºÀ» °®´Â ¾Ë·ç¸ñ¼¼ÀÎ ³ª³ëÀÔÀÚ¿Í zitterionic ½Ã½ºÅÙ»ê ºÐÀÚ¡¯¸¦ °®´Â ¼¼¶ó¹Í ºÐ¸®¸·ÀÌ´Ù.

·£½º»ç¿¡¼­ ¸¸µç ºÐ¸®¸·ÀÇ °¡Àå Å« ÀåÁ¡Àº ±â¸§°ú ¹ÚÅ׸®¾Æ¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ÆĿ︵ ¿À¿°¹ß»ýÀ» ¹æÁöÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Â °ÍÀÌ´Ù. ¡®Çø-À¯±â¼º¡¯ ÀÛ¿ëÀº ¿£Æ®·ÎÇÇÀû º¸È£¸·À» ¸¸µé°í ±â¸§ ¹æ¿ïÀÌ ºÐ¸®¸· Ç¥¸é¿¡ ´ê´Â °ÍÀ» ¹æÁöÇÏ´Â ºÐ¸®¸· Ç¥¸é¿¡¼­ÀÇ ¼öºÐÃþÀÌ Çü¼ºµÇ±â ¶§¹®ÀÎ °ÍÀ¸·Î º¸ÀδÙ.

Lance Energy Services has developed a novel chemical treatment to produce ¡®nano-functionalized ceramic membranes¡¯. The majority of testing to date has been with 0.2§­ pore size(200§¬) membranes. The company indicated that the chemical treatment is not simply a coating of the membrane but results in an impregnation of the original ceramic membrane.

As a result of the penetration of the chemical treatment, the modification does not wear out or disassociate from the membrane. The result of the chemical treatment is that the membrane becomes strongly hydrophilic and, as the company describes it, ¡®organo-phobic¡¯.

According to the patent, the result is a ceramic membrane with ¡®functionalised alumoxane nanoparticles, and zitterionic cysteic acid molecules¡¯ that make the membrane hydrophilic and prevent oil from attaching to the membrane surface. The key advantage of the Lance Energy membrane is its anti-fouling properties with respect to oils and bacteria.

The ¡®organo-phobic¡¯ behaviour is believed to be due to the formation of an aqueous layer on the surface of the membrane that provides an entropic barrier, preventing oil droplets from contacting the surface of the membrane.

Àå±âÀû Ä¿´Ù¶õ ¼º°ø ±â´ë(Long-term success indicated)

Metawater¿Í °°Àº ÁÖ¿ä ±â¼ú Á¦°ø¾÷ü¿¡ ÀÇÇÑ ¼³ºñ ¼³Ä¡ÀÇ Áõ°¡¿Í ¼¼¶ó¹Í ºÐ¸®¸·ÀÇ »ý»êÀ» ±Ùº»ÀûÀ¸·Î º¯È­½ÃÅ°´Â »õ·Î¿î Çõ½Å ±â¼úµéÀÌ °áÇÕÇÏ¿© ½ÃÀå °æÀï·ÂÀ» Çâ»ó½ÃÅ°°í ¼¼¶ó¹Í ºÐ¸®¸·ÀÇ ÇâÈÄ °­·ÂÇÑ ½ÃÀåÀáÀç·ÂÀ» º¸¿©ÁØ´Ù.

   
¡ã Veolia Water¿¡¼­ °³¹ßÇÏ¿© º¸±ÞÇÏ°í ÀÖ´Â ¼ÒÇü ¼¼¶ó¹Í ¸âºê·¹ÀÎ ½Ã½ºÅÛ.

Growing numbers of installations by major technology providers like Metawater, as well as new innovations that look to fundamentally change the production of ceramic membranes, combine with a growing market competitiveness to indicate a strong future for ceramics.
 
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