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Á¦1Àå ¹°ÀÇ Á߽ɼº°ú ±¹Á¦Àû ±Ô¸ð¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ÀνÄ
¹°Àº Áß¿äÇÑ ÀÚ¿¬ ÀÚ¿øÀ¸·Î ¸ðµç »çȸÀû °æÁ¦Àû È°µ¿°ú »ýÅ°èÀÇ ±â´ÉÀÌ ¹°¿¡ ÀÇÁ¸ÇÑ´Ù. ¹° °ü¸®¸¦ À§Çؼ­´Â ¹°¿¡ ´ëÇÑ °í·Á¸¦ Á¤ºÎÀÇ ÁÖº¯ºÎ¿¡¼­ »çȸÀÇ Á߽ɺηΠÀ̵¿½ÃÅ°´Â ÀûÀýÇÑ ¹° Áö¹è±¸Á¶ ÀåÄ¡°¡ ÇÊ¿äÇÏ´Ù. ±¹°¡¿Í ÁöÀÚü Â÷¿ø¿¡¼­ ÀûÀýÇÏ°Ô ÀÚ±ÝÀÌ Åõ¿©µÈ ±â¹Ý½Ã¼³°ú Àû´çÈ÷ ÀÚ±ÝÀÌ ÅõÀÔµÈ °­·ÂÇÑ ¹° Áö¹è±¸Á¶ ¸ÞÄ¿´ÏÁòµµ ¼öÀÚ¿øÀ» º¸È£ÇÏ°í Áö¼Ó°¡´ÉÇÑ ¹ßÀü°ú ¹°ÀÌ ÁÖ´Â ÇýÅÃÀ» °øÆòÇÏ°Ô ºÐ¹èÇÏ´Â °ÍÀ» º¸ÀåÇϱâ À§Çؼ­ ÇÊ¿äÇÏ´Ù.

¼öÀÚ¿øÀÇ ÀüºÎ¸¦ ¾Æ¿ì¸£´Â Ư¼º°ú ±¹Á¦ÀûÀÎ ¾ç»óÀº ¸ðµç ÇöÁ¸ÇÏ´Â ±×¸®°í °³¹ß ÁßÀÎ ±¹Á¦ ÇÁ·Î¼¼½ºÀÇ ¸Æ¶ô¿¡¼­ ¹° À̽´¸¦ ´Ù·ç´Â °ÍÀÌ Áß¿äÇÏ´Ù. »ýÅ°è À¯Áö, ½Ä·® ¹× ¿¡³ÊÁö »ý»ê, ±×¹Û¿¡ Àΰ£ÀÌ ÀÌ¿ëÇϱâ À§ÇØ ÇÊ¿äÇÑ ¹°ÀÇ ¼ö¿ä¸¦ ÃæÁ·½ÃÅ°±â À§ÇØ ¾ó¸¶¸¸Å­ÀÇ ¹°ÀÌ ÇÊ¿äÇÑ Áö¿¡ ´ëÇؼ­´Â Å« ºÒÈ®½Ç¼ºÀÌ Á¸ÀçÇÑ´Ù. ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ ºÒÈ®½Ç¼ºÀº °¡¿ëÇÑ ¼öÀÚ¿ø¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ±âÈĺ¯È­ÀÇ ¿µÇâ¿¡ ÀÇÇØ ¾ÇÈ­µÈ´Ù.

¹°ÀÌ ÁöÀÚü ¶Ç´Â ±¹°¡, Áö¿ª Â÷¿ø¿¡¼­ °³º°ÀûÀ¸·Î ´Ù·ç¾îÁú ¼ö ÀÖ´Â À̽´¸¸Àº ¾Æ´Ï¶ó´Â »ç½ÇÀ» È®½ÇÈ÷ ¾Ë¾Æ µÑ ÇÊ¿ä°¡ ÀÖ´Ù. ¿ªÀ¸·Î ¸»ÇÏÀÚ¸é ¹°Àº ¼¼°èÀû »óÈ£ ÀÇÁ¸¼ºÀ» ¾ß±âÇϸç ÁöÀÚü ¹× ±¹°¡, ÇÏõ À¯¿ª ¶Ç´Â Áö¿ªÀû ¼öÁØ¿¡¼­ÀÇ ¹° »ç¿ë¿¡ °üÇÑ °áÁ¤Àº ¼¼°èÀû µ¿Àΰú Æ®·»µå, ºÒÈ®½Ç¼º°ú ºÐ¸®µÉ ¼ö ¾ø´Ù.

Chapter 1. Recognizing the centrality of water and its global dimensions

Water is a critical natural resource upon which all social and economic activities and ecosystem functions depend. Managing water well requires appropriate governance arrangements that move considerations of water from the margins of government to the centre of society. On national and local scales, appropriately funded infrastructure and adequately funded robust governance mechanisms are required to protect water resources and ensure sustainable development and the equitable distribution of water-derived benefits.

The cross-cutting nature of the resource and its global dimensions underline the importance of addressing water issues in the context of all existing and developing international processes. There are major uncertainties about the amount of water required to meet demand for food, energy and other human uses, and to sustain ecosystems. These uncertainties are compounded by the impact of climate change on available water resources.

Greater recognition is needed of the fact that water is not solely a local, national or regional issue that can be governed at any of those levels alone. On the contrary, global interdependencies are woven through water, and decisions relating to water use on a local, national, river basin or regional level often cannot be isolated from global drivers, trends and uncertainties.

±âÈĺ¯È­´Â ¸ðµç ¿ëµµÀÇ ¹°°ú ¼ö¿ä¿¡ Á÷Á¢ ¿µÇâÀ» ÁÖ´Â Áß½ÉÀûÀÎ ¿ÜºÎ µ¿ÀÎÀÌ´Ù. ¿ÏÈ­Á¶Ä¡µéÀº ¿¡³ÊÁö ¼Òºñ¿Í ź¼Ò ¹èÃâÀ» Áß½ÉÀ¸·Î ÁýÁߵǾî ÀÖ°í, ÀûÀÀÀº È«¼ö ¹× °¡¹³, Æødz µî ±Ø ´ÜÀûÀÎ ±â»óÇö»ó¿¡ ´ëÇØ °èȹÇÏ°í ´ëºñÇÏ´Â °ÍÀ» ÀǹÌÇÑ´Ù.
¹°Àº »çȸÀû¡¤°æÁ¦Àû¡¤È¯°æÀû È°µ¿ ¸ðµÎ¸¦ ¾Æ¿ï·¯
¹° ¼ö¿ä¿Í »ç¿ëÀº »çȸ¿Í °æÁ¦ Àü¹Ý¿¡ ´Ù¾çÇÑ ÇýÅÃÀ» ÃÖÀûÈ­ÇÏ°í °øÀ¯Çϱâ À§Çؼ­ ´Ù¾çÇÑ ¹° »ç¿ëÀÇ ±ÕÇüÀ» Àâ´Â Áß¿äÇÏ°í Àü·ÂÀûÀÎ ÇÁ·¹ÀÓ¿öÅ©ÀÇ ÀϺημ­°¡ ¾Æ´Ï¶ó ´ë°³´Â ¼¼ºÎÀûÀÎ °³¹ß ¸ñÇ¥ ´Þ¼º¿¡ ¸ñÇ¥¸¦ µÐ °³º°ÀûÀÎ ¹æ½Ä(»çÀÏ·Î)À¸·Î °ü¸®µÈ´Ù. ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ ÆÄÆíÈ­´Â Á¦ÇÑµÈ °ø±Þ¿¡ ÀÇÁ¸ÇÏ´Â(¾Æ¸¶µµ Á¦ÇÑµÈ °ø±ÞÀ» µÎ°í °æÀïÇÏ´Â) ´Ù¾çÇÑ °³¹ß ¸ñÇ¥¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ¸®½ºÅ© »Ó¸¸ ¾Æ´Ï¶ó ¼öÀÚ¿øÀÇ Áö¼Ó°¡´É¼º¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ¸®½ºÅ©¸¦ Áõ°¡½ÃŲ´Ù. ±âÈĺ¯È­´Â ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ ¹®Á¦¸¦ ´õ¿í ¾ÇÈ­½ÃŲ´Ù.

»çȸÀû¡¤°æÁ¦Àû¡¤È¯°æÀû Çʿ並 À§ÇØ ÀûÁ¤ÇÑ ¹°À» °ø±ÞÇÏ´Â ÀÛ¾÷Àº ´ë°³¡®¹° ºÎ¹®¡¯ÀÇ ÀüÀ¯¹°·Î ¿©°ÜÁø´Ù. ¹° ºÎ¹®Àº ÀûÀýÇÑ ±â¹Ý½Ã¼³À» °ø±ÞÇÏ°í ¹°À» ¿Ã¹Ù¸¥ ¹æÇâÀ¸·Î º¸³»´Â ±â´ë¸¦ ¹Þ°í ÀÖ´Ù. ±×·¯³ª ½ÇÁ¦·Î´Â ¹°Àº »çȸÀû¡¤°æÁ¦Àû¡¤È¯°æÀû È°µ¿ ¸ðµÎ¸¦ ¾Æ¿ì¸¥´Ù. µû¶ó¼­ ¹°Àº ÇÑ ºÎ¹®¿¡ Á¦ÇÑµÉ ¼ö°¡ ¾ø´Ù. ¹° Áö¹è ±¸Á¶´Â ´Ù¾çÇÑ ÀÌÇØ°ü°èÀÚµé°ú ºÎ¹®Àû¡®°üÇұǵ顯À» ¾Æ¿ì¸£´Â Çù·Â°ú Á¶À²À» ÇÊ¿ä·Î ÇÑ´Ù. ¶ÇÇÑ, ¹°ÀÇ °¡¿ë¼ºÀº Çù¼ÒÇÑ ºÎ¹®ÀûÀÎ ÃÊÁ¡À» ¶Ù¾î³Ñ´Â ´Ù¾çÇÑ ¿äÀεé°ú Æ®·»µå, ºÒÈ®½Ç¼ºÀÇ ¿µÇâÀ» ¹Þ´Â ¹° ¼øȯÀÇ ¸Æ¶ô ¾È¿¡¼­ ÀÌÇصǾî¾ß¸¸ ÇÑ´Ù.

±âÈĺ¯È­´Â ¸ðµç ¿ëµµÀÇ ¹°°ú ¼ö¿ä¿¡ Á÷Á¢ ¿µÇâÀ» ÁÖ´Â Áß½ÉÀûÀÎ ¿ÜºÎ µ¿ÀÎÀÌ´Ù. ¿ÏÈ­Á¶Ä¡µéÀº ¿¡³ÊÁö ¼Òºñ¿Í ź¼Ò ¹èÃâÀ» Áß½ÉÀ¸·Î ÁýÁߵǾî ÀÖ°í, ÀûÀÀÀº È«¼ö ¹× °¡¹³, Æødz µî ±Ø´ÜÀûÀÎ ±â»óÇö»ó¿¡ ´ëÇØ °èȹÇÏ°í ´ëºñÇÏ´Â °ÍÀ» ÀǹÌÇÑ´Ù.

Water demands and uses are often managed in silos with each focused on meeting specific developmental objectives, rather than as part of an overarching and strategic framework that balances different water uses in order to optimize and share its various benefits across society and the economy. This fragmentation increases risks to the sustainability of water resources as well as to the different development objectives that

depend upon (and may be in competition for) limited supplies. Climate change exacerbates this problem still further.

The job of delivering adequate water for social, economic and environmental needs is often understood as the preserve of the ¡®water sector¡¯, which is expected to provide the appropriate infrastructure and channel water in the right direction. Yet in reality, water cuts across all social, economic and environmental activities. As such, it cannot be confined to one sector; its governance requires cooperation and coordination across diverse stakeholders and sectoral ¡®jurisdictions¡¯. Furthermore, water availability must be understood within the context of the hydrological cycle, which is influenced by multiple factors, trends and uncertainties that extend beyond a narrow sectoral focus.

Climate change is a central external driver that affects both water and demands for all uses directly; mitigation measures are concentrated around the reduction of energy consumption and carbon emissions, while adaptation means planning and preparing for increasing hydrological variability and extreme weather events, including floods, droughts, and storms.

¼öÀÚ¿ø Áö¼Ó°¡´É »ç¿ë¡¤°ü¸®ÇÒ Áöħ¡¤Á¤º¸ Á¦°øÇؾß
¹° µµÀü °úÁ¦¸¦ ÇØ°áÇϱâ À§Çؼ­´Â ±ÇÇÑ°ú Áöµµ·ÂÀ» °®°í ÀÖ´Â °­·ÂÇÑ ±â°üµéÀÇ Àüü °æÁ¦¸¦ ¾Æ¿ì¸£´Â °³ÀÔÀÌ ÇÊ¿äÇÏ´Ù. ÀÌ·± ±â°üµéÀÌ ¹° °ü¸®¿¡ ´ëÇØ ¼öµ¿ÀûÀÎ ¿ªÇÒÀÌ ¾Æ´Ï¶ó ÁÖµµÀûÀÎ ¿ªÇÒÀ» ÇØ¾ß Çϸç, ȯ°æÀûÀÎ Áö¼Ó°¡´É¼ºÀÇ ÇÁ·¹ÀÓ¿öÅ© ¾È¿¡¼­ ºÎ¹®µéÀ» Æ÷°ýÇÏ´Â »ý»êÀûÀÎ ¹° »ç¿ëÀ» ÃËÁøÇØ¾ß ÇÑ´Ù. ¹° °øµ¿Ã¼ÀÇ ¸â¹öµéÀº ¹°ÀÇ ¸¹Àº ÇýÅÃÀ» ÃÖÀûÈ­ÇÏ°í °øÀ¯Çϱâ À§Çؼ­ ÀÇ»ç°áÁ¤¿¡ Á¤º¸¿Í ÁöħÀ» Á¦°øÇØ¾ß Çϸç, ±ÔÁ¦ ´ç±¹¿¡ ¾î¶»°Ô ¼öÀÚ¿øÀ» Áö¼Ó°¡´ÉÇÏ°Ô »ç¿ëÇÏ°í °ü¸®ÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖÀ» Áö¿¡ ´ëÇÑ Áöħ°ú Á¤º¸µµ Á¦°øÇØ¾ß ÇÑ´Ù.

È¿À²¼º°ú »ý»ê¼º ÀÌÀ͸¸À¸·Î´Â ºÒÆòµîÇÑ ÀÚ¿ø °ø±Þ°ú ¼Òºñ ¶Ç´Â ÇýÅÿ¡ ´ëÇÑ Á¢±Ù¼ºÀ» ¹Ù²Ü¼ö ¾ø´Ù. ¹°ÀÇ Àü ºÎ¹®ÀûÀÎ ±×¸®°í ¼¼°èÀû ¾ç»óÀº ¸ðµç ±¹°¡µéÀÌ ´ç¸éÇÑ ÀÚ¿ø °úÁ¦¸¦ ÇØ°áÇÏ°í ±×¿¡ °üÇÑ ¼Ö·ç¼ÇÀ» ¸¸µé±â À§ÇÑ ¼¼°è Æ÷·³µé¿¡ °ü½ÉÀ» °¡Áö°í ±¸Ã¼ÀûÀÎ °øÇåÀ» ÇÏ´Â °ÍÀ» ¿ä±¸ÇÒ °ÍÀÌ´Ù. ÀϹÝÀûÀ¸·Î ¹° °øµ¿Ã¼¿Í ƯÈ÷ ¹° °ü¸®ÀÚµéÀº ±×·¯ÇÑ ÇÁ·Î¼¼½º¸¦ ¾Ë¸± Ã¥ÀÓÀÌ ÀÖ´Ù.

¼¼°è Á¤Ã¥ ÇÕÀÇÀÇ °á°ú¸¦ ¼öÇàÇÏ´Â °ÍÀº ¿©ÀüÈ÷ ±¹°¡Àû ÇÙ½É °úÁ¦·Î ³²¾Æ ÀÖÀ» °ÍÀ̸ç, ¾Ö´çÃÊ °¢±¹ÀÌ ±¹Á¦ Á¤Ã¥À» ¼³Á¤ÇÒ Ã¥ÀÓÀÌ ÀÖ´Ù. ÇÁ·¹ÀÓ¿öÅ©¸¦ ¼³Á¤ÇÏ´Â °ÍÀº ¹° °ü¸®¿¡ ÀÌÇظ¦ °¡Áö°í ÀÖ´Â ¸ðµç »ç¶÷µéÀÇ ºÎ¹®Àû °ø°£Àû ÁöÆòÀ» ³ÐÈ÷´Â °ÍÀ» ¿ä±¸ÇÑ´Ù. ±×·¯³ª ¸¹Àº ¼¼°è Á¤Ã¥ Çù¾àµéÀº ÀûÀýÇÑ Áö¹æÀû¡¤±¹°¡Àû ÇùÀÇ °úÁ¤ ¾øÀÌ ¸¸µé¾îÁ³À¸¸ç, ¸¹Àº °æ¿ì °¢±¹ÀÇ Á¤Ä¡¡¤°æÁ¦¿Í Á¦µµÀû ¿ª·®À» ¹Ý¿µÇÏÁö ¾ÊÀº ÀϹÝÀû Çù¾àÀÌ´Ù. µû¶ó¼­, ±¹°¡ÀûÀÎ ¼öÁØ ¶Ç´Â ÁöÀÚü ¼öÁØÀÇ ÇØ´ç Á¤Ã¥µéÀÇ Àü¹ÝÀûÀÎ È¿À²¼ºÀ» À§ÇùÇÑ´Ù.

Addressing water challenges necessitates interventions across an entire economy, undertaken by strong institutions with the authority and leadership to take a proactiverather than a reactive role in water management, and to drive the productive use of water across sectors within the framework of environmental sustainability.

Members of the water community have the duty to inform and provide guidance on decision-making and to regulatory authorities on how to use and managed the resource sustainably, so as to optimize and share its many benefits.

Efficiency and productivity gains alone cannot alter global patterns of unequal supply of resources and consumption or access to benefits. Addressing the cross-sectoral and global dimensions of water will require that all countries take an interest and make specific commitments in the global forums designed to address and create solutions to impending resource challenges. The water community in general, and water managers in particular, have the responsibility of informing the process.

Implementing the outcomes from global policy agreements will remain a national imperative, and countries are responsible for setting international policy in the first place. Setting the framework requires a widening of the sectoral and spatial horizons of all those who have a stake in water management. However, many of the global policy agreements have been developed without proper local and national consultation processes and are, in many cases, general agreements that do not reflect the political economy and institutional capacities of the countries, thus compromising the overall effectiveness of said policies at national and subnational levels.

Á¦1ºÎ ÇöȲ°ú Æ®·»µå, ±×¸®°í µµÀü°úÁ¦

Á¦2Àå ¹° ¼ö¿ä : ¹«¾ùÀÌ ¼Òºñ¸¦ ¾ß±âÇϳª?
³ó¾÷¿ë¼ö´Â ³ó¾÷ ºÎ¹® ¹× µµ½Ã ºÎ¹®, »ê¾÷(¿¡³ÊÁö Æ÷ÇÔ) ºÎ¹®¿¡¼­ ÀÎÃâÇÑ ¸ðµç ¹° Áß 70%¸¦ Â÷ÁöÇÑ´Ù. Ã¥ÀÓ ÀÖ´Â ³ó¾÷ ¿ë¼ö°ü¸®´Â ¹Ì·¡ÀÇ ¼¼°è ¹° ¾Èº¸¿¡ ÁÖ¿äÇÑ ±â¿©¸¦ ÇÒ °ÍÀÌ´Ù. ¹Ì·¡ÀÇ ³ó¾÷¿ë¼ö ¼ö¿ä¸¦ ¿¹ÃøÇÏ´Â °ÍÀº ºÒÈ®½Ç¼ºÀ¸·Î °¡µæ Â÷ ÀÖ´Ù. ³ó¾÷ ºÎ¹®¿¡¼­ÀÇ ¹Ì·¡ ¹° ¼ö¿ä´Â ½Ä·®À» Á¦°øÇØ¾ß ÇÒ »ç¶÷ÀÇ ¼ö¿Í »ç¶÷µéÀÌ ¹«¾ùÀ» ¾î¶»°Ô ¸Ô´À³Ä¿¡ ÀÇÇØ °áÁ¤µÇ´Â ½Ä·® ¼ö¿ä¿¡ ¾î´À Á¤µµ ¿µÇâÀ» ¹Þ´Â´Ù. ³ó¾÷¿ë¼öÀÇ ¼ö¿ä´Â ¿©·¯ ¿äÀεé Áß¿¡¼­µµ °èÀýÀû ±âÈÄ º¯µ¿, ³ó¾÷ »ý»ê°úÁ¤ÀÇ È¿À²¼º, ÀÛ¹°ÀÇ Á¾·ù, »êÃâ·®¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ºÒÈ®½Ç¼ºÀ¸·Î ÀÎÇØ ¾ÇÈ­µÈ´Ù.

³ó¾÷ ºÎ¹®ÀÌ Á÷¸éÇÑ ÁÖ¿ä µµÀü°úÁ¦´Â 40³â µÚ¿¡ ½Ä·®À» Á¦°øÇØ¾ß ÇÒ Àα¸°¡ 70% ÀÌ»ó ´Ã¾î³­´Ù´Â °ÍÀÌ ¾Æ´Ï¶ó, ½ÄŹ¿¡ 70% ÀÌ»óÀÇ À½½ÄÀ» ¿Ã·Á³õÀ» ¼ö ÀÖ¾î¾ß ÇÑ´Ù´Â °ÍÀÌ´Ù.

ÀúÀå Áß¿¡ ¹ß»ýÇÏ´Â ¼Õ½Ç°ú °¡Ä¡»ç½½ »ó¿¡¼­ ¹ß»ýÇÏ´Â ¼Õ½ÇÀ» ÁÙÀÎ´Ù¸é ´õ ¸¹Àº »ý»ê·® Áõ°¡ ¿ä±¸¸¦ »ó¼âÇÏ´Â µ¥ Å« µµ¿òÀÌ µÉ ¼öµµ ÀÖ´Ù. Çõ½ÅÀûÀÎ ±â¼úµéÀº ÀÛ¹° »êÃâ·®°ú °¡¹³¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ÀúÇ×·ÂÀ» Çâ»ó½ÃÅ°±â À§ÇØ, ±×¸®°í ºñ·á¿Í ¹°, »õ·Î¿î »ìÃæÁ¦¿Í ÀÛ¹° º¸È£¸¦ À§ÇÑ ºñÈ­ÇÐÀû Á¢±Ù¹ýÀ» ´õ¿í Çö¸íÇÏ°Ô ÀÌ¿ëÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Â ¹æ¹ýµéÀ» ¸¸µé±â À§ÇØ, ¼öÈ® ÈÄ ¼Õ½ÇÀ» ÁÙÀ̱â À§ÇØ, ´õ Áö¼Ó°¡´ÉÇÑ Ãà»ê ¹× ¾î¾÷ »ý»êÀ» º¸ÀåÇϱâ À§ÇØ ÇÊ¿äÇÒ °ÍÀÌ´Ù.

¼±Áø±¹µéÀº ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ ±â¼úÀ» ÀÌ¿ëÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Â ÁÁÀº À§Ä¡¿¡ ÀÖ´Ù. µû¶ó¼­ ¼±Áø±¹µéÀº ÃÖºó±¹ÀÌ ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ ±â¼ú¿¡ °øÆòÇÏ°í ºñÂ÷º°ÀûÀÎ Á¶°ÇÀ¸·Î Á¢±ÙÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Â ±âȸ¸¦ º¸ÀåÇÒ Ã¥ÀÓÀÌ ÀÖ´Ù.


³ó¾÷¿ë¼ö´Â ³ó¾÷ ºÎ¹® ¹× µµ½Ã ºÎ¹®, »ê¾÷ ºÎ¹®¿¡¼­ ÀÎÃâÇÑ ¸ðµç ¹° Áß 70%¸¦ Â÷ÁöÇÑ´Ù. Ã¥ÀÓ ÀÖ´Â ³ó¾÷ ¿ë¼ö°ü¸®´Â ¹Ì·¡ÀÇ ¼¼°è ¹° ¾Èº¸¿¡ ÁÖ¿äÇÑ ±â¿©¸¦ ÇÒ °ÍÀÌ´Ù.
 
 
Part 1: Status, trends and challenges

Chapter 2. Water demand: What drives consumption?
 
Agriculture accounts for 70% of all water withdrawn by the agricultural, municipal and industrial (including energy) sectors. Responsible agricultural water management will make a major contribution to future global water security.

Predicting future water demand for agriculture is fraught with uncertainty. Future demand for water in this sector is in part influenced by demand for food, which depends in part on the number of people needing to be fed, and in part on what and how much they eat. This is complicated by, amongst other factors, uncertainties in seasonal climatic variations, efficiency of agriculture production processes, and crop types and yields.

The main challenge facing the agricultural sector is not as much growing 70% more food in 40 years, but making 70% more food available on the plate. Reducing losses in storage and along the value chain may go a long way towards offsetting the need for more production.

Innovative technologies will be needed to improve crop yields and drought tolerance; produce smarter ways of using fertilizer and water, new pesticides and non-chemical approaches to crop protection; reduce postharvest losses; and ensure more sustainable livestock and marine production. The industrialized countries are well placed to take advantage of these technologies, but they must also take responsibility to ensure that the least developed countries have opportunities to access them on equitable and non-discriminatory terms.

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°¡¹³¿¡ ´ëÇÑ Ãë¾à¼ºÀ» °¨¼Ò½ÃÅ°±â À§Çؼ­´Â ¹°ÀÇ Ãø·®°ú ÅëÁ¦ ¹æ¹ýÀÌ Çâ»óµÇ¾î¾ß Çϸç, °Ç¼³µÈ Àú¼öÁö»Ó¸¸ ¾Æ´Ï¶ó ½ÀÁö, Åä¾ç°ú °°Àº ÀÚ¿¬Àû ÀúÀå°í¿¡ ÀÖ´Â ÁöÇ¥¼ö¿Í ÁöÇϼöÀÇ ÀúÀå·®À» Áõ°¡½Ãų ÇÊ¿ä°¡ ÀÖ´Ù. À̸¦ À§ÇØ ½Ã¼³ °Ç¼³°ú¡®³ì»ö¡¯±â¹Ý½Ã¼³¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ÅõÀÚ°¡ Àý½ÇÈ÷ ¿ä±¸µÈ´Ù.

»õ·Î¿î »óȲ¿¡ ÇöÀçÀÇ ¹° °ü¸® ±â¼úÀ» Àû¿ëÇÏ°í ÀÌ¿¡ ¸ÂÃç ±â¼úÀ» º¯È­½ÃŲ´Ù¸é ¸¹Àº ÇýÅÃÀÌ ¹ß»ýÇÒ °ÍÀ¸·Î ¿¹»óµÈ´Ù. Áö±Ýµµ Àü ¼¼°èÀÇ ¾à 10¾ï ¸í ÀÌ»óÀÇ »ç¶÷µéÀÌ Àü±â³ª ´Ù¸¥ ûÁ¤ ¿¡³ÊÁö¿øÀ» ÀÌ¿ëÇÏÁö ¸øÇÏ°í ÀÖ´Ù. ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ Çʿ並 ¸¸Á·½ÃÅ°´Â °Í¿¡ ´õÇØ, Àα¸Áõ°¡ ¹× ÀÌÁÖ, °æÁ¦È°µ¿ÀÇ Áõ°¡·ÎºÎÅÍ ¹ß»ýÇÏ´Â Àα¸ÇÐÀû ¹ßÀü µîÀÇ ¿ÜºÎ µµÀü°úÁ¦´Â ƯÈ÷ ºñOECD ±¹°¡µé¿¡¼­ÀÇ ¿¡³ÊÁö¼Òºñ ±ÞÁõÀ» ¾ß±âÇÒ °ÍÀÌ´Ù.

¿¡³ÊÁö¿Í ¹°Àº º¹ÀâÇÏ°Ô ¿¬°áµÇ¾î ÀÖ´Ù. ´Ù¾çÇÑ ¿¡³ÊÁö¿ø°ú Àü±â°¡ Á¸ÀçÇÏÁö¸¸, ¸ðµÎ°¡ ¿ø·áÀÇ ÃßÃâ ¹× ¿­ ÇÁ·Î¼¼½º¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ³Ã°¢, ÀÚÀçÀÇ ¼¼Ã´ ¹× ¹ÙÀÌ¿À ¿¬·á¿ë ÀÛ¹°ÀÇ Àç¹è, ÅÍºó¿¡ µ¿·Â °ø±Þ µî ´Ù¾çÇÑ »ý»ê°úÁ¤¿¡ ¹°À» ÇÊ¿ä·Î ÇÑ´Ù. ¹Ý´ë·Î, ÆßÇÎ ¹× ¿î¼Û, ó¸®, ´ã¼öÈ­ ¹× °ü°³¸¦ ÅëÇؼ­ ¼öÀÚ¿øÀ» Àΰ£ÀÇ »ç¿ë°ú ¼ÒºñÇϱâ À§Çؼ­´Â ¿¡³ÊÁö°¡ ÇÊ¿äÇÏ´Ù. ¹° ºÎÁ· Áö¿ªµéÀº ¹«¾ùº¸´Ùµµ ´õ ¸¹Àº ¿¡³ÊÁö¿ë ¹° ½ºÆ®·¹½º¿¡ Á÷¸éÇÒ °ÍÀ̸ç, 1Â÷ ¿¡³ÊÁö¿Í Àü·ÂÀ» °³¹ßÇϱâ À§Çؼ­ ´õ¿í ¹°¿¡ ´ëÇÑ È¿À²ÀûÀÎ ±â¼úµéÀ» ¿¬±¸ÇÒ ÇÊ¿ä°¡ ÀÖ´Ù.

¹°°ú ¿¡³ÊÁö Á¤Ã¥Àº ´ë°³ »óÀÌÇÑ Á¤ºÎ ºÎó¿¡¼­ ¼ö¸³µÇ°í ÀÖÁö¸¸ Á¤Ã¥ÀÔ¾ÈÀÚµé °£ÀÇ ±ä¹ÐÇÑ ÇùÁ¶¸¦ À§Çؼ­´Â ºÎó°£ÀÇ ÅëÇÕÀÌ ÇÊ¿äÇÏ´Ù. ÇÑ »ê¾÷ÀÌ È¿°úÀûÀ¸·Î ¿î¿µµÇ·Á¸é ÀûÀýÇÑ ¾çÀÇ ¹°ÀÌ, ÀûÁ¤ÇÑ ¼öÁú·Î, ÀûÁ¤ÇÑ °÷¿¡, ÀûÀýÇÑ ½ÃÁ¡¿¡, ÀûÀýÇÑ °¡°Ý¿¡ Áö¼ÓÀûÀ¸·Î °ø±ÞµÉ ÇÊ¿ä°¡ ÀÖ´Ù. »ê¾÷Àº ÀÚ½ÅÀÇ ¿ì¼± °úÁ¦¿Í °¡Ä¡µéÀ» ¸ÕÀú ´Ù·ëÀ¸·Î½á ¼¼°è ´ã¼ö ÀÚ¿øÀÇ Áö¼Ó ºÒ°¡´ÉÇÑ ³²¿ë¹®Á¦¸¦ È¿°úÀûÀ¸·Î ÇØ°áÇÏ´Â µ¥ Áß¿äÇÑ ¿ªÇÒÀ» ÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù.

Reducing vulnerability to drought will require investment in both constructed and ¡®green¡¯ infrastructure to improve water measurement and control and, where appropriate, increase surface water and groundwater storage in constructed reservoirs and in natural storage in wetlands and in the soil.

Most benefits are expected to come from applying existing water management technologies and adapting them to new situations. Over 1 billion people lack access to electricity and other clean sources of energy today. When added to meeting these needs, external challenges, including demographic development from population increase and migration and increased economic activity, will create a surge of energy consumption, particularly in non-OECD countries.

Energy and water are intricately connected. There are different sources of energy and electricity, but all require water for various production processes, including extraction of raw materials, cooling in thermal processes, cleaning materials, cultivation of crops for biofuels and powering turbines. Conversely, energy is required to make water resources available for human use and consumption through pumping, transportation, treatment, desalination and irrigation.

Regions that are water scarce will face more water-forenergy stresses than others and will need to explore more water-efficient technologies to develop both primary energy and electric power.

Water and energy policies, which are often made in different government departments or ministries, will need to be integrated, with policy-makers increasingly working in close coordination. Effective operation of an industry requires a sustainable supply of water in the right quantity, of the right quality, at the right place, at the right time and at the right price.

Industry should play an important role in effectively addressing the unsustainable exploitation of freshwater resources around the world by addressing first its own priorities and values.

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2009³â¿¡ 34¾ï ¸íÀ̾ú´ø ¼¼°èÀÇ µµ½Ã Àα¸´Â 2050³â¿¡ À̸£·¯¼­´Â 63¾ï ¸í±îÁö Áõ°¡ÇÒ °ÍÀ¸·Î ¿¹ÃøµÈ´Ù. À̶§ Áõ°¡ÇÑ µµ½Ã Àα¸ÀÇ ¼ö´Â °°Àº ±â°£ µ¿¾È Áõ°¡ÇÑ Àüü ¼¼°èÀα¸¿Í µµ½Ã·Î ÀÌÁÖÇÑ ÀϺΠ³óÃÌ Àα¸ÀÇ ÇÕ°è¿Í µ¿ÀÏÇÒ °ÍÀÌ´Ù. µû¶ó¼­ ¼­ºñ½º¸¦ ¹ÞÁö ¸øÇÏ´Â Àα¸°¡ ¸¹Àº µµ½Ã ½½·³ Áö¿ª¿¡¼­ ÀûÁ¤ÇÑ ¹° °ø±Þ°ú À§»ý, ¹è¼öÀÇ ¹®Á¦°¡ Áõ°¡ÇÒ °ÍÀ¸·Î º¸ÀδÙ. ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ ¹®Á¦¸¦ ÇØ°áÇϱâ À§ÇØ Æ÷°ýÀûÀÎ µµ½Ã ¹° °èȹ°ú ±â¼ú, ÅõÀÚ, ¿î¿µÀ» Çâ»ó½ÃÅ°±â À§ÇÑ ¼¼°èÀûÀÎ À̴ϼÅƼºêµéÀÌ »ý°Ü³ª°í ÀÖ´Ù.

µµ½Ã Áö¿ªÀÇ ¹° °ü¸®´Â ´õ Æ÷°ýÀûÀÎ µµ½Ã °èȹ°ú ÅëÇÕÀû µµ½Ã ¹° °ü¸®(IUWM)ÀÇ ÇýÅÃÀ» º¼ ¼ö ÀÖÀ» °ÍÀÌ´Ù. ÅëÇÕÀû µµ½Ã ¹°°ü¸®(IUWM)´Â ÀÚ¿ø°ü¸® ±¸Á¶ ¾È¿¡¼­ ¿¬°áÁ¡À¸·Î½á ´ã¼ö ¹× Æó¼ö, À¯Ãâ¼ö °ü¸®¸¦ Æ÷ÇÔÇϸç, µµ½ÃÁö¿ªÀÌ °ü¸® ´ÜÀ§°¡ µÈ´Ù.

»ýÅ°è´Â °¡¹³°ú È«¼ö¶ó´Â ±Ø´ÜÀûÀÎ °æ¿ì¸¦ Æ÷ÇÔÇÏ´Â ¹°ÀÇ °¡¿ë¼º°ú ¼öÁúÀ» µÞ¹ÞħÇÑ´Ù. »ýÅ°è¿Í »çȸ, °æÁ¦ ºÎ¹®µé °£ÀÇ Ä¡¿­ÇØÁ® °¡´Â ¹° °æÀïÀ» ÇؼÒÇÏ´Â °Í¿¡ ´ëÇÑ Áõ°¡ÇÏ´Â °ü½ÉÀº ´õ Çâ»óµÈ ÅëÇÕÀû ¹° °ü¸®¿Í ´õ Áö¼Ó°¡´ÉÇÑ °³¹ßÀ» ÇâÇÑ Áøº¸ÀÇ ½ÅÈ£ÀÌ´Ù.

The urban population of the world is forecast to grow to 6.3 billion people in 2050, from 3.4 billion in 2009. Urban growth will be equal to all of the world population growth over this period plus some net moves from the current rural population. Problems of adequate water supply, sanitation and drainage will increase in the urban slum areas already faced with a backlog of unserved populations. Initiatives worldwide are emerging to address the need for improved and comprehensive urban water planning, technologies, investment and associated operations.

Water management in urban areas can benefit from more comprehensive urban planning and integrated urban water management (IUWM). IUWM involves managing freshwater, wastewater and stormwater as links within the resource management structure, using an urban area as the unit of management.

Ecosystems underpin the availability of water, including its extremes of drought and flood, and its quality. Growing attention to resolving the increasing competition for water between ecosystems and socioeconomic sectors signals progress towards better integrated water management and more sustainable development.

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´ã¼ö °ø±ÞÀº ½Ã°£°ú Àå¼Ò¿¡ µû¶ó ºÒ±ÔÄ¢ÇÏ°Ô ºÐÆ÷µÇ¾î ÀÖ´Ù. Çظ¶´Ù °ÇÁ¶ ±âÈÄ¿Í ½ÀÀ± ±âÈÄ, °Ç±â¿Í ¿ì±â »çÀÌ¿¡ »ó´çÇÑ °¡º¯¼ºÀÌ Á¸ÀçÇÑ´Ù. ¼öÀÚ¿ø °ü¸® °èȹ°ú Á¤Ã¥Àº ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ ´ã¼ö °ø±ÞÀÇ °¡º¯¼º°ú ºÐÆ÷¸¦ °í·ÁÇÒ ÇÊ¿ä°¡ ÀÖ´Ù. ¼öÀÚ¿øÀÇ »óÅ´ »çȸ¡¤°æÁ¦Àû ¼ö¿ä¸¦ ÃæÁ·½ÃÅ°±â À§ÇÑ ÀÎÃâÀÇ ¿µÇâÀ» ¹Þ´Â´Ù. ±× °á°ú ¼öÀÚ¿øÀÇ »óÅ´ ¹ü¶÷¿øÀÇ °ÅÁÖÁö¿Í °¡¹³ Ãë¾à Áö¿ªÀ» º¸È£Çϱâ À§ÇÑ ¼öÀÚ¿ø ÅëÁ¦ÀÇ Çʿ伺»Ó¸¸ ¾Æ´Ï¶ó Àα¸ Áõ°¡¿Í °æÁ¦ ¹ßÀü, ½Ä»ýÈ° º¯È­ µîÀÇ µ¿ÀεéÀÇ ¿µÇâÀ» ¹Þ´Â´Ù.

Áö³­ 50³â µ¿¾È ¼¼°èÀûÀ¸·Î ÁöÇϼö ÀÎÃâ ¼Óµµ´Â ÃÖ¼Ò 3¹è ÀÌ»ó Áõ°¡Çß´Ù. ÀÌ´Â Àΰ£ »çȸ¿¡¼­ ƯÈ÷ ¡®ÁöÇϼö ³ó¾÷Çõ¸í¡¯À» ¾ß±âÇÑ °ü°³ ºÎ¹®¿¡¼­ ÁöÇϼöÀÇ ¿ªÇÒÀ» ±Ùº»ÀûÀ¸·Î º¯È­ ½ÃÄ×´Ù. ÁöÇϼö´Â ¾ÆÇÁ¸®Ä«¿Í ¾Æ½Ã¾ÆÀÇ ºó°ï Áö¿ªÀÇ 12¾ï ¸í¿¡¼­ 15¾ï ¸í¿¡ À̸£´Â ³óÃÌ °¡±¸µéÀÇ »ý°è, ½Ä·®¾Èº¸, ±âŸ Áö¿ªÀÇ ´ëºÎºÐÀÇ Àα¸µéÀÇ °¡Á¤¿ë¼ö °ø±Þ¿¡ ÇÙ½ÉÀûÀÌ´Ù. ¸¹Àº À¯¿ª¿¡¼­ÀÇ ÀÎÃâÀº ÀçÃæÀü ¼Óµµ¸¦ ÃÊ°úÇßÀ¸¸ç, Áö¼Ó ºÒ°¡´ÉÇÏ´Ù.


ÁöÇϼö´Â ¾ÆÇÁ¸®Ä«¿Í ¾Æ½Ã¾ÆÀÇ ºó°ï Áö¿ªÀÇ 12¾ï ¸í¿¡¼­ 15¾ï ¸í¿¡ À̸£´Â ³óÃÌ °¡±¸µéÀÇ »ý°è, ½Ä·®¾Èº¸, ±âŸ Áö¿ªÀÇ ´ëºÎºÐÀÇ Àα¸µéÀÇ °¡Á¤¿ë¼ö °ø±Þ¿¡ ÇÙ½ÉÀûÀÌ´Ù.
 

Chapter 3. The water resource: Variability, vulnerability and uncertainty
 
Freshwater supplies are erratically distributed in time and space. From one year to the next, there can be considerable variability between arid and humid climates and wet and dry seasons. Water resource management plans and policies need to take into account this variability and distribution of freshwater supplies.

The state of water resources is influenced by withdrawals to meet socio-economic demands. This in turn is affected by drivers such as population growth, economic development and dietary changes, as well as the need for control of water resources to protect settlements in flood plains and drought prone regions.
The global groundwater abstraction rate has at least tripled over the past 50 years. This has fundamentally changed the role of groundwater in human society, in particular in the irrigation sector, where it has triggered an ¡®agricultural groundwater revolution¡¯.

Groundwater is crucial for the livelihoods and food security of 1.2 to 1.5 billion rural households in the poorer regions of Africa and Asia, and for domestic supplies of a large part of the population elsewhere in the world. Withdrawals in many basins are exceeding the rate of recharge and are unsustainable.
 
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¼¼°è ¸¹Àº Áö¿ª¿¡¼­ Áö¼Ó ºÒ°¡´ÉÇÒ Á¤µµÀÇ ¹° ÀÎÃâÀÌ ÀÌ·ç¾îÁö°í ÀÖ°í ¿À¿°ÀÇ ¿ì·Áµµ ³ô¾ÆÁö°í ÀÖÁö¸¸ ÁöÇϼö ÀÚ¿øÀº ½ÅÁßÇÏ°Ô °ü¸®¸¸ µÈ´Ù¸é ¹Ì·¡ÀÇ ¹° ¼ö¿ä¸¦ ÃæÁ·½ÃÅ°°í ±âÈĺ¯ È­¿¡ ÀûÀÀÇϴµ¥ »ó´çÇÑ ±â¿©¸¦ ÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù. ´Ü±âÀûÀ¸·Î ºùÇÏÀÇ Ãà¼Ò´Â ¿¬°£ °­¼ö·® ÀÌ»óÀÇ ¹°À» ÇÏõ¿¡ Ãß°¡ÇÏ°í ÀÖÀ¸¸ç, µû¶ó¼­ ¹° °ø±ÞÀ» Áõ°¡½ÃÅ°°í ÀÖ´Ù. Àå±âÀûÀ¸·Î(¼ö½Ê ³â¿¡¼­ ¼ö¹é ³â¿¡ °ÉÃļ­´Â) ºùÇÏ°¡ »ç¶óÁü¿¡ µû¶ó ±×·¯ÇÑ Ãß°¡ÀûÀÎ ¹° ¼Ò½º´Â »ç¶óÁö°Ô µÉ °ÍÀ̸ç ÇÏõÀ¯·® ü°è¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ºùÇÏÀÇ ¿ÏÃæÈ¿°ú´Â °¨¼ÒÇÒ °ÍÀÌ´Ù.

ÁÁÀº ¼öÁúÀÇ ÃæºÐÇÑ ¹° °ø±ÞÀº Àΰ£°ú »ýÅ°èÀÇ °Ç°­°ú ¾È³ç ±×¸®°í »çȸ, °æÁ¦Àû ¹ßÀü¿¡ ÇÙ½É ¿ä¼ÒÀÌ´Ù. ¼öÁú Çâ»ó¿¡ °üÇÑ Áö¿ªÀû ¼º°ø»ç·ÊµéÀÌ ÀÖ±â´Â ÇÏÁö¸¸, ¼¼°è Â÷¿ø¿¡¼­ ¼öÁúÀÌ Àü¹ÝÀûÀ¸·Î Çâ»óµÇ¾ú´Ù´Â µ¥ÀÌÅÍ´Â Á¸ÀçÇÏÁö ¾Ê´Â´Ù.

¼öÁúÀº Àΰ£°ú »ýÅ°èÀÇ ±âº»ÀûÀÎ Çʿ並 ÃæÁ·½ÃÅ°´Âµ¥ ¹°ÀÇ ¾ç¸¸Å­À̳ª Áß¿äÇÏÁö¸¸, ÃÖ±Ù ¸î ½Ê ³â°£ ¹°ÀÇ ¾çº¸´Ù ÈξÀ ÀûÀº ÅõÀÚ ¹× °úÇÐÀû Áö¿ø, ´ëÁßÀÇ °ü½ÉÀ» ¹Þ¾Æ¿Ô´Ù. ³·Àº ¼öÁúÀº »ýÅÂ°è ¼­ºñ½ºÀÇ ¾ÇÈ­ ±×¸®°í °Ç°­ °ü·Ã ºñ¿ë, ³ó¾÷ ¹× »ê¾÷ »ý»ê, °ü±¤ µî °æÁ¦Àû È°µ¿¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ¿µÇâ, ¹° 󸮺ñ¿ëÀÇ Áõ°¡, ºÎµ¿»ê °¡Ä¡ÀÇ Ç϶ô µî ¼öÁú°ú °ü·ÃµÈ ¸¹Àº °æÁ¦Àû ºñ¿ëÀ» ¾ß±âÇÑ´Ù. ¾ÕÀ¸·Î ´ã¼ö°¡ Á¡Â÷ °í°¥µÉ °ÍÀ¸·Î ¿¹ÃøµÊ¿¡ µû¶ó ¼öÁú ¹®Á¦ ÇØ°á¿¡ ÇÊ¿äÇÑ ºñ¿ëÀÌ Áõ°¡ÇÒ °ÍÀ̶ó°í ¿¹»óµÈ´Ù.

In spite of valid concerns about unsustainable abstraction rates and pollution in many parts of the world, groundwater resources if carefully managed can make a significant contribution to meeting the demand for water in the future and to adapting to climate change.

The shrinking of glaciers is, in the short term, adding water to streamflows over and above annual precipitation and thus increasing water supply; in the longerterm (decades to centuries) as glaciers disappear those additional sources of water will diminish and the buffering effects of glaciers on streamflow regimes will lessen.

Sufficient water supply, of good quality, is a key ingredient in the health and well-being of humans and ecosystems and for socio-economic development. Though there have been some regional successes in improving water quality, there is no data to suggest that there has been an overall improvement in water quality on a global scale.

Water quality is just as important as water quantity for satisfying basic human and environmental needs, yet it has received far less investment, scientific support, and public attention in recent decades than water quantity.

Poor water quality has many economic costs associated with it, including degradation of ecosystem services; health-related costs; impacts on economic activities such as agriculture, industrial production and tourism; increased water treatment costs; and reduced property values.

With freshwater projected to become an increasingly scarce resource in the coming years, the costs associated with addressing water quality problems can be expected to increase.


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¹° ¾ÈÀü¼º °èȹ(Water Safety Planning)¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ¿¹¹æÀûÀÌ°í Çùµ¿ÀûÀÎ Á¢±Ù¹ýÀº ºñ¿ëÀý°¨ ¹× ¼öÁúÀÇ Áö¼Ó°¡´ÉÇÑ Çâ»ó µîÀÇ ÇýÅÃÀÌ ÀÖÀ½À» Áõ¸íÇß´Ù. °¢°¢ÀÇ ¸®½ºÅ© °ü¸® ¼Ö·ç¼ÇÀº ÇØ´ç ¹° °ø±Þ¿¡ ¸ÂÃãÇüÀÏ ÇÊ¿ä°¡ ÀÖÀ¸¸ç, ÇÙ½ÉÀûÀÎ ÀÌÇØ°ü°è ÀÚµéÀº °øµ¿ÀÇ ¸ñÇ¥¿¡ ¿¬°üµÇ°í Àü³äÇÒ °ÍÀ» ¿ä±¸ÇÑ´Ù.

¿©±â¿¡´Â Áý¼öÁö ¿µ¿ª¿¡ »ê¾÷¿ë ¶Ç´Â ³ó¾÷¿ë, °¡Á¤¿ë Æó¼ö¸¦ ¹æ·ùÇÒ Áöµµ ¸ð¸£´Â ÅäÁö »ç¿ëÀÚ ¶Ç´Â °¡Á¤, ±×¸®°í ȯ°æ ±ÔÁ¦ÀÇ ½ÃÇà°ú ÁýÇàÀ» °¨µ¶ÇÏ´Â ´Ù¾çÇÑ ºÎóÀÇ Á¤Ã¥ÀÔ¾ÈÀÚµé, ¼ÒºñÀڵ鿡°Ô ¼öµ¾¹°À» °ø±ÞÇÏ´Â ½ÃÇà»çµéÀÌ Æ÷ÇԵȴÙ.

ºó°ï ¿©¼ºµéÀº °æÁ¦ À§±âÀÇ Å¸°ÝÀ» ¹ÞÀ¸¸ç, ±³À° ¼öÁØÀÌ ³·Àº ¿©¼ºµéÀº ¼¼°è ´ëºÎºÐÀÇ Áö¿ª¿¡¼­ À§±â°¡ ¿À¸é ³ëµ¿ Âü¿©°¡ ´õ¿í ´Ã¾î³ª´Â °æÇâÀÌ ÀÖ´Ù. ¼öÀÚ¿ø¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ¿©¼ºÀÇ Á¢±Ù¼º°ú ÅëÁ¦±ÇÀ» Çâ»ó½ÃÅ°´Â Á¤Ã¥Àû Áö¿ø°ú ÇÔ²² »çȸÀû¡¤±ÝÀ¶Àû ÅõÀÚ´Â ºó°ï¿¡ ´ëÇÑ Ãë¾à¼ºÀ» °¨¼Ò½Ãų °ÍÀÌ¸ç ¿©¼ºÀÌ ½Ä·® ¹× »ý°è ¼ö´ÜÀ» È®º¸ÇÏ°í ÀڽŰú °¡Á·µéÀÇ °Ç°­À» À¯ÁöÇÏ´Â °ÍÀ» °¡´ÉÇÏ°Ô ÇÒ °ÍÀÌ´Ù.

»ýÅ°è´Â Áö¼Ó°¡´ÉÇÑ ¹ßÀü¿¡ ÇÙ½ÉÀûÀÎ ´Ù¾çÇÑ ÇýÅÃ(¼­ºñ½º)À» Á¦°øÇÑ´Ù. ¸¹Àº ÁÖ¿ä ¼­ºñ½ºµéÀº Á÷Á¢ÀûÀ¸·Î ¹°·Î ÀÎÇØ »ý°Ü³­ °ÍÀ̸ç, ¸ðµç ¼­ºñ½ºµéÀº ¹°ÀÇ µÞ¹ÞħÀ» ¹Þ°í ÀÖ´Ù. ±×·¯¹Ç·Î, »ýÅÂ°è °Ç°­¿¡ °üÇÑ Æ®·»µå´Â Àü¹ÝÀûÀÎ ÇýÅÃÀÇ °ø±Þ¿¡ °üÇÑ Æ®·»µåÀ̸ç, ¿ì¸®°¡ ¹°°ú ±ÕÇüÀ» ÀÌ·ç´À³Ä ±×·¸Áö ¸øÇÏ´À³Ä¸¦ ³ªÅ¸³»´Â ÇÙ½É ÁöÇ¥µéÀ» Á¦°øÇÑ´Ù.

¹°ÀÌ µÞ¹ÞħÇÏ´Â »ý¸íÀ» Æ÷ÇÔÇÑ »ýÅ°èÀÇ Æ®·»µå´Â »óȲÀÌ ±ÕÇüÀ» ¹þ¾î³µ´Ù´Â °ÍÀ» ¿ì¸®¿¡°Ô ¸»ÇØÁÖ°í ÀÖ´Ù. Á¤Ã¥ÀÔ¾ÈÀÚµé°ú °ü¸®ÀÚµéÀº »ýÅ°谡 ¹°À» °ø±ÞÇÏ°í Àç»ç¿ëÇÒ»Ó ¹°À» ¼ÒºñÇÏÁö´Â ¾Ê´Â´Ù´Â »ç½ÇÀ» ¾Ë¾Æ¾ß Çϸç, »ýÅ°迡¼­ ¹°ÀÌ Áö¼Ó ºÒ°¡´ÉÇÏ°Ô ÀÎÃâµÈ´Ù¸é ¿ì¸®°¡ Á¦°ø¹ÞÀ» ¼ö ÀÖ´Â »ýÅ°è ÇýÅõµ ÁÙ¾îµé ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù´Â °ÍÀ» ÀνÄÇÒ ÇÊ¿ä°¡ ÀÖ´Ù.

Chapter 4. Beyond demand: Water¡¯s social and environmental benefits

Improving water resource management, increasing access to safe drinking water and basic sanitation and promoting hygiene have the potential to improve the quality of life of billions of individuals and are critical for the achievement of the goals to reduce child mortality, improve maternal health and reduce the burden of waterborne disease.

A preventive and collaborative approach of Water Safety Planning has demonstrated benefits, including cost savings and sustainable improvements in water quality. Each risk management solution needs to be tailor-made to the water supply in question, and demands that key stakeholders become engaged and committed to a common goal. These include land users or householders who may discharge industrial, agricultural or domestic waste into a catchment area, policymakers from various ministries overseeing the implementation and enforcement of environmental regulations, practitioners delivering water and consumers at the tap.

Poor women shoulder the brunt of economic crises and women with less education tend to increase their work participation more in times of crisis in almost every region of the world. Social and financial investment along with policy support to improve women¡¯s access and control over water resources will reduce vulnerability to poverty and enable women to secure sources of food and livelihoods, and to maintain the health of themselves and their families.

Ecosystems deliver multiple benefits (services) that are essential for sustainable development. Many of these key services are derived directly from water, and all are underpinned by it. Trends in ecosystem health, therefore, indicate trends in the delivery of these overall benefits and provide a key indicator of whether we are in or out of balance with water.

Trends in ecosystems, including the life they support, are telling us that things are out of balance. Policy makers and managers need to recognize that ecosystems do not consume water. they supply and recycle it. and water taken from ecosystems unsustainably reduces their ability to deliver the benefits we need ecosystems to provide.

»ç¸·È­¡¤ÅäÁö ȲÆóÈ­¡¤°¡¹³ µîÀÌ ¹°¾Èº¸ À§Çù
»ý¸íÀ» »ì¸®´Â ÀÏÀº Á¡Â÷ ³ª¾ÆÁö°í ÀÖÁö¸¸, »ý°è¿Í ÀÚ»êÀ» »ì¸®´Â ÀÏÀº ÇÙ½ÉÀûÀÎ °³¹ß °úÁ¦·Î ³²¾Æ ÀÖ´Ù. ƯÈ÷, ¹° °ü·Ã ÀçÇØ´Â ºó°ï °¨Ãà ³ë·Â°ú ¡®»õõ³â °³¹ß°èȹ¡¯°ú °°Àº °³¹ß ¸ñÇ¥¸¦ ´Þ¼ºÇϴµ¥ ÁÖ¿ä Àå¾Ö¹°ÀÌ´Ù.

»ç¸·È­¿Í ÅäÁö ȲÆóÈ­, °¡¹³(DLDD)ÀÇ ¹° ºÎÁ· °ü·Ã ÁÖ¿ä ¿µÇâ Áß Çϳª´Â ½Ä·® ºÒ¾ÈÁ¤°ú ÇÇÇØ °øµ¿Ã¼ ƯÈ÷ °ÇÁ¶Áö´ëÀÇ °³¹ßµµ»ó±¹¿¡¼­ ÀÖ´Â °øµ¿Ã¼ÀÇ ±â¾Æ¸¦ ÅëÇؼ­ ÆľǵȴÙ. ¸¸¾à °ÇÁ¶Áö´ë ±¹°¡µéÀÌ ¼öÀÚ¿ø¿¡ ´ëÇÑ »ç¸·È­, ÅäÁöȲÆóÈ­, °¡¹³(DLDD)ÀÇ ¿µÇâÀ» °¨¼Ò½ÃÅ°°í ¹° ¾Èº¸¸¦ ´Þ¼ºÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù¸é, ½Ä·®¾Èº¸¸¦ ´Þ¼ºÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Â ±âȸ´Â Å©°Ô Çâ»óµÉ °ÍÀÌ´Ù.

´Ù¾çÇÑ °³¹ß ºÎºÐµéÀº ´ë°³ ±×µé ¸ðµÎ°¡ ÀÇÁ¸ÇÏ´Â À¯ÇÑÇÑ ¼öÀÚ¿øÀ» µÎ°í ¼­·Î °æÀïÇÏ°í ÀÖ´Ù. ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ ºÕµéÀÌ ¹°¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ¡®°æÀï °ü°è¡¯¿¡ ÀÖÀ» ¼ö ÀÖÁö¸¸, ¹°ÀÇ ¸ðµç ÇýÅÃÀº Áö¼Ó°¡´ÉÇÑ °æÁ¦ °³¹ß¿¡ ÇÊ¿äÇÏ´Ù.

¼öÀÚ¿øÀÌ Á¦ÇÑÀûÀÎ ±¹°¡¿Í Áö¿ªµé¿¡¼­´Â ÇÑ ºÎ¹®¿¡ ¹°·Î ÀÎÇÑ ÇýÅÃÀ» ÁÖ´Â °áÁ¤Àº ´ë°³ ´Ù¸¥ ºÎºÐ¿¡ ºÎÁ¤ÀûÀÎ ¿µÇâÀ» ÁØ´Ù. ¹Ì·¡ÀÇ ¼ö¿ä¿¡ °üÇÑ ºÒÈ®½Ç¼ºÀº ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ °úÁ¦¿¡ º¹À⼺À» ´õÇÑ´Ù. ¼öÀÚ¿øÀÌ Á¦ÇÑÀûÀÎ °÷¿¡¼­´Â °¢°¢ÀÇ »ç¿ëó¿¡ ¹°À» ÇÒ´çÇϱâ À§Çؼ­, ±×¸®°í °¢°¢ÀÇ °³¹ß ºÎºÐ¿¡ Á¦°øµÇ´Â ¹°ÀÇ ´Ù¾çÇÑ ÇýÅÃÀ» ±Ø´ëÈ­Çϱâ À§Çؼ­ ÀÏÁ¤ Á¤µµÀÇ Æ®·¹ÀÌµå ¿ÀÇÁ°¡ ÇÊ¿äÇÒ ¼öµµ ÀÖ´Ù.

ÀÌ´Â Áß¿äÇÏÁö¸¸ ¾î·Æ°í º¹ÀâÇÑ µµÀü °úÁ¦ÀÌ´Ù. ¹° ÇÒ´ç¿¡ ´ëÇÑ °áÁ¤Àº ´ÜÁö »çȸÀû ¶Ç´Â À±¸®ÀûÀÎ °Í¸¸Àº ¾Æ´Ï¸ç ¹° ±â¹Ý½Ã¼³ ¹× °ü¸®¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ÅõÀÚ°¡ ´Ù¾çÇÑ ÇýÅÃÀ» ÅëÇØ ´õ ¸¹Àº °á°ú¸¦ âÃâÇÑ´Ù´Â Á¡¿¡¼­ °æÁ¦ÀûÀÎ °ÍÀ̱⵵ ÇÑ´Ù.

While we are getting better at saving lives, saving livelihoods and assets remains a key development challenge: water-related disasters are a major obstacle to poverty reduction efforts and to meeting development objectives, such as the Millennium Development Goals.

One of the major impacts of desertification, land degradation and drought (DLDD) associated water scarcity is felt through food insecurity and starvation among affected communities, particularly in developing countries in the drylands. If dryland countries could reduce the impacts of DLDD on water resources and achieve water security, opportunities of achieving food security would be greatly enhanced.

Different developmental sectors are often in competition with each other for the finite water resources upon which they all depend. While they can be ¡®in competition¡¯ over water, it is clear that all the benefits of water are required for sustainable economic development.

In countries and regions where water resources are limited, decisions made to generate benefits through water from one sector often produce negative consequences for other sectors. Uncertainties regarding future demands add to the complexity of the challenge.

Where water resources are limited, certain trade-offs may be required in order to allocate water towards different uses in order to maximize the various benefits water provides though different developmental sectors.

This is a critical yet difficult and complex challenge. Decisions about water allocation are not merely social or ethical, but are also economic, such that investing in water infrastructure and management generates increasing returns though these various benefits.


°ÇÁ¶Áö´ë ±¹°¡µéÀÌ ¼öÀÚ¿ø¿¡ ´ëÇÑ »ç¸·È­, ÅäÁöȲÆóÈ­, °¡¹³ÀÇ ¿µÇâÀ» °¨¼Ò½ÃÅ°°í ¹° ¾Èº¸¸¦ ´Þ¼ºÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù¸é, ½Ä·®¾Èº¸¸¦ ´Þ¼ºÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Â ±âȸ´Â Å©°Ô Çâ»óµÉ °ÍÀÌ´Ù.


Á¦5Àå ¹° °ü¸®¿Í Á¦µµ, ±×¸®°í ¿ª·® °³¹ß
¹°ÀÇ Æ¯Â¡Àº ¸ðµÎ°¡ ¹°ÀÇ ÇýÅÃÀ» º¸Áö¸¸ ¸Å¿ì ¼Ò¼ö¸¸ÀÌ ¿Ö ±×·±Áö ÀÌÇØÇÏ°í ÀÖÀ¸¸ç ´õ ¼Ò¼öÀÇ »ç¶÷µéÀÌ ½ÇÁ¦·Î ¹°À» °ü¸®ÇÏ°í ÀÖ´Ù´Â °ÍÀÌ´Ù. ¹° °ü¸®´Â ±¸Á¶Àû ¿É¼Ç°ú ºñ±¸Á¶Àû ¿É¼ÇµéÀÌ Á¶ÇÕµÉ ÇÊ¿ä°¡ ÀÖ´Ù. ÀûÀÀÀûÀÎ ÅëÇÕÀû ¹° °ü¸®´Â Á¡Â÷ »¡¶óÁö°í ÀÖ´Â ¿ì¸® »çȸ¿Í °æÁ¦, ±âÈÄ, ±â¼úÀÇ º¯È­¸¦ ´Ù·ç±â À§ÇØ Áö¼ÓÀûÀÎ ÀûÀÀ °úÁ¤¿¡ ÀÖ´Â ¿©·¯ ºÎ¹®µé°ú Á¤Ã¥, ±â°üµéÀ» ¾Æ¿ì¸£´Â ¹° °ü¸®¿¡ ÇÊ¿äÇÑ ÅëÇÕÀû °ü¸®¸¦ Á¦°øÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù.

¼­·Î °æÀïÇÏ´Â »ç¿ëÀÚ Áý´Ü(¿¹: »óÇϼöµµ ȸ»ç, ³ó¹Î, »ê¾÷, ±¤»ê¾÷, °øµ¿Ã¼, ȯ°æ·ÐÀÚ)Àº ¼öÀÚ¿ø °³¹ß°ú °ü¸® Àü·«¿¡ ¿µÇâ·ÂÀ» Çà»çÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù. ÀÌ´Â ÅëÇÕÀÌ ÀϾ°í ¸¹Àº ÀáÀçÀûÀÎ ÇýÅÃÀÌ ºÎ»óµÊ¿¡ µû¶ó ÀûÀÀ °úÁ¤ÀÌ ´õ¿í Á¤Ä¡ÀûÀÌ°Ô µÇ¸ç, ÀüÀûÀ¸·Î ±â¼úÀûÀÌÁö¸¸Àº ¾Ê°Ô µÈ´Ù´Â ÀǹÌÀÌ´Ù.

ÇöÀç ¹° °ü¸®´Â Ư¼º»ó ±×¸®°í Àα¸ Áõ°¡, ÀÌÁÖ, ±â¼ú ¹ßÀü, ³ó¾÷ ¹× »ê¾÷ÀÇ ¹ßÀü°ú °°Àº À̽´ÀÇ Å¸ÀÌ¹Ö»ó ¿¹ÃøÇÒ ¼ö ¾ø´Â º¯È­ÀÓ¿¡ Ʋ¸²¾ø´Ù. ±âÈĺ¯È­ÀÇ ¸Á·ÉÀÌ ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ »óȲµé¿¡ ´ëÇÑ °ü½ÉÀ» ºÒ·¯¸ðÀ¸¸ç »õ·Î¿î ¾ç»óÀ» ´õÇß´Ù. ¹°¿¡ ´ëÇÑ °ÔÀÓÀÇ ±ÔÄ¢Àº Á¾Á¾ ¹° °ü¸®ÀÚ°¡ ¾Æ´Ï¶ó ÇàÀ§ÀÚ¿¡ ÀÇÇØ °áÁ¤µÇ¸ç, ±×µé¿¡°Ô´Â ¹°ÀÇ ÇÙ½É »ç¾ÈÀÌ ¾Æ´Ï°Å³ª ¹°ÀÇ Áß½ÉÀû Á߿伺¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ÀνÄÀÌ ¾øÀ» ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù. ÀÏ°ü¼º ÀÖ´Â °áÁ¤À» Çϱâ À§Çؼ­´Â °áÁ¤¿¡ ¼ö¹ÝÇÑ ´Ù¾çÇÑ Æ®·¹ÀÌµå ¿ÀÇÁ¿Í ÇÔ²² ÁÖ¿ä ºÎ¹®¿¡¼­ ¹° °ü¸®¿¡ Ã¥ÀÓÀ» Áö°í ÀÖ´Â ÀÇ»ç°áÁ¤±ÇÀÚµé°ú ¿¬°áµÈ Á¦µµÀû ±â±¸°¡ ÇÊ¿äÇÏ´Ù. ¸¹Àº ÀÌÇØ°ü°èÀÚµéÀÌ¡®±ÔÄ¢ ¼³¸³¡¯ ÇÁ·Î¼¼½º¿¡ Âü¿©ÇÒ ÇÊ¿ä°¡ ÀÖ´Ù.

¿©ÀüÈ÷ ¹° Á¦µµ´Â ´ë°³ ±â¼ú°ú ¹° °ø±Þ¿¡ °üÇØ ´Ù·é´Ù. ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ Á¦µµÀÇ È¿°ú¼ºÀ» Çâ»ó½ÃÅ°±â À§Çؼ­ ±â¼úÀû ¼Ö·ç¼Ç¿¡¼­ ÇÁ·Î¼¼½º ¹× »ç¶÷µé¿¡ ´ëÇÑ °ü¸®·Î ÁßÁ¡ÀÌ ¼­¼­È÷ º¯°æµÇ¾î¾ß Çϸç, Æ÷¿ëÀûÀÎ ÀÇ»ç°áÁ¤°ú »óÇâ½Ä Á¢±Ù¹ýÀ» Æ÷ÇÔÇØ¾ß ÇÑ´Ù. ±¹°¡ Â÷¿ø¿¡¼­ µ¥ÀÌÅÍ ¹× Á¤º¸, Áö½ÄÀ» ¼öÁý¡¤ÀúÀåÇÏ°í ¹° ºÎ¹®ÀÇ ¸ðµç ÀÌÇØ°ü°èÀÚ¿¡°Ô ¹èÆ÷ÇÏ´Â Áö¼Ó°¡´ÉÇÑ ÇÁ·¹ÀÓ¿öÅ©ÀÇ ¼ö¸³ÀÌ Áß¿äÇÏ´Ù. ÀÌ´Â ¼öÀÚ¿ø °ü¸®¿¡ °üÇÑ ÀÇ»ç°áÁ¤ °³¼±¿¡ ±â¿©ÇÒ °ÍÀÌ´Ù.

°øµ¿Ã¼ Â÷¿ø¿¡¼­ ÀÇ»ç°áÁ¤°ú ÀÚ¿ø°ü¸®¿¡ ÇÊ¿äÇÑ Á¤º¸¿Í Áö½ÄÀ» °øÀ¯Çϱâ À§ÇÑ ±¸Ã¼ÀûÀÎ Á¶Ä¡·Î´Â ÇöÁöÀÇ ÀÌÇØ°ü°èÀÚ¿Í ±×µéÀ» Áö¿øÇÏ´Â ¼­ºñ½º ±â°üµé, ¿¹ÄÁ´ë Á¤ºÎ±â±¸¿Í ³óÃÌÁöµµ ¼­ºñ½º, ºñÁ¤ºÎ±â±¸(NGO), ¿©Å¸ ¼­ºñ½º Á¦°øÀÚµéÀÌ Âü¿©ÇÏ´Â ´ëÈ­ Ç÷§Æû °³¹ß µîÀÌ ÀÖ´Ù.


¿©ÀüÈ÷ ¹° Á¦µµ´Â ´ë°³ ±â¼ú°ú ¹° °ø±Þ¿¡ °üÇØ ´Ù·é´Ù. ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ Á¦µµÀÇ È¿°ú¼ºÀ» Çâ»ó½ÃÅ°±â À§Çؼ­ ±â¼úÀû ¼Ö·ç¼Ç¿¡¼­ ÇÁ·Î¼¼½º ¹× »ç¶÷µé¿¡ ´ëÇÑ °ü¸®·Î ÁßÁ¡ÀÌ ¼­¼­È÷ º¯°æµÇ¾î¾ß ÇÑ´Ù.

Chapter 5. Water management, institutions and capacity development
 
Water is characterized by the fact that all benefit from it but few understand why and fewer actually manage it. Water management requires a mix of structural and non-structural options. Adaptive Integrated Water Resources Management (IWRM) can provide the necessary integration of water management across sectors, policies and institutions in a continuous process of adjustment that attempts to deal with the increasingly rapid changes in our societies, economies, climate and technologies.

Competing user groups (e.g. water utilities, farmers, industry and mining, communities, environmentalists) can influence strategies for water resource development and management, meaning that the process becomes more political and less purely technical as integration occurs and a potential basket of benefits emerges.

Water management now has to account for unforeseeable changes in the nature and timing of issues like population growth, migration, and globalization, changing consumption patterns, technological advances, and agricultural and industrial developments. The spectre of climate change has drawn attention to the importance of these and added a new dimension.

The rules of the game for water are often dictated by actors other than water managers, and are not set with water as their central focus or with the recognition of its pivotal importance. Making coherent decisions, with the various trade-offs they imply, calls for some institutional machinery linking decision-makers in key sectors with those responsible for water management. A wider group of stakeholders needs to be involved in the ¡®rule-setting¡¯ process.

Water institutions are still largely technology and water supply driven. To improve the effectiveness of these institutions, the emphasis has to gradually change from technological solutions to management of processes and people, involving inclusive decision-making and bottom-up approaches.

At the national level, it is essential to establish sustainable frameworks for capturing, storing and disseminating data, information and knowledge to all stakeholders in the water sector, thus contributing to improved decision-making regarding water resource management.

At the community level, concrete steps towards sharing information and knowledge, contributing to improved decision-making and resource management can include creating dialogue platforms involving local stakeholders and their assisting service organisations; for example, government institutions, extension services, NGOs and other service providers.
 
 
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