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¡ºUN ¼¼°è¹°°³¹ßº¸°í¼­(World Water Development Report)¡»/ Á¦4Æí¡®ºÒÈ®½Ç¼º°ú ¸®½ºÅ©¿¡¼­ ¹°°ü¸®(Managing Water under Uncertainty
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¡ºUN ¼¼°è¹°°³¹ßº¸°í¼­¡» Á¦4ÆíÀº UN-Water »êÇÏ ¿©·¯ ±â°üµé°ú ¼ö½Ê ¸íÀÇ °úÇÐÀÚ, Àü¹®°¡, ºñÁ¤ºÎ±â±¸, UN-Water ÆÄÆ®³ÊµéÀÌ ¼¼°è ¹°°³¹ß Æò°¡ ÇÁ·Î±×·¥ÀÇ Á¶À² ¾Æ·¡ Áö³­ 3³â µ¿¾È ¼öÇàÇÑ Çù·ÂÀÇ °á°ú¹°·Î¼­ 2012³â 3¿ù ¹ß°£µÇ¾ú°í, K-water(Çѱ¹¼öÀÚ¿ø°ø»ç)´Â Áö³­ 5¿ù14ÀÏ Çѱ¹¾îÆÇÀ» ¹ß°£Çß´Ù.

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Á¦10Àå °¡Ä¡ Æò°¡µÇÁö ¾ÊÀº ¹°ÀÌ ºÒÈ®½ÇÇÑ ¹Ì·¡¸¦ ¾ß±âÇÑ´Ù

¹°¿¡ ±íÀº ¿µÇâÀ» ¹ÌÄ¡´Â Á¤Ã¥µéÀº ±¹°¡ÀÇ °æÁ¦Àû, ±ÝÀ¶Àû °í·Á¿¡ ÀÇÇØ Å©°Ô ¿µÇâÀ» ¹Þ´Â Á¤Ä¡ÀÎ ±×¸®°í °èȹ ¹× °æÁ¦, ±ÝÀ¶, ¹° »ç¿ë ºÎ¼­ÀÇ °øÁ÷ÀÚµé µîÀÇ ÇàÀ§Àڵ鿡 ÀÇÇØ ¸¸µé¾î Áø´Ù. ¶ÇÇÑ, ¹°¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ÅõÀÚ¿¡ °üÇÑ °æ¿ì ±×¸®°í ¹° °³¹ß°ú °ü¸®¿¡ ´ëÇÑ °³ÇõÀ» ½Ç½ÃÇÏ´Â °æ¿ì´Â ÀϹÝÀûÀ¸·Î »çȸÀû ¶Ç´Â À±¸®Àû, Æòµî ¹× °øÁߺ¸°Ç°ú °ü·ÃÇؼ­ Ç¥ÇöµÈ´Ù.

¹°Àº Á¡Á¡ ´õ »ê¾÷ ¹× ±¤¾÷, Àü·Â, °ü±¤ µî °æÁ¦È°µ¿ÀÇ À§Ä¡¸¦ °áÁ¤ÇÏ´Â ÇÙ½É ¿ä¼Ò°¡ µÇ°í ÀÖ´Ù. ¹° ½ºÆ®·¹½º Áö¿ª¿¡¼­ ÀÏÇϰųª ÅõÀÚ¸¦ °í·ÁÇÑ È¸»çµéÀº ÀڽŵéÀÇ ¿î¿µÀû ¸®½ºÅ©¿Í ¸í¼º¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ¸®½ºÅ©¸¦ ¾ß±âÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Â ÀڽŵéÀÇ¡®¹° ¹ßÀÚ±¹¡¯°ú Áö¿ª °øµ¿Ã¼¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ¿µÇâ¿¡ ´ëÇØ ÀνÄÇϱ⠽ÃÀÛÇß´Ù. ¹°ÀÇ ´Ù¾çÇÑ »çȸ°æÁ¦Àû ÇýÅÿ¡ ´ëÇÑ °¡Ä¡¸¦ Æò°¡ÇÏ´Â °ÍÀº °¢±¹ Á¤ºÎ ¹× ±¹Á¦ ±â±¸, °ø¿© °øµ¿Ã¼, ½Ã¹Î»çȸ, ±âŸ ÀÌÇØ °ü°èÀÚµéÀÇ °áÁ¤À» Çâ»ó½ÃÅ°´Âµ¥ ÇÙ½ÉÀûÀÌ´Ù. µû¶ó¼­ ´Ù¾çÇÏ°Ô »ç¿ëµÇ°í ÀÖ´Â ¹°ÀÇ ¸ðµç ÇýÅÃÀ» ¿ÏÀüÇÏ°Ô Æò°¡ÇÏÁö ¸øÇÑ´Ù¸é ¹°°ú ¹°¿¡ ´ëÇÑ °ü¸® ºÎ½ÇÀ» ³º´Â Á¤Ä¡Àû Ÿ¸ÀÌ ¾ß±âµÉ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù.

°æÀïÀûÀÎ »ç¿ë¿¡ ºÎÁ·ÇÑ ¹°À» ÇÒ´çÇÏ´Â °ÍÀº ¹° °ü¸®ÀÇ Çٽɿ¡ ÀÖ´Ù. ¼¼°èÀÇ ¸¹Àº Áö¿ª¿¡¼­ ¼öÀÚ¿ø¿¡ ´ëÇØ Áõ°¡ÇÏ´Â ¾Ð·ÂÀº ¸ðµç ¿ä±¸¸¦ ÃæÁ·½ÃÅ°±â À§ÇÑ ¹°ÀÇ ºÎÁ·À» ¾ß±âÇÏ°í ÀÖ´Ù. ¹°¿¡ °üÇÑ ½ºÆ®·¹½º´Â ÁÖ·Î ³× °¡Áö »óÈ£ °ü·Ã ÀÖ´Â ´ÙÀ½ÀÇ ÇÁ·Î¼¼½º¿¡ ÀÇÇØ ¾ß±âµÈ´Ù.

Áï, Àα¸ Áõ°¡ ±×¸®°í °æÁ¦ ¼ºÀå, ½Ä·® ¹× »ç·á, ¿¡³ÊÁö(¹ÙÀÌ¿À ¿¬·áµµ ±× Áß ÇÑ°¡Áö ¿¡³ÊÁö¿ø) ¼ö¿ä Áõ°¡, ±âÈÄ °¡º¯¼º Áõ°¡°¡ ±×°ÍÀÌ´Ù. ºÎ¹®µé ³»¿¡¼­, ÇÑ »ç¿ëÀÚ ±×·ì¿¡¼­ ´Ù¸¥ »ç¿ëÀÚ ±×·ì±îÁö, ºÎ¹®µé °£¿¡ ¾î¶»°Ô Á¡Â÷ Èñ¹ÚÇØÁö´Â ¹°À» °øÀ¯ÇÏ°í ÇÒ´çÇÏ°í ÀçÇÒ´çÇÒ °ÍÀΰ¡¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ¼±ÅÃÀÌ ÀÌ·ç¾îÁ®¾ß¸¸ ÇÑ´Ù.
 
Chapter 10. Unvalued water leads to an uncertain future
Policies with profound effects on water are made by agents . politicians and officials in planning, economic, finance and water-using departments . that are heavily influenced by national economic and financial considerations. In addition, the case for investment in water, and for making the reforms to its development and management is also commonly framed in social, ethical, equity or public health terms.

Water is increasingly becoming a critical factor in decisions for the location of economic activities such as industry, mining, power and tourism. Companies working or contemplating investment in water-stressed regions are becoming aware of their ¡®water footprint¡¯ and its impact on local communities, which could pose operational and reputational risk to their business.

Valuing the multiple socio-economic benefits of water is essential for improving decisions of governments, international organizations, the donor community, civil society and other stakeholders. Conversely, a failure to fully value all the benefits of water in its different uses is a root cause of the political neglect of water and its mismanagement.

The allocation of scarce water to competing uses lies at the heart of water management. In many parts in the world, increasing pressures on water resources are leading to a shortage of water to satisfy all needs. Stresses on water are mainly driven by four interrelated processes: population growth; economic growth; increased demand for food, feed and energy (of which biofuel is one source); and increased climate variability. Choices must be made about how to share, allocate and reallocate the increasingly scarce water within sectors, from one user group to another, or between sectors.

Á¦11Àå º¯È­¿¡ ´ëóÇϱâ À§ÇÑ ¹°°ü¸® Á¦µµÀÇ º¯Çü
µ¶¸³µÈ »ýÅ°è¿Í »çȸü°è¿¡¼­ ¹þ¾î³ª »çȸ»ýÅÂÇÐÀû ü°è·Î »ç°í¸¦ º¯È­½ÃÄÑ¾ß ÇÑ´Ù. ÇÑ °¡Áö·Î Á¤ÀÇµÈ ¹Ì·¡¿¡ ´ëÇÑ °èȹ ´ë½Å¿¡ ¹°°ü¸® ±â±¸µéÀº ¸ðµÎ ºÒÈ®½ÇÇÏÁö¸¸ ´Ù¾çÇÑ Á¤µµÀÇ È®·üÀ» °®´Â °¡´ÉÇÑ ±¤¹üÀ§ÇÑ ¹Ì·¡ ½Ã³ª¸®¿À¿¡ ´ëÀÀÇϱâ À§ÇØ ÀڽŵéÀÇ Æò°¡ ¼ö´ÜÀ» ´õ Çâ»ó½Ãų ÇÊ¿ä°¡ ÀÖ´Ù.

¡ã ¹°ÀÇ ´Ù¾çÇÑ »çȸ°æÁ¦Àû ÇýÅÿ¡ ´ëÇÑ °¡Ä¡¸¦ Æò°¡ÇÏ´Â °ÍÀº °¢±¹ Á¤ºÎ ¹× ±¹Á¦±â±¸, °ø¿© °øµ¿Ã¼, ½Ã¹Î»çȸ, ±âŸ ÀÌÇØ °ü°èÀÚµéÀÇ °áÁ¤À» Çâ»ó½ÃÅ°´Âµ¥ ÇÙ½ÉÀûÀÌ´Ù.»çÁøÀº¡®Á¦7ȸ ¼¼°è¹°Æ÷·³¡¯°³ÃÖÀå¼Ò ¼±Á¤À» À§ÇÑ ¼¼°è¹°À§¿øȸ(WCC) ÀÌ»çȸ Àå¸é.
 

»çȸÀû À§Çè °¨¼ö¿Í ¼­ºñ½ºÀÇ ½Å·Úµµ¸¦ Á¤ÀÇÇÏ´Â °ÍÀº ±×°ÍÀÌ »õ·Î¿î ¾àÇ°¿¡ °üÇÑ °ÍÀÌµç ¿øÀÚ·Â ¹ßÀü¼Ò¿¡ °üÇÑ °ÍÀÌµç ¹° ±â¹Ý½Ã¼³¿¡ °üÇÑ °ÍÀÌµç °¢°¢ÀÇ »çȸ ³»ºÎ¿¡¼­ °è¼ÓÀûÀÎ ´ëÈ­¸¦ ÅëÇØ °áÁ¤ÇØ¾ß ÇÏ´Â »çȸÀû °è¾àÀÇ ÀϺÎÀÌ´Ù. ÅëÇÕÀûÀÎ ¼öÀÚ¿ø °ü¸®(Integrated Water Resources Management, IWRM)´Â Áö¼Ó°¡´É¼ºÀÇ ´Ù¾çÇÑ ¾ç»óÀ» Æ÷ÇÔÇϱâ À§ÇØ ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ ÇÁ·Î¼¼½º¸¦ ÅëÇؼ­ Çü¼ºµÇ´Âµ¥, ÀÌ´Â Á¾Á¾ ÀÇÁ¸ÀûÀÎ °æ·ÎÀ̱⵵ ÇÏ´Ù.

µû¶ó¼­, ÅëÇÕÀûÀÎ ¼öÀÚ¿ø °ü¸®(IWRM)´Â Á÷Á¢ÀûÀÎ ÅëÁ¦·ÂÀ» °ÅÀÇ Çà»çÇÒ ¼ö ¾ø´Â ¿Ü»ýÀû º¯È­¿¡ °è¼Ó ´ëÀÀÇϱâ À§Çؼ­ Áö½Ä Áý¾àÀûÀ̸ç, ±×¾ß¸»·Î ÀûÀÀ·ÂÀ» °®Ãç¾ß È¿°úÀûÀÏ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù. ÀûÀÀÀû °ü¸®´Â °ü¸® Á¶Ä¡ÀÇ °á°ú¿Í ´Ù¸¥ »ç°Çµé¿¡ ´ëÇØ ´õ¿í Àß ÀÌÇØÇÏ°Ô ÇÒ»Ó¸¸ ¾Æ´Ï¶ó, ºÒÈ®½Ç¼º¿¡ ¸Â¼­ À¯¿¬ÇÑ ÀÇ»ç°áÁ¤À» ÃËÁøÇϱâ À§ÇÑ ÀýÂ÷ÀÌ´Ù.

º»ÁúÀûÀ¸·Î º¹ÀâÇÑ ¼¼°è¿¡¼­ ¹°¿¡ ¿µÇâÀ» ÁÖ´Â Áß¿äÇÑ °áÁ¤ ´ëºÎºÐÀº ¿öÅ͹ڽº(water box) ¹Û¿¡¼­ ÀϾ´Ù. ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ °áÁ¤µéÀº °¢±¹ Á¤ºÎµé°ú ¹Î°£ ºÎ¹®, ½Ã¹Î»çȸÀÇ ÁöµµÀڵ鿡 ÀÇÇؼ­ ³»·ÁÁø´Ù. µû¶ó¼­, ±â¼ú Àü¹®°¡µéÀÌ Á¤ºÎ ³»ÀÇ ÀÇ»ç°áÁ¤±ÇÀÚ»Ó¸¸ ¾Æ´Ï¶ó ±×µéÀÇ °áÁ¤¿¡ ¿µÇâÀ» ¹Þ´Â »ç¶÷µé¿¡°Ô Á¤º¸¸¦ Á¦°øÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Â »õ·Î¿î ¹æ¹ýÀ» °³¹ßÇÏ´Â °ÍÀÌ Áß¿äÇÏ´Ù. ÀÌ´Â ±â¼ú Àü¹®°¡µé°ú Á¤ºÎ ÀÇ»ç°áÁ¤±ÇÀÚ, »çȸ Àüü°£ÀÇ °ø½ÄÀûÀÎ °ü°è¸¦ ¼ö¸³ÇÏ´Â °ÍÀ» ÇÊ¿ä·Î ÇÑ´Ù.


¡ã ³ó¾÷, ±¤¾÷, ¿¡³ÊÁö ºÎ¹®µé°ú ÅäÁö °ü¸®, ¹°°ü¸®¸¦ »óÈ£ ¿¬°á½ÃÅ°´Â °Íµµ È¿°úÀûÀÎ ¹æ¹ýÀÌ´Ù.

ÀüÅëÀûÀ¸·Î ¹°°ü¸®¿¡¼­ ¹«¾ùÀÌ °í·ÁµÇ¾ú´Â°¡¸¦ ¶Ù¾î ³Ñ´Â °Í Áï, ¿öÅ͹ڽº ¹ÛÀ¸·Î ³ª¾Æ°¡´Â °ÍÀÌ ºÒ°¡ÇÇÇÏ´Ù. Á¦µµÀûÀÎ Â÷¿ø¿¡¼­ ³ó¾÷ ¹× ±¤¾÷, ¿¡³ÊÁö °°Àº ºÎ¹®µé°ú ÅäÁö °ü¸®¿Í ¹° °ü¸®¸¦ »óÈ£ ¿¬°á½ÃÅ°´Â °ÍÀº È¿°úÀûÀÎ ÀÇ»ç°áÁ¤ÀÇ È®·üÀ» Çâ»ó½Ãų °ÍÀÌ´Ù. À̸¦ ½ÇÇöÇÏ´Â °ÍÀº ÁöµµÃþ¿¡°Ô´Â ¸Å¿ì Èûµç ÀÏÀÌ´Ù.

ÀüÅëÀû Á¢±Ù¹ýÀÇ °ü¼º°ú ´Ù¾çÇÑ ºÎ¹®µéÀÇ ÀúÇ×À» ±Øº¹ÇÏ´Â °ÍÀº ¿©ÀüÈ÷ Èûµç °úÁ¦ÀÌ´Ù. ÀÇ»ç°áÁ¤±ÇÀÚ°¡ ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ ¾ÆÀ̵ð¾î¸¦ ½ÇÇà¿¡ ¿Å±â±â À§Çؼ­´Â Áö¿øÀÌ ÇÊ¿äÇÏ´Ù. ¶ÇÇÑ À̵鿡°Ô´Â ºñÆÇÀ» °ßµð°í ±Ç·ÂÀ» ´Ù¸¥ ºÎ¹®°ú °øÀ¯ÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Â ¿ë±âµµ ÇÊ¿äÇÏ´Ù.

ƯÁ¤ ºÒÈ®½Ç¼º°ú ¸®½ºÅ©¸¦ °ü¸®Çϱâ À§ÇÑ ÀûÀýÇÑ °áÁ¤À» Çϱâ À§ÇØ ÀÇ»ç°áÁ¤±ÇÀÚµéÀº ÀÌ Á¡À» ºÐ¸íÈ÷ ÀÌÇØÇÏ°í ÀÖ¾î¾ß¸¸ ÇÑ´Ù. µû¶ó¼­ À̵éÀÌ ºÒÈ®½Ç¼º¿¡ Á÷¸éÇßÀ» ¶§ ¾î´À Á¤µµÀÇ ÅëÁ¦·ÂÀ» °¡Áú ¼ö ÀÖµµ·Ï ÃæºÐÇÏ°í Á¤È®ÇÑ Á¤º¸¸¦ Á¦°øÇØ¾ß ÇÑ´Ù. ±×·¸°Ô µÈ´Ù¸é ºÒÈ®½Ç¼ºÀ» °ü¸®ÇÏ´Â °Í¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ½ºÆ®·¹½º´Â ÁÙ¾îµé ¼ö ÀÖÀ¸¸ç, ±àÁ¤ÀûÀÌ°í Çö½ÇÀûÀÎ °á°ú¸¦ ¾òÀ» ¼ö ÀÖÀ» °ÍÀÌ´Ù.

Chapter 11. Transforming water management institutions to deal with change

There are calls for a change in thinking away from separate ecosystems and social systems to socio-ecological systems instead. Rather than planning for one defined future, water management agencies increasingly need to improve their methods of assessment in order to respond to a range of possible future scenarios, all uncertain but presenting at varying degrees of probability.

Defining social risk tolerance and service reliability is part of a social contract to be determined through a continuing dialogue within each society, whether it be for new drugs, nuclear power plants or water infrastructure. IWRM is contextually shaped through this process to encompass the different dimensions of sustainability (ecological, biophysical, economic, social and institutional), but it is also often path dependent.

Thus, effective IWRM is knowledge-intensive and simply needs to be adaptive if it is to continue to respond to exogenous changes over which it generally has little direct control. Adaptive management is a process that promotes flexible decision-making in the face of uncertainties as outcomes from management actions and other events become better understood.

In an inherently complex world, most of the important decisions impacting on water occur out of the water box. They are taken by leaders in governments, private sector and civil society. It is therefore important that new methods be developed for technical people to inform decision-makers in government, as well as those who are affected by these decisions. This requires a formal structuring of relationships between technical specialists, government decision-makers and society as a whole.

Looking beyond what is traditionally considered water management. going outside the water box. is inevitable. Interconnecting water management with land management and sectors like agriculture, mining and energy, at the institutional level, will enhance the probability of effective decision-making. Realising this is highly demanding on leadership. Overcoming the inertia of traditional approaches and resistance from various actors remains daunting.

Decision-makers need support in putting these ideas into practice, as well as the courage to withstand criticism and to share power with other actors.


¡ã ȯ°æ ÅëÁ¦ ¹× ÁöÇϼö ¸ð´ÏÅ͸µ, ÃßÃâ Çã°¡, ¿À¿°¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ¸ð´ÏÅ͸µ°ú ÅëÁ¦ µîÀÇ ºÐ¾ß¿¡¼­ È¿°úÀûÀÎ ¹° Áö¹è±¸Á¶´Â ¼öÀÚ¿øÀÇ °úÀ× »ç¿ë ¹× Àç¾ÓÀûÀÎ ÁöÇ¥¼ö ¿À¿°, ȸº¹ ºÒ°¡´ÉÇÑ ´ë¼öÃþ ¿À¿° µîÀÇ ¸®½ºÅ©¸¦ °¨¼Ò½Ãų ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù.
 

In order to make appropriate decisions to manage particular uncertainties and risks, they have to be clearly understood. It is therefore important to supply enough accurate information to provide the decisionmaker(s) a certain amount of control when faced with

uncertainty. Managing uncertainty can then become less stressful and result in more positive and realistic outcomes.

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¹°Àº ¸ðµç Ãø¸é¿¡¼­¡®Çϵå(hard)¡¯ÇÑ ±â¹Ý½Ã¼³À» À§Çؼ­ ±×¸®°í¡®¼ÒÇÁÆ®(soft)¡¯ÇÏÁö¸¸ ¶È°°ÀÌ Áß¿äÇÑ, µ¥ÀÌÅÍ ¼öÁý°ú ºÐ¼®, ¹èÆ÷, ÀÎÀû ÀÚ¿ø, ±â¼úÀû ¿ª·®, ±ÔÁ¦, ±âŸ ¹° Áö¹è ±¸Á¶ À̽´ µîÀÇ Ç׸ñµéÀ» À§Çؼ­ ÇöÀç ÀϾ´Â °Í º¸´Ù ³ôÀº ¼öÁØÀÇ ÀÚ±ÝÁ¶´ÞÀ» ÇÊ¿ä·Î ÇÑ´Ù. ¹°¸®Àû ÀÚ»ê°ú ÀÚ¿¬Àû ÀÚ»ê ¸ðµÎ¿¡ °üÇÑ ¹° ±â¹Ý±¸Á¶¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ÅõÀÚ´Â ¼ºÀåÀÇ µ¿ÀÎÀÌ¸ç ºó°ï °¨ÃàÀÇ ÇÙ½ÉÀÏ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù.

ÀûÁ¤ÇÏ°Ô ÀÚ±ÝÁ¶´ÞÀÌ ÀÌ·ç¾îÁö´Â ¹° Áö¹è±¸Á¶´Â ºÒÈ®½Ç¼ºÀ» °¨¼ÒÇÏ°í ¸®½ºÅ©¸¦ °ü¸®Çϴµ¥ ÇÙ½ÉÀûÀÌ´Ù. ȯ°æ ÅëÁ¦ ¹× ÁöÇϼö ¸ð´ÏÅ͸µ, ÃßÃâ Çã°¡, ¿À¿°¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ¸ð´ÏÅ͸µ°ú ÅëÁ¦ µîÀÇ ºÐ¾ß¿¡¼­ È¿°úÀûÀÎ ¹° Áö¹è±¸Á¶´Â ¼öÀÚ¿øÀÇ °úÀ× »ç¿ë ¹× Àç¾ÓÀûÀÎ ÁöÇ¥¼ö ¿À¿°, ȸº¹ ºÒ°¡´ÉÇÑ ´ë¼öÃþ ¿À¿° µîÀÇ ¸®½ºÅ©¸¦ °¨¼Ò½Ãų ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù. ¶§¶§·Î ÀϺΠÀÌ·¯ÇÑ ¹° Áö¹è±¸Á¶ÀÇ ±â´ÉµéÀº ÃßÃâ ¿ä±Ý ¹× ¿À¿° ºÎ´ã±ÝÀ» ÅëÇØ ÀÚüÀûÀÎ ÀÚ±ÝÁ¶´ÞÀÌ °¡´ÉÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù.

Àü±¹Àû °üÃø ½Ã½ºÅÛÀÇ ¹æÄ¡¿Í ¼èÅð´Â Áß¿äÇÑ ¼ö¹®ÇÐÀû µ¥ÀÌÅÍÀÇ ¼Õ½ÇÀ» ¾ß±âÇÑ´Ù. °¢±¹ÀÇ ¹° ¹× ¹° °ü·Ã Á¤º¸ ±âº»À» ¾÷±×·¹À̵åÇϴµ¥ ÇÊ¿äÇÑ ±â¼ú¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ÅõÀÚ´Â ÁÁÀº ¼öÀÍÀ» º¸¿©ÁÙ ¼ö ÀÖÀ¸¸ç ±¹Á¦ °³¹ß °øµ¿Ã¼ÀÇ Áö¿ø ´ë»óÀÌ µÇ°í ÀÖ´Ù. ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ Á¤º¸´Â Áß¿äÇÑ ±¹°¡Àû °ü½É»çÀÌÁö¸¸ Á¾Á¾ ½É°¢ÇÏ°Ô ÀÚ±Ý Á¶´ÞÀÌ ¾È µÇ¾î¼­ Á¦°ø¹ÞÀ» ¼ö ¾ø´Â Áö¹æÀû, ¶Ç´Â ÇÏõ À¯¿ªÀÇ, Áö¿ªÀû, ±¹Á¦Àû Â÷¿øÀÇ °ø°øÀçÀÌ´Ù.

°ø°ø±â°ü¿¡ ÀÇÇØ ¼öÇàµÇ´Â ÀûÀÀ°ú ¿ÏÈ­ ÇÁ·ÎÁ§Æ®µéÀº ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ ±¸Ã¼ÀûÀÎ ¸ñÀûÀ» À§ÇØ ¸¸µé¾îÁø »õ·Î¿î ÀûÀÀ ÆÝµå µîÀÇ ±¤¹üÀ§ÇÑ °³¹ß Æݵ带 À¯Ä¡ÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù. ÇÏÁö¸¸, ¸¹Àº ÀûÀÀ, ¿ÏÈ­ ³ë·ÂÀº ÀڽŵéÀÇ Æ¯Á¤ÇÑ »óȲ¿¡ ¸Â´Â ´Ù¸¥ ÀÚ±ÝÁ¶´Þ¿ø¿¡ ÀÇÁöÇؾ߸¸ ÇÏ´Â ÁØÁ¤ºÎ ±â°ü»Ó¸¸ ¾Æ´Ï¶ó ¹Î°£ ±â¾÷ ±×¸®°í ³ó¹Î, °¡Á¤ÀÇ ¸òÀÌ µÉ °ÍÀÌ´Ù.


¡ã ´ã¼öÈ­ Ç÷£Æ®¿Í Àç»ý¼ö »ç¿ëÀ» À§ÇÑ ÀϺΠÇÁ·ÎÁ§Æ®´Â ÀÚº»°ú »ó¾÷Àû ±ÝÀ¶À¸·ÎºÎÅÍ ÀÚ±ÝÀ» Á¶´ÞÇÏ´Â µ¶¸³ÀûÀÎ »ó¾÷ º¥Ã³¿¡ ÀûÇÕÇÏ´Ù. »çÁøÀº Ä«¸®ºêÇØ ¾Æ·ç¹Ù¼¶ÀÇ Çؼö´ã¼öÈ­½Ã¼³.
 

´ã¼öÈ­ ¹× Àç»ý¼ö °°Àº ±â¼ú »ç¿ëÀÇ Áõ°¡´Â ´ã¼ö ÁöÇ¥¼ö ¹× ÁöÇϼö ÀÎÃâ¿¡ ÀÇÁ¸ÇÏ´Â °Í°ú ºñ±³ÇÒ ¶§ ¸®½ºÅ©¸¦ °¨¼Ò½ÃÅ°°í ºÐ»ê½Ãų ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù. ´ã¼öÈ­ Ç÷£Æ®¿Í Àç»ý¼ö »ç¿ëÀ» À§ÇÑ ÀϺΠÇÁ·ÎÁ§Æ®(¿©±â¿¡´Â Æó¼öó¸® Ç÷£Æ®¿¡ ´ëÇÑ »ó´çÇÑ ÅõÀÚ°¡ ¼ö¹ÝµÈ´Ù)´Â ÀÚº»°ú »ó¾÷Àû ±ÝÀ¶À¸·ÎºÎÅÍ ÀÚ±ÝÀ» Á¶´ÞÇÏ´Â µ¶¸³ÀûÀÎ »ó¾÷ º¥Ã³¿¡ ÀûÇÕÇÏ´Ù.

¹°À» À§ÇØ »ó¾÷Àû ±ÝÀ¶À» ÅëÇØ ÀÚ±ÝÀ» Á¶´ÞÇÏ´Â °ÍÀº 2007³â ÀÌÈÄ ¼¼°è ±ÝÀ¶ »óȲÀ¸·Î ÀÎÇØ ´õ¿í ¾î·Á¿öÁö°í ÀÖ´Ù. ÀÌ ¶§¹®¿¡ ƯÈ÷ ¶óƾ ¾Æ¸Þ¸®Ä« °°Àº ÀϺΠÁö¿ª¿¡¼­´Â ÀϹÝÀûÀÎ ¹®Á¦µé»Ó¸¸ ¾Æ´Ï¶ó ¹° ±â¹Ý½Ã¼³ ÇÁ·ÎÁ§Æ®¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ¹Î°£ Â÷¿ø¿¡¼­ÀÇ °ü½ÉÀÌ ÁÙ¾îµé¾úÀ¸¸ç ÇöÀçÀÇ ¹Î¡¤°ü ÇÕÀÛ(PPP) º¥Ã³ÀÇ ÆÄÆ®³ÊµéÀ» ºÒ¾ÈÇÏ°Ô ¸¸µé°í ÀÖ´Ù. À¯µ¿¼ºÀÌ ºÎÁ·ÇØÁö°í ¼¼°èÀûÀÎ ÀºÇàÀÇ ¹®Á¦µéÀÌ ±¹³» ÀºÇàµé¿¡ ¿©Æĸ¦ ¹Ìħ¿¡ µû¶ó ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ ±ÝÀ¶È¯°æÀº ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ ÀÎÇã°¡ °Å·¡(concession deals)(¿¹: ÀÚº»)¿¡ Àڱݰø±ÞÀ» À§ÇÑ º¥Ã³ ijÇÇÅ»(¿¹: ÀÚº»)°ú ´ëÃâ ÀÚº»ÀÇ °ø±Þ¿¡ ¿µÇâÀ» ÁÖ¾ú´Ù. °ø¿© ±â°üµéÀÇ ±â¼ú Áö¿ø ¹× ¸®½ºÅ© °øÀ¯¸¦ ÅëÇØ °³¹ßµÈ ¸¹Àº Çõ½ÅÀûÀÎ °Å·¡µéÀÌ À§Çè¿¡ óÇØÀÖ´Ù.

ÀϹÝÀûÀÎ ¿øÄ¢À¸·Î ±ÝÀ¶Àû ÆÄ»êÀÇ ¸®½ºÅ©´Â ÇØ´ç ÇÁ·ÎÁ§Æ®ÀÇ ¸®½ºÅ© ÇÁ·ÎÆÄÀÏ°ú ¿¹»ó ij½Ã Ç÷ο쿡 ´ëÇÑ ±ÝÀ¶Àû Á¶°ÇÀ» Á¶Á¤ÇÔÀ¸·Î½á °ü¸®µÉ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù. º¹ÀâÇÑ ´ëÇü ÇÁ·ÎÁ§Æ®´Â ¼ö¿ë°¡´ÉÇÑ Àü¹ÝÀûÀÎ Á¶ÇÕÀ» ´Þ¼ºÇϱâ À§Çؼ­ ´Ù¾çÇÑ Á¾·ùÀÇ ±ÝÀ¶(»ó¾÷Àû ´ëÃâ, ¿ì´ë ´ëÃâ, º¸Á¶±Ý, ÀÚº»)À» º´ÇàÇÏ´Â °ÍÀÌ ÀϹÝÈ­µÇ°í ÀÖ´Ù.

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Chapter 12. Investment and financing in water for a more sustainable future

¡ã ¼¼°è °¢±¹ÀÇ ¹° ¹× ¹° °ü·Ã Á¤º¸´Â ±¹Á¦Àû Â÷¿øÀÇ °ø°øÀçÀÌ´Ù. »çÁøÀº ¾ÆÇÁ¸®Ä« ¿©·¯³ª¶ó¸¦ Åë°ú,¹° ºÐÀïÀÌ ²÷ÀÌÁö ¾Ê´Â ³ªÀÏ°­ Àü°æ.
 

Water in all its facets needs financing . at a higher level than is currently happening . for both ¡®hard¡¯ infrastructure and the ¡®soft¡¯ but equally important items such as data collection, analysis and dissemination, human resources and technical capacities, regulation and other governance issues. Investment in water infrastructure, in both its physical and natural assets, can be a driver of growth and the key to poverty reduction.

Adequately funded water governance is essential for reducing uncertainty and managing risks. Effective governance in areas such as environmental controls, groundwater monitoring and abstraction licensing, and monitoring and control of pollution can reduce

the risk of overexploitation of water resources or of catastrophic surface water pollution and irreversible contamination of aquifers. Some of these governance functions can sometimes be self-financing through abstraction and pollution charges.

The neglect and decline of national observation systems cause loss of vital hydrological data. Investment in the technology needed to upgrade countries¡¯ water and water-related information bases can show good returns, and is being targeted for support by the international development community. Such information is of vital national concern, but is often a local, river basin, regional or international public good that is seriously underfunded and under-provided.

Adaptation and mitigation projects implemented by public agencies can draw on a range of development funds, including new adaptation funds created for this specific purpose. However, much of the adaptation / mitigation effort will fall to private companies, farmers and households, as well as subsovereign agencies that will have to rely on other sources of financing according to their particular situation.

Increasing the use of technologies, such as desalination and reclaimed water can reduce and distribute risk, compared with relying on withdrawals of fresh surface and groundwater. Desalination plants and some projects for the use of reclaimed water (entailing sizeable investment in wastewater treatment plants) potentially lend themselves to stand-alone commercial ventures funded from equity and commercial finance.

Raising commercial finance for water has become more difficult due to the global financial situation since 2007. This, as well as the problems typical of certain regions, most notably Latin America, have discouraged new private interest in water infrastructure projects, and has unsettled partners in existing private public partnership (PPP) ventures.

The financial climate has affected both the supply of risk capital (e.g. equity) and loan capital to finance these concession deals, as liquidity has become scarce, and the problems of international banks have had repercussions on local banks. Many innovative deals, developed with technical assistance and risk-sharing from donor agencies, are at risk.

As a general principle, the risk of financial default can be managed by tailoring financial terms to the risk profile and expected cash flow of the project concerned. For large and complex projects it is becoming common to blend different types of finance (commercial loans, concessionary loans, grants, equity) to achieve an acceptable overall mix.

There is a feasible approach to financing in the face of unknowns and risks. It involves a mixture of efficiency measures, review of standards and technological options, improved rates of collection, better cost recovery from water users, more predictable government subsidies and ODA, and the intelligent use of such basic revenues to attract repayable funding sources using the array of risk-sharing devices now available.
 
 
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