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2012³â °¡À», DOE´Â ¿©·¯ ºÎ¼­¸¦ Æ÷°ýÇÏ´Â WETT(Water-Energy Tech Team)¸¦ ±¸¼ºÇØ DOE ÇÁ·Î±×·¥°ú ¹° ¹× ¿¡³ÊÁö ºÐ¾ßÀÇ ¿ÜºÎ ÇÙ½É °ü°è ±â°ü µî°úÀÇ À¯´ë°ü°è¸¦ Áõ°¡½ÃÅ°°íÀÚ ÇÏ¿´´Ù. WETT´Â `¹°-¿¡³ÊÁö ³Ø¼­½º: µµÀü°ú ±âȸ(Water-Energy Nexus: Challenges and Opportunities)`¸¦ °³¹ßÇÏ¿© ÀÌ·± ¸ñÇ¥¸¦ ´Þ¼ºÇÏ°í ´ÙÀ½ ´Ü°è¸¦ À§ÇÑ ¹æÇâÀ» Á¦½ÃÇϱâ À§ÇÑ ºÐ¼® ±â¹ÝÀ» Á¦°øÇÏ°íÀÚ ÇÏ¿´´Ù.

¹° °¡¿ë¼º(water availability)Àº ¹°-¿¡³ÊÁö ³Ø¼­½ºÀÇ ¹Ì·¡¿¡ ¿µÇâÀ» ¹ÌÄ£´Ù. ±× ¿µÇâÀÇ Á¤µµ´Â »ó´çÈ÷ ºÒÈ®½ÇÇÏÁö¸¸, ¹° °¡¿ë¼º ¹× ¿¹Ãø¼ºÀº ¿Âµµ, °­¿ìÆÐÅÏÀÇ º¯È­, ´Ù¾ç¼ºÀÇ Áõ°¡ µî¿¡ ÀÇÇØ ¿µÇâÀ» ¹Þ°Ô µÈ´Ù. °­¼ö ¹× ¿Âµµ °æÇâÀÇ º¯È­´Â ¼ö·Â¹ßÀü, ¹ÙÀÌ¿À¿¡³ÊÁö ¿ø·á»ý»ê ¹× ´Ù¸¥ ¿¡³ÊÁö ¼ö¿ä ºÐ¾ß¿¡ ´õ ±¹ÁöÀûÀÎ º¯µ¿¼ºÀ» ÀÏÀ¸Å³ °ÍÀÌ´Ù. ¿Âµµ Áõ°¡´Â ³Ã¹æÀ» À§ÇÑ Àü±â ¼ö¿ä¸¦ Áõ°¡½ÃÅ°¸ç ¿­Àü¹ßÀüÀÇ È¿À²°ú ¿ë·®À» ÀúÇϽÃŲ´Ù. ÀÌ·± ¹®Á¦¿Í ´Ù¾ç¼ºÀº ¿¡³ÊÁö ±â¹Ý±¸Á¶ÀÇ À¯¿¬¼ºÀ» À§ÇùÇÑ´Ù.

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¿¹¸¦ µé¾î ¹° »ç¿ë°ú °ü·ÃÇÏ¿© ¿­Àü±â(thermoelectirc) ¹× ´Ù¸¥ ³Ã°¢ ¿ä±¸ÀÇ °¨¼Ò¸¦ À§ÇÑ ÇÑ °¡Áö ¹æ¹ýÀº, ´õ È¿À²ÀûÀÎ Àü·Â »çÀÌŬ(¿¹, ¹ÐÆóÇü Àç¾ÐÃà Brayton cycle)À» ÅëÇÑ Æó¿­ »ý¼ºÀÇ °¨¼ÒÀÌ´Ù. ´Ù¸¥ ¹æ¹ýÀ¸·Î´Â ¿­Àü¹°ÁúÀÇ »ç¿ë, ¿­±³È¯±â¼úÀÇ °³¼±°ú °°Àº Æó¿­ ÀÌ¿ëÀÇ Çâ»ó°ú Àú¿Â Áö¿­¹ßÀü°ú °°Àº °ÍÀÌ´Ù. ¶ÇÇÑ Àü¹ÝÀûÀÎ ¿¡³ÊÁö ½Ã½ºÅÛ¿¡¼­ ¹° »ç¿ëÀÇ ÃÖÀûÈ­ ±âȸ°¡ Á¸ÀçÇÑ´Ù. ¼ö¾ÐÆļâ(hydraulic fracturing), Áö¿­¹ßÀü µî¿¡¼­ °¡°ø ¹× ´ã¼ö ´ë½Å¿¡ ´ëü À¯Ã¼¸¦ »ç¿ëÇÒ ¼öµµ ÀÖ´Ù. ź¼Ò Æ÷ȹ, ¹ÙÀÌ¿À¿¡³ÊÁö »ý»ê¿ø·á °ø±Þ ¹× »ê¾÷°øÁ¤¿¡¼­ÀÇ ´ã¼ö ÀÌ¿ë °øÁ¤µµ Çâ»óµÉ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù.

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´ÙÀ½ ´Ü°è¸¦ À§ÇØ DOE´Â ¿¬¹æÁ¤ºÎ, ÁÖÁ¤ºÎ, Áö¹æÁ¤ºÎ, ¿Ü±¹, ¹Î°£±â¾÷, Çб³ ¿¬±¸¼Ò, ºñÁ¤ºÎ±â±¸ ¹× ½Ã¹Îµé°úÀÇ Çù·ÂÀ» Áö¼ÓÇÒ °ÍÀÌ´Ù. ÅëÇÕ°ú Çù·ÂÀ» ÅëÇØ ´õ È¿°úÀûÀÎ ¿¬±¸, °³¹ß, ÇÙ½É ±â¼úÀÇ Àû¿ë, Á¤Ã¥ÀÇ Á¶È­ µîÀÌ °¡´ÉÇØÁú °ÍÀÌ´Ù.

±×¸² 1> ÇÏÀ̺긮µå Sankey diagram¿¡¼­, ¿¡³ÊÁö ¹× ¹° È帧ÀÇ Å©±â¸¦ º¸¿©ÁÖ°í ÀÖ´Ù. ¿­Àü¹ßÀüÀº ³Ã°¢À» À§ÇØ ´Ù·®ÀÇ ¹°À» »ç¿ëÇÏ°í ÀÖ°í ¿­¿¡³ÊÁö¸¦ Àü±â·Î ÀüȯÇÏ´Â °úÁ¤ÀÇ ºñÈ¿À²¼ºÀ¸·Î ÀÎÇØ ¾öû³­ ¾çÀÇ ¿¡³ÊÁö¸¦ ¼ÒºñÇÏ°í ÀÖÀ½À» º¸¿©ÁÖ°í ÀÖ´Ù. ¹° ¹× ¿¡³ÊÁö »ç¿ëÀÇ Á¤µµ´Â ¹ßÀü ¹× ³Ã°¢ ±â¼ú¿¡ µû¶ó Â÷ÀÌ°¡ Å©´Ù.
±×¸² 2> ¹°°ú °ü·ÃµÈ ±âȸ¿Í À§Çù
±×¸² 3> ¿¡³ÊÁö¿Í °ü·ÃµÈ ±âȸ¿Í À§Çù

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[¿ø¹®º¸±â]

DOE releases report on water-energy nexus

The US Department of Energy (DOE) released a new report that frames an integrated challenge and opportunity space around the water-energy nexus for DOE and its partners and lays the foundation for future efforts.

Present day water and energy systems are tightly intertwined. Water is used in all phases of energy production and electricity generation. Energy is required to extract, convey, and deliver water of appropriate quality for diverse human uses. Recent developments have focused national attention on these connections.

Sankey

When severe drought affected more than a third of the United States in 2012, limited water availability constrained the operation of some power plants and other energy production activities. Hurricane Sandy demonstrated the compounding ramifications of vital water infrastructure losing power. The recent boom in domestic unconventional oil and gas development has added complexity to the national dialogue on the relationship between energy and water resources.
As the largest single consumer of water, agriculture competes directly with the energy sector for water resources. However, agriculture also contributes indirectly to the energy sector via production of biofuels. Both connections could be strained by increasing concerns over water availability and quality.

The water-energy nexus is integral to two DOE policy priorities: climate change and energy security. DOE¡¯s program offices have addressed the water-energy nexus for many years; however, this work has historically been organized on a program-by-program basis, where water has been considered among a number of other factors.

In the fall of 2012, DOE initiated a department-wide Water-Energy Tech Team (WETT) to increase cohesion among DOE programs and strengthen outreach to other agencies and key external stakeholders in the water and energy sectors. WETT developed The Water-Energy Nexus: Challenges and Opportunities to provide an analytical basis from which to address these objectives and to provide direction for next steps.

Trends.
Water availability will affect the future of the water-energy nexus, DOE says. While there is significant uncertainty regarding the magnitude of effects, water availability and predictability will be altered by changing temperatures, shifting precipitation patterns, increasing variability, and more extreme weather.

Changes in precipitation and temperature patterns will likely lead to more regional variation in water availability for hydropower, bioenergy feedstock production, and other energy needs. Rising temperatures have the potential to both increase the demand for electricity for cooling and decrease the efficiency and capacity of thermoelectric generation. These changes and variations pose challenges for energy infrastructure resilience.

Population growth and migration patterns will also determine water and energy needs, as well as changes in fuels used and energy technologies deployed.
According to Energy Information Administration (EIA) data, planned retirements and additions of electricity generation units and cooling systems will decrease water withdrawals, will likely increase water consumption, and will increase the diversity of water sources used.

Challenges.
The Water-Energy Nexus: Challenge and Opportunities lays out an array of technical and operational challenges across the water-energy nexus at local, regional, and national scales. The report notes that water scarcity, variability, and uncertainty are becoming more prominent, potentially leading to vulnerabilities of the US energy system.
The report identifies six strategic pillars that will serve as the foundation for coordinating R&D:
  • Optimize the freshwater efficiency of energy production, electricity generation, and end use systems;
  • Optimize the energy efficiency of water management, treatment, distribution, and end use systems;
  • Enhance the reliability and resilience of energy and water systems;
  • Increase safe and productive use of nontraditional water sources;
  • Promote responsible energy operations with respect to water quality, ecosystem, and seismic impacts; and
  • Exploit productive synergies among water and energy systems.
Technology RDD&D opportunities. The report identifies a number of opportunities throughout the stages of technology research, development, demonstration, and deployment:
  • Recovery of dissipated energy;
  • Advances in cooling systems;
  • Alternatives to freshwater in unconventional oil and gas;
  • Desalination and nontraditional waters;
  • Net-zero wastewater treatment; and
  • Efficient equipment and appliances.
As examples of the role technology can play, DOE report notes that one approach to reduce thermoelectric and other cooling requirements, along with associated water use, is to reduce the generation of waste heat through more efficient power cycles (e.g., the recompression closed loop Brayton cycle). Another option is to increase the productive use of waste heat, such as throughthermoelectric materials, enhancements in heat exchanger technologies, or low temperature co-produced geothermal power. There are also opportunities to optimize water use in other parts of the overall energy system. Alternative fluids can replace freshwater in hydraulic fracturing, geothermal operations, and power cycles. Process freshwater efficiency in carbon capture, bioenergy feedstock production, and industrial processes can be improved.

The water efficiency of cooling systems can also be improved through advancements in technologies such as air flow designs, water recovery systems, hybrid or dry cooling, or treatment of water from blowdown.
Water4energy
Nergy4water
Representative problem/opportunity spaces in water for energy. Click to enlarge.   Representative problem/opportunity spaces in energy for and from water. Click to enlarge.

To pursue next steps, DOE will work with partners, including other federal agencies, state and local governments, foreign governments, private industry, academic institutions, non-governmental organizations, and citizens. This integration and collaboration will enable more effective research, development, and deployment of key technologies; harmonization of policies where warranted; shared robust datasets; informed decision-making; and public dialogue.
 
 
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