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[Global Issue Technology] ±¤¹üÀ§ÇÑ ¹° ÀçÀÌ¿ëÀ» ÃËÁøÇÒ 5°¡Áö ¿ä¼Ò
À̸§ °ü¸®ÀÚ waterindustry@hanmail.net ÀÛ¼ºÀÏ 2019.08.05 Á¶È¸¼ö 841
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 Global Issue Technology  


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5 factors that will drive widespread adoption of water reuse

 
±â¼úÀº ÁغñµÇ¾úÁö¸¸ ¼¼°è´Â ÁغñµÇ¾ú´Â°¡? ¹° ÀçÀÌ¿ë¿¡ ´ëÇÑ Áö°¢º¯µ¿Àº ÁÖÇà »óȲÀÌ ÀüȯÁ¡(tipping point)¿¡ µµ´ÞÇÒ ¶§¸¸ ¹ß»ýÇÑ´Ù.¡± ¿öÅͿ¶óÀÎ(www.wateronline.com)ÀÌ ¹ßÇàÇϴ¡ºWater Innovation¡»7¿ùÈ£¿¡¼­´Â µå¶óÀÌ·¿ ¿¤¿¤¾¾(Drylet LLC)ÀÇ COO(ÃÖ°í¿î¿µÃ¥ÀÓÀÚ) °â VP(ºÎ»çÀå)ÀÎ ¸»ÄÞ ÆĺñÀÌ(Malcolm Fabiyi) ¹Ú»ç°¡ ±â°íÇÑ ¡®±¤¹üÀ§ÇÑ ¹° ÀçÀÌ¿ëÀ» ÃËÁøÇÒ 5°¡Áö ¿ä¼Ò(5 factors that will drive widespread adoption of water reuse)¡¯¸¦ °ÔÀçÇß´Ù. ±× ³»¿ëÀ» ¼Ò°³ÇÑ´Ù.


   
¡ã µå¶óÀÌ·¿ ¿¤¿¤¾¾(Drylet LLC)ÀÇ COO(ÃÖ°í¿î¿µÃ¥ÀÓÀÚ) °â VP(ºÎ»çÀå)ÀÎ ¸»ÄÞ ÆĺñÀÌ(Malcolm Fabiyi) ¹Ú»ç´Â ¿öÅͿ¶óÀÎ(www.wateronline.com)¿¡¼­ ¹ßÇàÇÏ´Â ¡ºWater Innovation¡» 7¿ùÈ£¿¡¼­ ¡°¹° ÀçÀÌ¿ëÀÇ Ã¤ÅÃÀ» °¡¼ÓÈ­ÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Â ´Ù¼¸ °¡Áö ¿äÀÎÀÌ ÀÖ´Ù¡±°í ÁÖÀåÇß´Ù.

¹Ì±¹ »÷ÇÁ¶õ½Ã½ºÄÚ°¡ 1932³â¿¡ ¹° ÀçÀÌ¿ëÀÇ °¡´É¼ºÀ» ¸ð»öÇϱ⠽ÃÀÛÇÑ ÀÌ·¡·Î ¡®Áö±¸ÀÇ °¡Àå ¼ÒÁßÇÑ ÀÚ¿ø Áß Çϳª¸¦ º¸Á¸ÇÏ°Ú´Ù¡¯´Â ¾à¼ÓÀº ¿ì¸®¿¡°Ô ¸ÅȤÀûÀ¸·Î ´Ù°¡¿Ô´Ù. ¿ì¸®°¡ ¼ÒºñÇÏ´Â °ÍÀÇ ´ëºÎºÐÀ» ÀçÀÌ¿ëÇÔÀ¸·Î½á ÀûÀýÇÑ ¹° °ø±ÞÀ» È®º¸ÇÏ·Á´Â »ý°¢Àº ¸Å·ÂÀûÀÌ´Ù. ¾Æ¹«µµ ÀÌ·± ÀåÁ¡¿¡ ¹Ý´ëÇÒ ¼ö´Â ¾ø´Ù. ±× ¹è·Á¿Í äÅÃÀ» °­¿äÇÏ´Â ¿øµ¿·ÂÀÌ Ä¿Áö°í ÀÖÁö¸¸, ÀÌ °³³äÀ» äÅÃÇÏ´Â ±â¾÷°ú °¡Á¤Àº °ÅÀÇ ¾ø´Ù.

¹° ÀçÀÌ¿ëÀ» Èï¹Ì·Î¿î È£±â½É¿¡¼­ ¸ðµç »ç¹«½Ç, °øÀå, ³óÀå ¹× °¡Á¤¿¡¼­ º¼ ¼ö ÀÖ´Â ½ÇõÀ¸·Î ¿Å±â·Á¸é ¾î¶»°Ô ÇØ¾ß Çϳª? ¹° ÀçÀÌ¿ëÀÌ Æó±â¹° ÀçÈ°¿ë¸¸Å­ ³Î¸® ÆÛÁö°Ô ÇÏ·Á¸é ¾î¶»°Ô ÇØ¾ß Çϳª? ÀÌ ±â»ç¿¡¼­´Â ¹° ÀçÀÌ¿ëÀÇ Ã¤ÅÃÀ» °¡¼ÓÈ­ÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Â ´Ù¼¸ °¡Áö ¿äÀÎÀÌ ÀÖÀ¸¸ç, ÀçÀÌ¿ë °¡´É¼ºÀ» ½ÇÇöÇÏ·Á¸é ÇØ°áÇØ¾ß ÇÒ °úÁ¦»Ó¸¸ ¾Æ´Ï¶ó È°¿ë °¡´ÉÇÑ ±âȸ¸¦ °­Á¶ÇÑ´Ù.

 

Since San Francisco began exploring the possibilities of reusing water in 1932, the promise of conserving one of earth¡¯s most precious resources has hovered around us tantalizingly. The idea of securing adequate water supply by reusing all or most of what we consume is appealing. No one can argue against its merits. The drivers that compel its consideration and adoption are growing. Yet, despite its great appeal, few corporations and individual households are adopting the concept.

How do we move water reuse from interesting curiosity to a practice that is seen in every office, factory, farm, and home? How do we enable water reuse to become as widespread as waste recycling? There are five factors that could accelerate the adoption of water reuse, and this article highlights the opportunities available as well as the challenges that must be addressed if the potential of water reuse is to be realized.

±âÈĺ¯È­¿Í °¡¹³ ȸº¹·Â °­È­
Enhancing Climate Change And Drought Resilience

°¡¹³º¸´Ù ¿ë¼ö ÀçÀÌ¿ëÀ» äÅÃÇÏ´Â µ¥ ÀÖ¾î ´õ °­·ÂÇÑ °ßÀÎÀº ¾ø´Ù. ±âÈĺ¯È­´Â °¡¹³À» º¸´Ù ºó¹øÇÏ°í °¡È¤ÇÏ°Ô ¸¸µé°í ¿µÇâÀ» ¹Þ´Â Áö¿ªÀÌ º¹±¸µÇ´Â µ¥ °É¸®´Â ½Ã°£À» ¿¬Àå½ÃŲ´Ù¨ç. Ķ¸®Æ÷´Ï¾ÆÁÖ¿¡¼­ Åػ罺ÁÖ¿¡ À̸£±â±îÁö ¹°¿¡ Ãë¾àÇÑ °øµ¿Ã¼´Â ¼öÀÚ¿ø º¸Àü°ú ÀçÀÌ¿ëÀ» ¹Þ¾Æµé¿©¾ß Çß´Ù. Ķ¸®Æ÷´Ï¾Æ¿¡¼­´Â »÷ÇÁ¶õ½Ã½ºÄÚ³ª LA(·Î½º¾ØÁ©·¹½º)¿Í °°Àº µµ½Ã¿¡¼­ °£Á¢ÀûÀ¸·Î À½¿ë¼ö¸¦ ÀçÀÌ¿ë ÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù. Åػ罺¿¡¼­´Â À§Ä¡Å¸ Æú½º(Wichita Falls)¿Í ºò ½ºÇÁ¸µ(Big Springs)°ú °°Àº µµ½Ã¿¡¼­ Á÷Á¢ ½Ä¼ö ÀçÀÌ¿ëÀÌ È°¿ëµÇ¾ú´Ù.

 

   
¡ã Ķ¸®Æ÷´Ï¾Æ¿¡¼­´Â »÷ÇÁ¶õ½Ã½ºÄÚ³ª LA(·Î½º¾ØÁ©·¹½º)¿Í °°Àº µµ½Ã¿¡¼­ °£Á¢ÀûÀ¸·Î À½¿ë¼ö¸¦ ÀçÀÌ¿ë ÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù. »çÁøÀº LAÁö¿ª¿¡¼­ Á¦ÀÏ Å« ÇÏÀÌÆÛ¸®¿Â(Hyperion) Çϼöó¸®Àå Àü°æ.

 

¹°À» ÇÊ¿ä·Î ÇÏ´Â µµ½Ã´Â ÇϼöÀÇ Á÷Á¢ À½¿ë(DPR)°ú °°Àº ÃÖ÷´Ü ¿É¼ÇÀ» °í·ÁÇÑ´Ù°í Çصµ ÇÊ¿äÇÑ °ÍÀ» ¾ò±â À§ÇØ ÇÊ¿äÇÑ ¸ðµç °ÍÀ» ÇÒ °ÍÀÌ´Ù. ¹° ÀçÀÌ¿ëÀÇ Áö¼Ó °¡´É¼ºÀº °¡¹³ÀÌ ¿ÏÈ­µÉ ¶§³ª Àú·ÅÇÑ ½Ä¼ö °ø±Þ¿øÀ» ´Ù½Ã ÀÌ¿ëÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Â ½Ã±â¿¡ ´Þ·ÁÀÖ´Ù. Åػ罺ÁÖ À§Ä¡Å¸ Æú½º(Wichita Falls)¿¡¼­ ±×·¯ÇÑ ¹®Á¦¸¦ ´Ù·ç´Â ¹æ¹ýÀ» ¿³º¼ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù.

¼öÀÚ¿ø À§±â°¡ °íÁ¶µÆÀ» ¶§ °ü¸®µéÀº DPR(Direct Potable Reuse) ½Ã½ºÅÛÀ» ±¸ÃàÇß´Ù. °¡¹³ÀÌ ¿ÏÈ­µÆÀ» ¶§ ÇϼöÀÇ °£Á¢ À½¿ë(IPR) ½Ã½ºÅÛÀ¸·Î º¯°æÇß´Ù. ÀÌ Á¢±Ù¹ýÀº DPRÀ» À§ÇÑ ¿î¿µÀÚ°¡ ¾øÀ» ¶§ µµ½Ã°¡ ´ú ºñ½Ñ IPR(Indirect Potable water Reuse) ¿É¼ÇÀ¸·Î º¯°æÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù. ±×µéÀÇ »ç·Ê´Â ¹° ÀçÀÌ¿ëÀÌ ±âÈĺ¯È­¸¦ ÇØ°áÇÏ°í ±âÈÄ Åº·Â¼ºÀ» Çâ»ó½ÃÅ°´Â Æ÷°ýÀûÀÎ Àü·«ÀÇ ÇʼöÀûÀÎ ºÎºÐÀÌ µÉ ¼ö ÀÖÀ½À» º¸¿©ÁØ´Ù.

°¡¹³ »óȲ¿¡¼­ ¹° ÀçÀÌ¿ëÀ¸·Î ÀÎÇØ µµ½Ã¿¡¼­´Â Á÷Á¢ ¶Ç´Â °£Á¢ÀûÀ¸·Î À½¿ë¼ö¸¦ ÀçÀÌ¿ë ÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖµµ·Ï Çϼöó¸® ½Ã¼³À» ÀÌ¿ëÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù. Çؼö¸é »ó½Â°ú ºó¹øÇÑ È«¼ö·Î À̾îÁö´Â ÇØ¾È µµ½Ã¿¡¼­ ¹Ù´å¹° À¯ÀÔÀº ´ã¼ö °ø±Þ¿øÀÇ Ä§¼ö À§ÇèÀ» Áõ°¡½ÃŲ´Ù. ¹° Àç»ç¿ëÀº ±âÈĺ¯È­ °ü·Ã »ç°íÀÇ µ¹¹ß»óȲÀ» °¨¼Ò½Ãų °ÍÀÌ¸ç ½Ä¼ö¸¦ À§ÇÑ ¹° °ø±ÞÀ» ÀýÃæÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù.

 

Nothing has been a more compelling driver for the adoption of water reuse than droughts. Climate change is making droughts more frequent and severe and extending the time it takes for affected areas to recover¨ç. From states like California to Texas, water-vulnerable communities have had to embrace water conservation and reuse. In California, cities like San Francisco and Los Angeles have embraced and utilized indirect potable reuse. In Texas, direct potable reuse has been utilized in cities like Wichita Falls and Big Springs.

Cities in need of water will do whatever is necessary to get it - even if it means considering leading-edge options like direct potable reuse (DPR). The sustainability of water reuse is dependent on what happens afterward, when the drought subsides, and cheaper sources of drinking water become available again. Wichita Falls, TX, might offer a glimpse into how to handle such issues.

At the height of its water crisis, officials set up a DPR system. When the drought subsided, they migrated to an indirect potable water reuse (IPR) system. This approach will potentially allow the city to move to less-expensive IPR options when the drivers for DPR are not present. Their example demonstrates that water reuse can be an essential part of a comprehensive strategy for tackling climate change and enhancing climate resiliency. During drought conditions, water reuse allows cities to tap into treated sewage for direct or indirect potable reuse.

In coastal cities where climate change is leading to rising seawater levels and more frequent floods, increasing the risk of the inundation of freshwater sources with saltwater infiltration, water reuse will reduce the exposure of such cities to the unpredictable effects of climate change-related incidents that compromise water sourcing for drinking water.

 

ȯ°æ À§ÇèÀ» ÁÙÀ̱â À§ÇÑ ±â¾÷µéÀÇ ÃßÁø ¹æÇâ
Corporations And The Drive Toward Mitigating Environmental Risk

 

Áö³­ 20³â µ¿¾È ±â¾÷µéÀº ¹° °ü·Ã ºê·£µù°ú ±ÝÀ¶ ¸®½ºÅ©¸¦ ȸÇÇÇØ¾ß ÇÏ´Â ºÒÈ®½Ç¼ºÀÇ Áõ°¡¿¡ µû¶ó »õ·Î¿î À§ÇèÀ» Ãß°¡Çß´Ù. ±âÁ¸ ȯ°æ ±ÔÁ¦¸¦ ÃæÁ·½ÃÅ°´Â ±â¾÷ÀÇ ´É·ÂÀ¸·Î ÀÎÇØ ¹ß»ýÇÏ´Â ÀϹÝÀûÀÎ Áؼö À§Çè°ú´Â ´Þ¸®, ¼öÀÚ¿ø °ü·Ã ȯ°æ À§ÇèÀº Áö¼Ó°¡´É¼º ¿©ºÎ¿Í Ã¥ÀÓ°¨ ÀÖ´Â ±â¾÷ ½Ã¹Î Á¤½ÅÀ» ±â¹ÝÀ¸·Î ÇÑ´Ù. ÀÌ´Â ±â¾÷ÀÌ ¿î¿µÈ¯°æ¿¡¼­ ¼öÀÚ¿øÀ» Ã¥ÀÓÁö°í Àִ ûÁö±â·Î¼­ ¾ó¸¶³ª Àß ÀÛµ¿ÇÏ°í ÀÖ´ÂÁö¿Í °ü·ÃÀÌ ÀÖ´Ù.

³×´ú¶õµå ¾Æ¸£¿£ Ȥ½ºÆ®¶ó(Arjen Hoekstra) ±³¼ö°¡ µµÀÔÇÑ 2002³âÀÇ ¹° ¹ßÀÚ±¹(footprint) °³³äÀº Á¶Á÷ÀÌ ±×µéÀÇ ÀÛ¾÷ Áö¿ª¿¡¼­ ¹°ÀÇ Áö¼Ó°¡´É¼º¿¡ ¾ó¸¶ ¸¸Å­ÀÇ ¿µÇâÀ» ¹ÌÄ¡´ÂÁö¿¡ ´ëÇÑ Ã´µµ¸¦ Á¦°øÇß´Ù. óÀ½À¸·Î Á¦Ç°°ú ¼­ºñ½º¸¦ »ý»êÇϱâ À§ÇØ ¼ÒºñµÇ°í ¿À¿°µÈ ¹°ÀÇ ¾çÀ» ¼öÄ¡·Î ³ªÅ¸³¾ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù´Â °ÍÀ» ÀǹÌÇß´Ù. À̸¦ ÅëÇØ Á¦Ç° °£, Á¶Á÷ ³», Á¶Á÷°£ ¹° »ç¿ë·®À» ÀÇ¹Ì ÀÖ´Â ¹æ½ÄÀ¸·Î ºñ±³ÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù. ±× °á°ú ±â¾÷µéÀº ¸ñÇ¥¸¦ Á¤ÀÇÇÏ°í ¹° ¹ßÀÚ±¹(footprint)¨èÀ» °ü¸®Çϱâ À§ÇÑ ¸ñÇ¥¸¦ ¼¼¿ì´Â µ¥ »ó´çÇÑ ¾Ð¹ÚÀ» ´À³¢±â ½ÃÀÛÇß´Ù.

ÇöÀç ÁÖ¿ä ´ë±â¾÷ÀÇ ¹° »ç¿ë·® Åë°è ¹× ¸ñÇ¥¸¦ Æ÷ÇÔÇÏÁö ¾Ê´Â ¿¬·Ê º¸°í¼­´Â °ÅÀÇ ¾ø´Ù. 2004³â ȯ°æ¼º°ú¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ÁֽĽÃÀåÀÇ ¿µÇâÀ» ºÐ¼®ÇÑ ³í¹®¨é¿¡ µû¸£¸é, ȯ°æÀû ó¹ú ¹ßÇ¥°¡ ÁÖ½Ä ½ÃÀå¿¡ ¿µÇâÀ» ¹ÌÄ¡´Â °ÍÀ¸·Î ¹àÇôÁ³´Ù.

±â¾÷ÀÇ ¸ðµç ȯ°æÀûÀ¸·Î Ã¥ÀÓ ÀÖ´Â ÇൿÀº Áö¼Ó°¡´É¼º¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ÁøÁ¤ÇÑ °ü½ÉÀÌ ¾Æ´Ï¶ó ¸®½ºÅ© °ü¸®¿¡ ÀÇÇØ ÃßÁøµÇ¾ú´Ù°í ¸»ÇÏ´Â °ÍÀÌ ³Ã¼ÒÀûÀÎ ¹Ý¸é Çö½ÇÀº ºê·£µå °¡Ä¡¸¦ À¯ÁöÇÏ°í ÁÖÁÖ °¡Ä¡¸¦ ¼Õ»ó½ÃÅ°Áö ¾Ê´Â ±â¾÷ÀÇ °ü½ÉÀÌ Á¡Â÷ ȯ°æ¿¡ ¹ÌÄ¡´Â ¿µÇâÀÎ ¹° ¹ßÀÚ±¹ °¨¼Ò¿Í °°Àº È°µ¿µéÀÌ´Ù. ±×·¯³ª ±â¾÷ÀÇ ÀÌÀÍ°ú ȯ°æÀû Áö¼Ó°¡´É¼ºÀº »óÈ£ ¹èŸÀûÀÏ ÇÊ¿ä°¡ ¾ø´Ù. ¿¹¸¦ µé¾î, ÁֽĽÃÀåÀÌ Áö¼Ó°¡´É¼ºÀ» Çâ»ó½ÃÅ°´Â °­·ÂÇÑ µµ±¸°¡ µÉ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù´Â Àü¸ÁÀÌ ´Ã°í ÀÖ´Ù¨ê.

±×·¯³ª »ê¾÷¿ë¼ö ÀçÀÌ¿ë¿¡ °­·ÂÇÑ µµ±¸¸¦ »ç¿ëÇÏ´Â °ÍÀº ´Ü¼øÇÑ ºê·£µå¿Í Æò°¡ À§Çè ¿ÏÈ­ ÀÌ»óÀÇ °Í¿¡ ÀÇÁ¸ÇØ¾ß ÇÑ´Ù. ¼¼°è°æÁ¦ È°µ¿ÀÇ ´ëºÎºÐÀº Áõ±Ç°Å·¡¼Ò¿¡ »óÀåµÈ ȸ»ç°¡ ¿î¿µÇÏÁö ¾Ê´Â´Ù. ±â¾÷ÀÇ ¿î¼¼¿Í ºê·£µå´Â ÁÖÁÖ Çൿ¿¡ ¿µÇâÀ» ¹Þ°Å³ª Áö¼Ó °¡´É¼ºÀ» Áß½ÃÇÏ´Â ¹ÂÃß¾ó Æݵå¿Í °°Àº ±â°ü ÅõÀÚ°¡ È°µ¿¿¡ ¿µÇâÀ» ¹ÞÀ» ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù. ÀÏÀÚ¸®ÀÇ 60% ÀÌ»óÀ» âÃâÇÏ´Â °ÍÀº ºñ»óÀå Áß¼Ò±â¾÷ÀÌ´Ù.

¼öÀÚ¿ø ÀçÀÌ¿ë ¹× ÀçÈ°¿ëÀÌ ÀÌµé ±â¾÷¿¡ ÇÕ¸®ÀûÀÎ ¼±ÅÃÀÌ µÉ ¶§±îÁö ½ÇÁúÀûÀÎ ¿µÇâÀº ¹ÌÄ¡Áö ¾ÊÀ» ¼öµµ ÀÖÀ¸¸ç, ±×µéÀÇ °áÁ¤Àº ¹° ÀçÀÌ¿ëÀÇ °æÁ¦Àû °¡Ä¡¿¡ ÁÖµµ µÉ °ÍÀÌ´Ù. À̵éÀº ¹° Áß »ó´ç ºÎºÐÀ» ÀçÀÌ¿ëÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ°í Àü¹® °ø±ÞÀÚ°¡ ÇöÀå ¹° ÀçÀÌ¿ë Ç÷§ÆûÀ» °ü¸®ÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖµµ·Ï ÇÏ´Â Ç÷¯±× ¾Ø Ç÷¹ÀÌ(plug-and-play) ½Ã½ºÅÛ ¶Ç´Â ¿î¿µ ¼­ºñ½º °è¾àÀ» Á¦°øÇÔÀ¸·Î½á ±¤¹üÀ§ÇÏ°Ô ÀÌÀÍÀ» ¾òÀ» ¼ö ÀÖ´Â °¡¼ººñ ÁÁÀº ¹æ¹ýÀÌ ¿ä±¸µÉ °ÍÀÌ´Ù. ¸¸¾à ¼­ºñ½º ºñ¿ëÀÌ Çö »óȲ¿¡ ºñÇØ Àý°¨ È¿°ú¸¦ Á¦°øÇÑ´Ù¸é, ÀÌ ±â¾÷µéÀº ¿ë¼ö ÀçÀÌ¿ëÀ» ½±°Ô äÅÃÇÒ °ÍÀÌ´Ù.

 

Over the last two decades, corporations have added a new risk to the growing list of uncertainties that they must hedge against - water-related branding and financial risk. Unlike general compliance risks that stem from the corporation¡¯s ability to meet existing environmental regulations, water-related environmental risk is based on sustainability considerations and responsible corporate citizenship. It is related to how well a corporation is being a responsible steward of the water resources in its operational environment.

The introduction of the water footprint concept in 2002 by Arjen Hoekstra provided a quantifiable metric for how organizations impact water sustainability in their regions of operation. This meant that, for the first time, a metric was available for measuring the amount of water consumed and polluted to produce goods and services. This allows meaningful comparisons of water usage to be drawn between products, as well as within and across organizations. The result was that companies began to feel extensive pressure to define targets and set goals for managing their water footprint¨è.

There is scarcely an annual report from major corporations today that would not include water footprint metrics and goals. A 2004 paper analyzed¨é the stock market impact of environmental performance and found that the announcement of environmental penalties caused a stock market response.

While it would be cynical to say that all environmentally responsible actions from corporations have been driven by risk management and not a genuine interest in sustainability, the reality is that corporate interest in maintaining brand integrity and not compromising shareholder value increasingly plays a role in environmentally impactful activities such as water footprint reduction. But corporate self-interest and environmental sustainability don¡¯t have to be mutually exclusive. For instance, there is a growing embrace of the fact that the stock market could be a powerful tool for enhancing sustainability¨ê.

However, moving the needle on industrial water reuse must rely on more than just brand and valuation risk mitigation. Most of the economic activity in the world is not driven by companies that are listed on stock exchanges, whose business fortunes and brands can be impacted by shareholder behavior or influenced by the activities of sustainability-conscious institutional investors like mutual funds. It is unlisted, privately held small- and medium-sized enterprises that generate over 60 percent of all jobs.

Until water reuse and recycling becomes a reasonable and sensible option for these firms, no substantial impact will be made. Their decisions will largely be driven by the economic value of water reuse. They will require compact, cost-effective solutions that can allow them to reuse some substantial part of their water and benefit extensively from being provided plug-and-play systems or operational service contracts that allow expert providers to manage the onsite water reuse platforms. If the cost of the service offers savings relative to the status quo, then these businesses will readily adopt water reuse solutions.

Çϼöó¸® ´ë ¼öó¸®ÀÇ Â÷º°È­µÈ °¡°Ý ¹× ´õ ¾ö°ÝÇÑ ±ÔÁ¦ÀÇ ¿µÇâ
Differentiated Pricing Of Sewage vs. Water Treatment And The Impact Of More Stringent Regulations

ÇÊÀÚ´Â 2000³â´ë Áß¹Ý, ºê¶óÁú¿¡¼­ ¸¹Àº »ó¾÷¿ë ¹° ÀçÀÌ¿ë ÇÁ·ÎÁ§Æ®¿¡ °ü¿©Çß´Ù. ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ Èï¹Ì·Ó°í Çõ½ÅÀûÀÎ ÇÁ·ÎÁ§Æ®´Â ´º¿å, ·±´ø, ½ºÆäÀÎ, Åä·ÐÅä¿¡¼­ ÀÌ·ç¾îÁö´Â °ÍÀÌ ¾Æ´Ï¶ó »óÆÄ¿ï·ç¿Í ¸®¿ìµ¥ÀÚ³×ÀÌ·ç °°Àº µµ½Ã¿¡¼­ ÀϾ°í ÀÖ¾ú´Ù. ´ç½Ã ¼¼°èÀûÀÎ °ø¾÷¿ë °¡½ºÈ¸»çÀÎ ¹° ¹× ÇÏ¡¤Æó¼ö °è¾à ¿î¿µÈ¸»ç¿¡¼­ ÀÏÇß´ø ÇÊÀÚ´Â ¿î¿µÀ» °ü¸®ÇÏ°í ¶§·Î´Â ÀÚ±Þ ¼³°è, °Ç¼³, ¿î¿µ(DBO)À» ÇÏ´Â ¹° ÀçÀÌ¿ë ÇÁ·ÎÁ§Æ®¿¡ Á¾»çÇϱ⵵ Çß´Ù.

±× ¿î¿µÈ¸»ç´Â »ê¾÷ ¹× ÁÖ°Å °í°´µé·Î ±¸¼ºµÈ ´Ù¾çÇÑ Ç°¸ñÀ» °¡Áö°í ÀÖ¾ú´Âµ¥, ±×µé ´ëºÎºÐÀº ó¸®µÈ ÇÏ¡¤Æó¼ö¸¦ ÀçÈ°¿ëÇß´Ù. °í°´ Áß¿¡´Â °íÃþ °Ç¹°, ÁÖ¿ä ¹æ¼Û»ç ½ºÆ©µð¿À, ¿©·¯ ¼îÇθô, 3Â÷ ±³À°±â°ü, ÀÚµ¿Â÷ ȸ»ç µîÀÌ Æ÷ÇԵǾî ÀÖ¾ú´Ù. ºê¶óÁú¿¡¼­ ¹°ÀÇ ÀçÀÌ¿ëÀº ¿Ö ¹øâÇÏ°í ÀÖ¾ú´Â°¡? ºê¶óÁúÀÇ ´õ ¹ßÀüµÈ °æÁ¦¿¡¼­ ¹°ÀÇ Ã¤Åÿ¡ ´ëÇÑ ³íÀïÀÌ ¿©ÀüÈ÷ ÁøÇà ÁßÀ̾ú´Â°¡? ±× ÀÌÀ¯´Â °£´ÜÇß´Ù. Çϼö ¹èÃâ ºñ¿ëÀÌ ½Ä¼öó¸® ºñ¿ëº¸´Ù  2¡­3¹è ³ô¾Ò±â ¶§¹®ÀÌ´Ù.

 

   
¡ã 2000³â´ë Áß¹Ý »óÆÄ¿ï·Î, ¸®¿Àµ¥ÀÚÀÌ·ç µî ºê¶óÁúÀÇ ´ëµµ½Ã¿¡¼­´Â Çϼö ¹èÃâ ºñ¿ëÀÌ ½Ä¼öó¸® ºñ¿ëº¸´Ù ÃÖ´ë 2¡­3¹è ³ô¾Ò±â ¶§¹®¿¡ ¹° ÀçÀÌ¿ë »ç¾÷ÀÌ ¹øâÇß´Ù.

´ç½Ã ºê¶óÁúÀº Çϼö󸮽ü³ÀÌ ºÎÁ·Çß°í Çϼö¹èÃâ¿ä±ÝÀÌ ³ô¾ÆÁö¸é¼­ ¹° Àç»ç¿ëÀ» ÃßÁøÇß´Ù. ¹°À» ÀçÀÌ¿ëÇÏ´Â °ÍÀº °æÁ¦ÀûÀ¸·Î Çö¸íÇÑ ÀÏÀ̾ú´Ù. ó¸®µÈ ÇÏ¡¤Æó¼ö´Â È­Àå½Ç ¼¼Ã´¼ö³ª Àܵð¹ç¿¡ ¹°À» ÁÖ°í, °øÀå¿¡¼­ ¼¼Ã´¿ë¼ö·Î »ç¿ëµÇ¾ú´Ù. ÀçÀÌ¿ë¼öÀÇ ¾ÈÀüÀ» º¸ÀåÇÏ´Â µ¿½Ã¿¡ 󸮺ñ¿ëÀ» ³·°Ô À¯ÁöÇØ ¸âºê·¹ÀÎ ¿©°ú, ¼ø¼ö »ê¼Ò±â¹Ý °ø±â, ¿ÀÁ¸°úÀÇ °í±Þ »êÈ­¿Í °°Àº Çõ½ÅÀûÀÎ ±â¼úÀ» È°¿ëÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Â Á¶°ÇÀÌ ÀûÀýÇß´Ù. ³»°¡ °ü¿©Çß´ø ÃÖÃÊÀÇ »ó¾÷¿ë ¸âºê·¹ÀÎ ¹ÙÀÌ¿À·ºÅÍ(MBR)¿Í ÷´Ü »êÈ­ ÇÁ·ÎÁ§Æ®µéÀÌ ºê¶óÁú¿¡¼­ ÀÌ ½Ã±â¿¡ ¹° ÀçÀÌ¿ë¿¡ ÅõÀԵǾú´Ù.

 

¹Ì±¹, À¯·´, ½ÉÁö¾î Áß±¹¿¡¼­µµ ¹° ÀçÀÌ¿ëÀÌ °æÁ¦ÀûÀ¸·Î °¡´ÉÇØÁö±â ½ÃÀÛÇÒ Á¤µµ·Î ¹°°ú ¿À¼öó¸® ºñ¿ëÀÇ ºÒ±ÕÇüÀ» ºÎÃß±æ ¼ö ÀÖ´Â °æÇâÀÌ ³ªÅ¸³ª°í ÀÖ´Ù. ÀÌ°ÍÀº ƯÈ÷ Áú¼Ò(N)³ª ÀÎ(P)°ú °°Àº ¿µ¾ç¼ÒÁ¶Àý°ú °ü·ÃÇÏ¿© ´õ¿í ¾ö°ÝÇÑ Çϼöó¸® ±ÔÁ¦ÀÇ ÃâÇöÀÌ´Ù. ¹Ì±¹ Áß¼­ºÎ¿Í ºÏµ¿ºÎ Áö¿ª»çȸ°¡ ¹ß°ßÇϱ⠽ÃÀÛÇÔ¿¡ µû¶ó, Àú¿µ¾ç ÇѰ踦 ÃæÁ·ÇÏ·Á¸é MBR, 3Â÷ ¿©°ú ½Ã½ºÅÛ(tertiary filtration systems), À̵¿½Ä º£µå »ý¹° ¹ÝÀÀ±â(moving bed bioreactors), ¼¼ºÐÈ­µÈ ½½·¯Áö ¹ÝÀÀ±â(granular sludge reactors) ¹× Ư¼ö ¹ÚÅ׸®¾Æ(¿¹: anammox)¿Í °°Àº ÷´Ü ±â¼úÀ» »ç¿ëÇØ¾ß ÇÑ´Ù.

ÀÌ ±â¼úÀº Çϼö󸮿¡ ¸¹Àº ºñ¿ëÀÌ µç´Ù. ¶ÇÇÑ Ã³¸®µÈ ¹°ÀÇ Ç°ÁúÀÌ ³ô´Ù´Â °Í°ú ÀçÀÌ¿ë °¡´ÉÇÑ Ç¥ÁØ ¹°À» ¸¸µå´Â ¡®¼öÁú Â÷ÀÌ¡¯°¡ ÈξÀ ³·´Ù´Â °ÍÀ» ÀǹÌÇÑ´Ù. ó¸®µÈ Çϼö¾È¿¡ ¿µÇâÀ» ³¢Ä¡´Â ¹Ì·®ÀÇ È­ÇÕ¹°À» ±ÔÁ¦ÇÒ ¶§, 󸮺ñ¿ëÀÌ Áõ°¡ÇÒ ¼ö¹Û¿¡ ¾ø°í, ¹° ÀçÀÌ¿ëÀÌ ÀüüÀûÀÎ ¼öÁú°ü¸®¸¦ À§ÇÑ ½ÇÇà °¡´ÉÇÑ ¿É¼ÇÀ¸·Î ÀÚ¿¬½º·´°Ô ³ªÅ¸³¯ °¡´É¼ºÀÌ ÀÖ´Ù.

In the mid-2000s, I was involved in a number of commercial water reuse projects in Brazil. These exciting and innovative projects were not taking place in New York, London, Spain, or Toronto, but in cities like Sao Paulo and Rio de Janeiro. The organization that I worked with at the time, a global industrial gas company, owned a water and wastewater contract operations firm that managed operations and sometimes engaged in self-funded design, build, and operate (DBO) water reuse projects.

The operations firm had a diverse portfolio of industrial and residential clients, the majority of which recycled their treated wastewater. The clients included high-rise residential buildings, a major television studio, several shopping malls, a tertiary institution, and an automobile firm. Why was water reuse thriving in Brazil while debates were still ongoing about its adoption in more developed economies? The driver was simple - sewage discharge costs were up to two to three times higher than drinking water treatment costs. At the time, Brazil had insufficient sewage treatment infrastructure and the higher charge for sewage discharge drove water reuse.

Reusing water was the economically sensible thing to do. The treated wastewater was used for flushing toilets, watering lawns, and doing factory washdowns. The conditions were right for leveraging innovative technologies like membrane filtration, pure oxygen-based aeration, and advanced oxidation with ozone for ensuring the safety of the reused water while also keeping treatment costs low. The first commercial-scale membrane bioreactor (MBR) and advanced oxidation projects I was ever involved with were deployed for water reuse applications during this time in Brazil.

There is a trend emerging in the U.S., Europe, and even China that might drive the disparity in water and sewage treatment costs to the extent that water reuse starts becoming more economically viable. This is the emergence of more stringent sewage treatment regulations, especially regarding the control of nutrients like nitrogen and phosphorus. As communities in the mid-Atlantic and northeastern U.S. are starting to find out, meeting low-nutrient limits requires the use of advanced technologies like MBRs, tertiary filtration systems, moving bed bioreactors, granular sludge reactors, and specialized bacteria (e.g., anammox).

This adds costs - a lot of it - to sewage treatment. Using these technologies also implies that the quality of the treated water is higher and that the ¡°water quality gap¡± to make the water of reusable standard is much lower. When regulations begin to address compounds of emerging concern that are present in trace amounts in the treated sewage, treatment costs will inevitably increase and water reuse will likely naturally emerge as a viable option to pursue for holistic water management.

°¡Á¤¿¡¼­ÀÇ ¹°°ü¸® ºñ¿ë Àý°¨
Reduction Of The Cost Of Water Management At The Household Level

°¡Á¤À¸·Î °ø±ÞµÇ´Â ¹°À» ¡®À½·á¡¯³ª ¡®À½¿ë¼ö¡¯¶ó°í ºÎ¸£Áö¸¸, ¸¶½Ã°Å³ª ¿ä¸®¸¦ À§ÇØ ³¿ºñ¿¡ ³Ö´Â ¹°Àº 1%µµ ä µÇÁö ¾Ê´Â´Ù. ³ª¸ÓÁö 99%ÀÇ ¡®À½¿ë¼ö¡¯´Â ¼¼Å¹À̳ª ¼³°ÅÁö, Àܵð¹ç ¹°ÁÖ±â, È­Àå½Ç û¼Ò, ¸ñ¿å µî¿¡ ¾²ÀδÙ.

°¡Á¤¿¡¼­ »ç¿ëÇÏ´Â ¸¹Àº ¹°À» ÀçÀÌ¿ë ÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Â Áß¿äÇÑ ±âȸ°¡ ÀÖ´Ù. ±×·¯³ª ¹°À» ó¸®ÇÏ°í ÀçÀÌ¿ëÇÏ´Â µ¥ µå´Â ºñ¿ëÀº ¾öû³¯ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù. ¼Ò±Ô¸ð »ó¾÷ ¹× °¡Á¤ ó¸® ½Ã½ºÅÛÀÇ ´ç¸é°úÁ¦´Â ±Ô¸ðÀÌ´Ù. °¡°è ´ÜÀ§ÀÇ ¿ë¼ö »ç¿ë·®Àº ¾à 200gpdÀ̸ç, 4ÀÎ °¡±¸ÀÇ °æ¿ì 1Àδç 50°¶·±ÀÌ´Ù. °¡Á¤¿ë ¹° ÀçÀÌ¿ë ½Ã½ºÅÛÀº »þ¿ö ½Ã½ºÅÛ, ¼öµµ²ÀÁö, ÀÇ·ù ¼¼Å¹ ¹× ½Ä±â ¼¼Ã´±â ½Ã½ºÅÛ¿¡¼­ ¹°À» ȸ¼öÇÏ°í È­Àå½Ç, ¼¼Â÷ ¶Ç´Â Àܵð °ü°³¿ëÀ¸·Î »ç¿ëÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖµµ·Ï ¹°À» ó¸®ÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ¾î¾ß ÇÑ´Ù.

 

   
¡ã °¡Á¤¿ë ¹° ÀçÀÌ¿ë ½Ã½ºÅÛÀº »þ¿ö ½Ã½ºÅÛ, ¼öµµ²ÀÁö, ÀÇ·ù ¼¼Å¹ ¹× ½Ä±â ¼¼Ã´±â ½Ã½ºÅÛ¿¡¼­ ¹°À» ȸ¼öÇÏ°í È­Àå½Ç, ¼¼Â÷ ¶Ç´Â Àܵð °ü°³¿ëÀ¸·Î »ç¿ëÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖµµ·Ï ¹°À» ó¸®ÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ¾î¾ß ÇÑ´Ù.

 

°æÁ¦ÀûÀÎ ÀÌÀ¯·Î ¹Ì»ý¹° ó¸® ½Ã½ºÅÛÀÌ °¡Àå ½Ç¿ëÀûÀÎ ¿É¼ÇÀ» Á¦°øÇÑ´Ù. ÃÖ¼ÒÇÑ »ý¹°ÇÐÀûÀ¸·Î ¸Å°³µÇ´Â °¡Á¤¿ë ó¸® ½Ã½ºÅÛÀº Ä¡·á¸¦ À§ÇÑ ÃæºÐÇÑ ½Ã°£À» º¸ÀåÇϱâ À§ÇØ ÃÑ ÀÏÀÏ ¹° »ç¿ë ¿ë·®ÀÇ 1¡­5¹è¿¡ ÇØ´çÇÏ´Â ¾çÀ¸·Î Á¶Á¤ÇØ¾ß ÇÑ´Ù. °íÇü¹°À» Á¦°ÅÇÏ°í, ¹°°ú ±â¸§±â¸¦ ºÐ¸®Çϸç, º´¿ø¼º ¹ÚÅ׸®¾Æ¸¦ Á¦°ÅÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ¾î¾ß ÇÑ´Ù. ¹è¼³¹°ÀÌ ÀÖ´Â º¯±â´Â Àç»ç¿ë È帧¿¡¼­ Á¦¿ÜµÉ °¡´É¼ºÀÌ ³ô´Ù. Æó±â¹°ÀÌ Èñ¼®µÇ¾î Çø±â¼º 󸮿¡´Â ±×´ÙÁö ÀûÀÀÇÒ ¼ö ¾ø±â ¶§¹®¿¡ È£±â¼º ¹æ¹ýÀÌ ÇÊ¿äÇÒ °ÍÀÌ´Ù. »ê¼Ò Àü´Þ È¿À²ÀÌ µµ½Ã Çϼöó¸®Àå¿¡¼­ ¹ß°ßµÇ´Â 15¡­20% ¼öÁØÀ» º¸ÀåÇÏ´Â µ¥ ÇÊ¿äÇÑ ±íÀÌ°¡ ºÎÁ·ÇØ »õ·Î¿î °¡½º Àü´Þ ±â¼úÀ» µµÀÔÇØ¾ß ÇÑ´Ù.

ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ ¸ðµç ¸ñÇ¥¸¦ ´Þ¼ºÇϱâ À§Çؼ­´Â ¹Ì»ý¹°ÀÌ Ä§ÀÔÇÏÁö ¾Êµµ·Ï ¹Ì·® ¶Ç´Â ÇÑ¿Ü¿©°ú ¹üÀ§ÀÇ ¿©°ú ½Ã½ºÅÛÀÌ ÇÊ¿äÇϸç, È­Çй°ÁúÀ» »ç¿ëÇÏÁö ¾Ê°í ¼Òµ¶ µî±ÞÀÇ Ã³¸®¸¦ ÇÒ ÇÊ¿ä°¡ ÀÖ´Ù. ±â¼úÀº Á¸ÀçÇÑ´Ù. ÇöÀç ÇÊ¿äÇÑ °ÍÀº °¡Á¤¿ë¼ö ¹è°ü°ú À½¿ë¼ö ¼Ò½Ì(sourcing) ¹× Àç»ç¿ë ¿É¼ÇÀ» À籸¼º ÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Â °³¹ßÀÚ¿Í À̸¦ ÅëÇÕÇÒ »õ·Î¿î ¹æ¹ýÀ» ã´Â Çõ½ÅÀÚµéÀÌ´Ù.

Although the water that goes to homes is called ¡°drinking¡± or ¡°potable¡± water, less than 1 percent of it is drunk or put into a pot for cooking. The remaining 99 percent of the ¡°drinking¡± water is used for activities like washing clothes and dishes, watering lawns, flushing toilets, and bathing.

There are significant opportunities for reusing a lot of the water used in the household. However, the cost of treating the water and reusing it could be prohibitive. The challenge of small-scale commercial and household treatment systems is scale. Water usage at the household level is about 200 gpd - at 50 gallons per capita for a household of four persons. A household water reuse system must be able to recover water from shower systems, faucets, clothes, and dishwasher systems and treat the water so it can be used for things like toilet flushing, car washing, or lawn irrigation.


For economic reasons, microbial treatment systems would offer the most viable options. At a minimum, biologically mediated household treatment systems would have to be sized at a volume which is one to five times the total daily water usage capacity to ensure there is sufficient holding time for the treatment. They must be capable of removing solids, separating fats and oils from the water, and eliminating pathogenic bacteria. Since toilet flushes with fecal matter will likely be excluded from the reuse streams, the wastes will be diluted and not very amenable to anaerobic treatment, so aerobic methods will be needed. Lacking the depth needed to ensure that efficiencies for oxygen transfer are at the 15 to 20 percent level found in municipal treatment plants, they must incorporate novel gas transfer technologies.

Meeting all these goals might require filtration systems that are in the micro- or ultrafiltration range - small enough to ensure that microbes don¡¯t break through, providing disinfection-grade treatment without the use of chemicals. The technologies exist, and what is now needed are innovators that will find novel ways of integrating them for viable deployment at the household level, as well as developers who will reimagine household water piping and sourcing from drinking water and reuse options.

¹° Àç»ç¿ëÀ¸·Î ÀÎÇÑ À¯Æ¿¸®Æ¼ ¼öÀÍ°ü¸®
Managing Utility Revenue Reduction Due To Water Reuse

¹° Àç»ç¿ëÀÌ Áõ°¡ÇÔ¿¡ µû¶ó À¯Æ¿¸®Æ¼¿¡°Ô ¿ä±¸Çϰųª À¯Æ¿¸®Æ¼°¡ ó¸®ÇÏ´Â ¹°µµ ÁÙ¾îµé °ÍÀÌ´Ù. ´ëºÎºÐÀÇ À¯Æ¿¸®Æ¼´Â ÀÌÀÍÀ» âÃâÇϴ ȸ»ç°¡ ¾Æ´Ï¹Ç·Î ½Ä¼ö ¹× Çϼöó¸® ÀÎÇÁ¶ó¸¦ À¯Áö°ü¸®ÇÏ´Â µ¥ ÇÊ¿äÇÑ ÃÖÀú ºñ¿ë¸¸ ¹Ý¿µÇÑ´Ù. ÆÄÀÌÇÁ¸¦ ÅëÇØ È帣´Â ¹°ÀÇ ¾ç°ú »ó°ü¾øÀÌ ÆßÇÁÀåÀº °è¼Ó °¡µ¿µÇ¾î¾ß Çϸç Çϼö°üÀº À¯ÁöµÇ¾î¾ß ÇÑ´Ù.

ÇÏ¡¤Æó¼öó¸® ½Ã¼³Àº Àüü È帧 ¸é¿¡¼­ ½É°¢ÇÏ°Ô °¨¼ÒÇÒ °¡´É¼ºÀÌ ÀÖÁö¸¸, ±¤¹üÀ§ÇÑ ¹° ÀçÀÌ¿ëÀ» µµÀÔÇϱâ Àü¿¡ ³ôÀº È帧¿¡¼­ ÇÔÀ¯µÈ À¯±âÀû ÇÔ·®Àº °ÅÀÇ ±×´ë·ÎÀÎ ÇÏ¡¤Æó¼ö¸¦ ó¸®ÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Â ÃæºÐÇÑ ¿ë·®ÀÌ ÀÖ¾î¾ß ÇÑ´Ù. ÁöÀÚüÀÇ Ã³¸®ºñ¿ëÀº È帧¿¡ µû¶ó °¨¼ÒÇÏÁö ¾ÊÀ» °ÍÀÌ´Ù. °¡Àå °¡´É¼º ÀÖ´Â °á°ú´Â ¹° Àç»ç¿ëÀÌ ÁÖ·ù°¡ µÇ¸é¼­ À¯Æ¿¸®Æ¼µéÀÌ ½Ä¼ö¿Í Çϼöó¸® ºñ¿ëÀ» Áõ°¡½ÃÅ°´Â °ÍÀÌ´Ù. »ç½Ç, ¿ë¼ö ÀçÀÌ¿ëÀÌ °¡¼ÓÈ­µÊ¿¡ µû¶ó À¯Æ¿¸®Æ¼ ÀÚ»ê°ü¸®ÀÇ ¸¹Àº Ãø¸éµéÀÌ ºñ½ÎÁú ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù. ¿¹¸¦ µé¾î, Çϼö±¸¸¦ ÅëÇØ È帣´Â ¹°ÀÌ Àû´Ù´Â °ÍÀº °ü·Î ³» ³óÃàµÈ ÇÏ¡¤Æó¼öÀÇ º¸Á¸½Ã°£ÀÌ Áõ°¡ÇÒ °ÍÀÓÀ» ÀǹÌÇÑ´Ù.

 

   
¡ã ÇÏ¡¤Æó¼öó¸® ½Ã¼³Àº Àüü È帧 ¸é¿¡¼­ ½É°¢ÇÏ°Ô °¨¼ÒÇÒ °¡´É¼ºÀÌ ÀÖÁö¸¸, ±¤¹üÀ§ÇÑ ¹° ÀçÀÌ¿ëÀ» µµÀÔÇϱâ Àü¿¡ ³ôÀº È帧¿¡¼­ ÇÔÀ¯µÈ À¯±âÀû ÇÔ·®Àº °ÅÀÇ ±×´ë·ÎÀÎ ÇÏ¡¤Æó¼ö¸¦ ó¸®ÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Â ÃæºÐÇÑ ¿ë·®ÀÌ ÀÖ¾î¾ß ÇÑ´Ù.

 

±× °á°ú Çϼö°üÀº ´õ ¸¹Àº Á¤È­Á¶ Á¶°ÇÀ» °®°Ô µÇ°í ¾ÇÃë¿Í ¸Þź ¹èÃâ·®Àº Áõ°¡ÇÏ°í ºÎ½Ä ¹®Á¦´Â ´õ Ä¿Áú ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù. ÁÖ·ùÈ­µÈ ¹° Àç»ç¿ë°ú ÇÔ²² À¯Æ¿¸®Æ¼ÀÇ ¿î¿µÈ¯°æÀÌ º¯È­ÇÒ °ÍÀ̶ó´Â Çö½ÇÀ» ¹Þ¾ÆµéÀÌÁö ¾Ê´Â ÇÑ, ¹° ¹× ¿À¼ö À¯Æ¿¸®Æ¼°¡ ±¤¹üÀ§ÇÑ ¹° Àç»ç¿ëÀÇ Ã¤ÅÃÀ» °¡·Î¸·´Â ÁÖ¿ä Àå¾Ö¹° Áß Çϳª°¡ µÇ´Â »óȲ¿¡ ³õÀÌ°Ô µÉ ¼öµµ ÀÖ´Ù.

As more water reuse occurs, less water will be demanded from or treated by utilities. In essence, the volume of water that utilities can charge to cover their costs would be reduced. Most utilities are not profit-making entities, so their rates reflect the bare minimum costs required to maintain drinking water and sewage treatment infrastructure. Regardless of how much water flows through the pipes, pump stations must still be run, and sewer lines must still be maintained.

Wastewater treatment plants must still have sufficient capacity to treat sewage that will likely be severely reduced in terms of overall flow, but still have almost as much organic content as was contained in the higher flows prior to the wide-scale adoption of water reuse. A municipality¡¯s treatment costs will not reduce proportionally with flow. The most likely outcome will be that utilities will need to increase the costs of drinking water and sewage treatment as water reuse becomes more mainstream. In fact, it is possible that many aspects of utility asset management might become even more expensive as water reuse gathers pace. For instance, less water flowing through sewer systems would imply that the retention time of more concentrated sewage in the lines will increase.

The resulting effect will be that sewer lines will have more septic conditions, odors will increase, fugitive methane emissions will rise, and corrosion problems will be higher. Unless and until we accept the reality that the operating environment for utilities will change along with the mainstreaming water reuse, we might find ourselves in a situation where the water and sewage utilities end up becoming one of the major impediments to the wide-scale adoption of water reuse.

¡á Âü°í ¹®Çå(References)
1. https://www.dailymail.co.uk/sciencetech/article-4792908/Study-findsdroughts-frequent-severe.html
2. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_footprint.
3. Lorraine et al (2004. An analysis of the stock market impact of environmental performance information. Accounting Forum. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0155998204000031)
4. Siobhan Cleary)http://unepinquiry.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/12/Stock_Exchanges_and_Sustainability.pdf)

 

   
 

¢º ¸»ÄÞ Æĺñ¾Æ(Malcolm Fabiyi) ¹Ú»ç ¼Ò°³
¼¼½º ¿Àºê¶óÀ̾ð(Seth O'Brien)Àº ¹Ì±¹ Ç÷θ®´Ù ´ëÇб³(University of Florida)¿¡¼­ ±â°è°øÇаú¸¦ Á¹¾÷ÇßÀ¸¸ç, À§½ºÄܽŠ´ëÇб³(University of Wisconsin)¿¡¼­ MBA¸¦ ¹Þ¾Ò´Ù.

¹Ì±¹ ÀÌÆ°(Eaton)»çÀÇ HVAC °¡º¯ ÁÖÆļö µå¶óÀ̺ê, »ê¾÷ Á¦¾î ºÎ¹®ÀÇ Á¦Ç° ¸Å´ÏÀúÀÌ´Ù. ¿Àºê¶óÀ̾ðÀº ÀÌÆ°»ç¿¡¼­ ´Ù¾çÇÑ ¿µ¾÷ ¹× ¸¶ÄÉÆà ¾÷¹«¿¡¼­ 5³âÀÇ °æ·ÂÀ» ½×¾ÒÀ¸¸ç ½ÅÁ¦Ç° °³¹ß ¹× ÆǸŠ½ÇÇàÀ» ºñ·ÔÇÏ¿© ÀÌÆ°»çÀÇ HVAC Àü·«À» ´ã´çÇÏ°í ÀÖ´Ù.

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