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ÇѶ§ ¶°µé½âÇß´ø °í´ë ¸¶¾ß(Maya)ÀÇ µµ½Ã ƼĮ(Tikal)Àº ¼ö¸¶ÀÏ ¶³¾îÁø °÷¿¡¼­ °¡Á®¿Â õ¿¬Àç·á¸¦ »ç¿ëÇÏ¿© Á¤±³ÇÑ Á¤¼öÇÊÅ͸¦ ¸¸µé¾î »ç¿ëÇß´Ù°í ½Å½Ã³»Æ¼´ëÇб³(University of Cincinnati ; UC) ¿¬±¸ÁøÀÌ ¹àÇû´Ù.


UC(½Å½Ã³»Æ¼´ëÇб³) ¿¬±¸¿øµéÀº ÇöÀç °úÅ׸»¶ó(Guatemala) ºÏºÎ¿¡ ÀÖ´Â °í´ë ¸¶¾ßÀÇ ½Ä¼ö °ø±Þ¿øÀÎ Äھ¿£ÅÐ Àú¼öÁö(Corriental reservoir)¿¡¼­ ÇÊÅÍ ½Ã½ºÅÛÀÇ Áõ°Å¸¦ ¹ß°ßÇß´Ù.


UC ÀηùÇÐÀÚ, Áö¸®ÇÐÀÚ, »ý¹°ÇÐÀÚ·Î ±¸¼ºµÈ ¿¬±¸ÆÀÀº µµ½Ã·ÎºÎÅÍ ¼ö¸¶ÀÏ ¶³¾îÁø °÷¿¡¼­ °¡Á®¿Â °áÁ¤ ¼®¿µ(crystalline)°ú Á¦¿Ã¶óÀÌÆ®(zeolite)¸¦ È®ÀÎÇß´Ù.

 

 

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°í´ë ¸¶¾ß(Maya)ÀÇ µµ½Ã ƼĮ(Tikal)Àº ¼ö¸¶ÀÏ ¶³¾îÁø °÷¿¡¼­ °¡Á®¿Â õ¿¬Àç·á¸¦ »ç¿ëÇÏ¿© Á¤±³ÇÑ Á¤¼öÇÊÅ͸¦ ¸¸µé¾î »ç¿ëÇß´Ù°í ½Å½Ã³»Æ¼´ëÇб³(University of Cincinnati ; UC) ¿¬±¸ÁøÀÌ ¹àÇû´Ù.

 


½Ç¸®ÄÜ°ú ¾Ë·ç¹Ì´½À¸·Î ±¸¼ºµÈ °áÁ¤¼º È­ÇÕ¹°ÀÎ Á¦¿Ã¶óÀÌÆ®¿Í ÇÔ²² °ÅÄ£ ¸ð·¡¿¡¼­ ¹ß°ßµÈ ¼®¿µµéÀº õ¿¬ºÐÀÚü¸¦ Çü¼ºÇÑ´Ù. µÎ ±¤¹° ¸ðµÎ Çö´ëÀûÀÎ ¹° ¿©°ú¿¡ »ç¿ëµÈ´Ù.


½Å½Ã³»Æ¼´ëÇб³ÀÇ ÀηùÇÐ ºÎ±³¼öÀÌÀÚ ÀÌ ¿¬±¸ÀÇ ÁÖ¿ä ÀúÀÚÀÎ Äɳ׽º ¹Ù³Ý ÅÊÄ¿½½¸®(Kenneth Barnett Tankersley)´Â "ÀÌ ÇÊÅÍ´Â ÇØ·Î¿î ¹Ì»ý¹°, Áú¼Ò°¡ dzºÎÇÑ È­ÇÕ¹°, ¼öÀº°ú °°Àº Á߱ݼӰú ´Ù¸¥ µ¶¼Ò¸¦ ¹°¿¡¼­ Á¦°ÅÇßÀ» °Í"À̶ó°í ¸»Çß´Ù.


ÅÊÄ¿½½¸®(Tankersley) ¹Ú»ç´Â "Èï¹Ì·Î¿î °ÍÀº ÀÌ ½Ã½ºÅÛÀÌ ¿À´Ã³¯¿¡µµ ¿©ÀüÈ÷ À¯È¿ÇÒ °ÍÀÌ°í ¸¶¾ßÀεéÀº 2000³â Àü¿¡ ÀÌ ½Ã½ºÅÛÀ» ¹ß°ßÇß´Ù´Â °ÍÀÌ´Ù"¶ó°í ¸»Çß´Ù.


UCÀÇ ¹ß°ßÀº ÇмúÁö »çÀ̾ðƼÇÈ ¸®Æ÷Æ®(journal Scientific Reports)¿¡ ½Ç·È´Ù. ÀÌ ÇÁ·ÎÁ§Æ®´Â Àü·«ÀûÀÎ ¹æÇâÀÎ Next Lives Here(https://www.uc.edu/about/strategic-direction.html))¿¡¼­ ¼³¸íÇÑ ¹Ù¿Í °°ÀÌ UCÀÇ ¿¬±¸¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ÀÇÁö¸¦ º¸¿©ÁØ´Ù.


ÅÊÄ¿½½¸®(Tankersley) ¹Ú»ç´Â "°í´ë ¸¶¾ßÀεéÀº À¯·´¿¡¼­ ºñ½ÁÇÑ ½Ã½ºÅÛÀÌ »ç¿ëµÇ±â ¾à 2,000³â Àü¿¡ ÀÌ Á¤¼ö ¿©°ú ½Ã½ºÅÛÀ» ¸¸µé¾î ¼¼°è¿¡¼­ °¡Àå ¿À·¡µÈ Á¤¼ö ó¸® ½Ã½ºÅÛ Áß Çϳª°¡ µÇ¾ú´Ù"°í ¸»Çß´Ù.


UC ¿¹¼ú°úÇдëÇÐÀÇ ¿¬±¸¿øµéÀº ƼĮ¿¡¼­ ºÏµ¿ÂÊÀ¸·Î ¾à 18¸¶ÀÏ ¶³¾îÁø ¹ÙÁ¶ µ¥ ¾ÆÁîÄ«¸£( Bajo de Azucar) ÁÖº¯ÀÇ °¡Æĸ¥ ´É¼±±îÁö Á¦¿Ã¶óÀÌÆ®¿Í ¼®¿µµéÀ» ÃßÀûÇß´Ù. À̵éÀº X¼± ȸÀý ºÐ¼®(X-ray diffraction analysis)À» ÅëÇØ ºÐÁö ħÀü¹° ³» Á¦¿Ã¶óÀÌÆ® ¹× °áÁ¤ ¼®¿µ·®À» ½Äº°Çß´Ù.


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°í´ë ¸¶¾ß¿¡°Ô´Â ±ú²ýÇÑ ¹°À» ¼öÁýÇÏ°í ÀúÀåÇÏ´Â ¹æ¹ýÀ» ã´Â °ÍÀÌ ¸Å¿ì Áß¿äÇß´Ù. ƼĮ(Tikal)°ú ´Ù¸¥ ¸¶¾ß µµ½ÃµéÀº ´Ù°ø¼º ¼®È¸¾Ï À§¿¡ Áö¾îÁ³´Âµ¥, ÀÌ ¼®È¸¾ÏÀ¸·Î ÀÎÇØ °èÀý °¡¹³ µ¿¾È ¿¬Áß ´ëºÎºÐ ½Ä¼ö¸¦ ±¸ÇÒ ¼ö ¾ø¾ú´Ù.


UCÀÇ »ý¹°ÇÐ ±³¼öÀÎ µ¥À̺ñµå ·»Ã÷(David Lentz)´Â "°í°íÇÐÀڷμ­ ÇØ¾ß ÇÒ ÀÏÀÌ ¹Ù·Î ÀÌ°ÍÀÌ´Ù. ÀϺΠÁ¶°¢ÀÌ ºüÁø ÆÛÁñÀ» ¸ÂÃç¾ß ÇÑ´Ù"°í ¸»Çß´Ù.


°æ·ÂÀÇ ´ëºÎºÐÀ» °í´ë¹®¸íÀ» ¿¬±¸ÇØ¿Â UC Áö¸®Çаú ±³¼ö °â °øµ¿ÀúÀÚÀÎ ´ÏÄÝ¶ó½º ´õ´×(Nicholas Dunning)Àº °úÅ׸»¶ó¿¡¼­ ÇöÀåÁ¶»ç¸¦ ÇÏ´ø Áß ¾à 10³â Àü ¼®¿µ°ú Á¦¿Ã¶óÀÌÆ®ÀÇ À¯·ÂÇÑ ±Ù¿øÀ» ¹ß°ßÇß´Ù.


´ÏÄÝ¶ó½º ´õ´×(Nicholas Dunning) ±³¼ö´Â "±×°ÍÀº ¼®¿µ ¾Ë°»ÀÌ¿Í Á¦¿Ã¶óÀÌÆ®ÀÇ ³ëÃâµÈ, dzȭ¼º È­»ê ÅÍÇÁ¿´´Ù. ÁÁÀº ¼Óµµ·Î ¹°À» È긮°í ÀÖ¾ú´Ù"¶ó¸é¼­ "Àϲ۵éÀº ±×°ÍÀ¸·Î ¹°º´À» ´Ù½Ã ä¿ü´Ù. ¹°ÀÌ ¾ó¸¶³ª ±ú²ýÇÏ°í ´ÞÄÞÇÑÁö ÇöÁö¿¡¼­µµ À¯¸íÇß´Ù"¶ó°í ¸»Çß´Ù


´ÏÄÝ¶ó½º ´õ´×(Nicholas Dunning) ±³¼ö´Â ±× ¹°ÁúÀÇ »ùÇÃÀ» äÃëÇß´Ù. UC ¿¬±¸¿øµéÀº ³ªÁß¿¡ ÀÌ ¼®¿µ°ú Á¦¿Ã¶óÀÌÆ®°¡ ƼĮ¿¡¼­ ¹ß°ßµÈ ±¤¹°°ú ¹ÐÁ¢ÇÏ°Ô ÀÏÄ¡ÇÑ´Ù´Â °ÍÀ» ¾Ë¾Æ³Â´Ù.


°í´ë ¸¶¾ß µµ½Ã ƼĮ(Tikal)Àº µµ½Ã°¡ °á±¹ ¹ö·ÁÁö±â ÀüÀÎ 5¼¼±â¿¡¼­ 9¼¼±â »çÀÌ¿¡ ¹ø¼ºÇß´Ù.


Áö¸®Àû Á¤º¸½Ã½ºÅÛ ¸ÅÇÎ Àü¹®°¡ÀÎ Å©¸®½ºÅäÆÛ Ä«(Christopher Carr) UC Á¶±³¼öµµ ¹Ù¿À µ¥ ¾ÆÁîÄ«¸£(Bajo de Azucar)¿Í ÄÚ¸®¾î¿£ÅÐ(Corriental)¿¡¼­ UC ÇÁ·ÎÁ§Æ®¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ¿¬±¸¸¦ ÁøÇàÇß´Ù.


´ÏÄÝ¶ó½º ´õ´×(Nicholas Dunning) ±³¼ö´Â "°í´ë ¸¶¾ßÀεéÀÌ ÀÌ Æ¯º°ÇÑ ¹°ÁúÀÌ ±ú²ýÇÑ ¹°°ú ¿¬°üµÇ¾î ÀÖ´Ù°í º¸°í ±×°ÍÀ» ´Ù½Ã ¿î¹ÝÇϱâ À§ÇØ ¾à°£ÀÇ ³ë·ÂÀ» ÇÑ °ÍÀº ¾Æ¸¶µµ ¸Å¿ì ±³¹¦ÇÑ °æÇèÀû °üÂûÀ» ÅëÇؼ­¿´À» °Í"À̶ó°í ¸»Çß´Ù.


´ÏÄÝ¶ó½º ´õ´×(Nicholas Dunning) ±³¼ö´Â À̾î "±×µéÀº Àú¼öÁö·Î µé¾î°¡±â Àü¿¡ ¹°ÀÌ Àú¼öÁö¸¦ ÇâÇØ È带 ¼ö ÀÖ´Â Á¤Âø ÅÊÅ©¸¦ °¡Áö°í ÀÖ¾ú´Ù. ¹°Àº ¾Æ¸¶µµ ´õ ±ú²ýÇØ º¸¿´°í ¸Àµµ ´õ ÁÁÀ» °ÍÀÌ´Ù"¶ó°í µ¡ºÙ¿´´Ù.


¿ÃÇØ(2020³â) ÃÊ »çÀ̾ðƼÇÈ ¸®Æ÷Æ®(Scientific Reports)¿¡ °ÔÀçµÈ °ü·Ã ³í¹®¿¡¼­, UCÀÇ ¿¬±¸ÆÀÀº ƼĮ(Tikal)ÀÇ ÀϺΠÀú¼öÁö°¡ °á±¹ µ¶¼ºÀÌ ÀÖ´Â ¼öÁØÀÇ ¼öÀºÀ¸·Î ¿À¿°µÇ¾ú°í, ¾Æ¸¶µµ ¼®°í º®°ú ÀÇ·ÊÀûÀÎ ¸ÅÀåÁö¿¡ »ç¿ëµÈ ¸¶¾ß¶ó°í ºÒ¸®´Â »ö¼Ò·ÎºÎÅÍ ¿À¿°µÇ¾úÀ» °ÍÀ̶ó´Â °ÍÀ» ¹ß°ßÇß´Ù. »ê°ú¿¡´Â ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ ¿À¿°¹°ÁúÀÌ ³²¾Æ ÀÖÁö ¾Ê¾Ò´Ù.


¶Ç ´Ù¸¥ °øµ¿ÀúÀÚÀÎ ¹ö³í ½ºÄ«¹ö·¯(Vernon Scarborough) UC ÀηùÇаú ¸í¿¹±³¼ö´Â "°í´ë ¹° °ü¸®¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ´ëºÎºÐÀÇ ¿¬±¸´Â ¹®¸íµéÀÌ ¾î¶»°Ô ¹°À» º¸Á¸ÇÏ°í, ¼öÁýÇÏ°í, ¹æÇâÀ» ¹Ù²Ù´ÂÁö ¼³¸íÇÏ·Á°í ³ë·ÂÇß´Ù"°í ¸»Çß´Ù.


¹ö³í ½ºÄ«¹ö·¯(Vernon Scarborough) ¸í¿¹±³¼ö´Â "À½·áÇ°¸ñÀÇ ¼öÁúÀº ¿©ÀüÈ÷ ´Ù·ç±â ¾î·Á¿î ¼öÁØ"À̶ó¸é¼­ "À̹ø UCÆÀÀÇ ¿¬±¸´Â ¼ö¿øÀÇ Áú°ú ±×°ÍÀÌ ¾î¶»°Ô È®¸³µÇ°í À¯ÁöµÉ ¼ö ÀÖ¾ú´ÂÁö È®ÀÎÇÏ´Â ¹æ¹ýÀ¸·Î ¿¬±¸ ÀÇÁ¦¸¦ °³¹æÇß´Ù"´Ù°í ¹àÇû´Ù.


¹°·Ð, 1,000³â ÀüÀÇ ¹®¸íÀÇ »ýÈ°, ½À°ü, µ¿±â¸¦ À籸¼ºÇÏ´Â °ÍÀº ±î´Ù·Ó´Ù.


´ÏÄÝ¶ó½º ´õ´×(Nicholas Dunning) ±³¼ö´Â "Àý´ë Áõ°Å´Â ¾øÁö¸¸ È®½ÇÇÑ Á¤È² Áõ°Å´Â °®°í ÀÖ´Ù"¶ó¸é¼­ "¿ì¸®ÀÇ ¼³¸íÀº ³í¸®ÀûÀÌ´Ù"¶ó°í °­Á¶Çß´Ù.


UC »ý¹°ÇÐÀÚ °â °øµ¿ÀúÀÚÀÎ µ¥À̺ñµå ·»Ã÷(David Lentz) ±³¼ö´Â "ÀÌ°ÍÀÌ °í°íÇÐÀڷμ­ ÇØ¾ß ÇÒ ÀÏ"À̶ó°í ¸»Çß´Ù.


ÅÊÄ¿½½¸®(Tankersley) ¹Ú»ç´Â "±×¸®½º¿¡¼­ ÀÌÁýÆ®, ³²¾Æ½Ã¾Æ¿¡ À̸£´Â ´Ù¸¥ °í´ë ¹®¸í±Ç¿¡¼­µµ º¹ÀâÇÑ ¹° ¿©°ú ½Ã½ºÅÛÀÌ °üÃøµÈ ÀûÀº ÀÖÁö¸¸ ÀÌ´Â °í´ë ½Å´ë·ú¿¡¼­ óÀ½ °üÃøµÈ °Í"À̶ó°í ¸»Çß´Ù.


ÅÊÄ¿½½¸®(Tankersley) ¹Ú»ç´Â "°í´ë ¸¶¾ßÀεéÀº ¿­´ë ȯ°æ¿¡¼­ »ì¾Ò°í, Çõ½ÅÀÚ°¡ µÇ¾î¾ß Çß´Ù. ÀÌ°ÍÀº ³î¶ó¿î Çõ½ÅÀûÀÌ´Ù"¶ó¸é¼­ "¸¹Àº »ç¶÷µéÀÌ ¼­¹Ý±¸¿¡ ÀÖ´Â ¹Ì±¹ ¿øÁֹεéÀ» ±×¸®½º, ·Î¸¶, Àεµ, Áß±¹°ú °°Àº °÷¿¡¼­ °°Àº ±â¼úÀ̳ª ±â¼ú·ÂÀ» °¡Áö°í ÀÖÁö ¾Ê´Ù°í º»´Ù. ±×·¯³ª ¹° °ü¸®¿¡ À־´Â ¸¶¾ßÀεéÀÌ 1,000³âÀ̳ª ¾Õ¼­ ÀÖ¾ú´Ù"¶ó°í ¸»Çß´Ù.


ÅÊÄ¿½½¸®(Tankersley) ¹Ú»ç´Â À̾î "´ë´äÇÏ°í ½ÍÀº ´ÙÀ½ Áú¹®Àº ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ ¿©°ú ½Ã½ºÅÛÀÌ °í´ë ¸¶¾ß ¹®¸í¿¡ ¾ó¸¶³ª ³Î¸® ÆÛÁ³À» °ÍÀΰ¡ ÇÏ´Â °Í"À̶ó°í ¸»Çß´Ù.


UCÀÇ ¿¬±¸ÆÀÀº ¶ÇÇÑ °í´ë ¸¶¾ßÀεéÀÌ ±×µéÀÇ ¼ÒÁßÇÑ Àú¼öÁö¸¦ ÇØÄ¡Áö ¾Êµµ·Ï ħ½ÄÀ» ¾î¶»°Ô ¸·¾Ò´ÂÁö ¿¬±¸ÇÏ°í ÀÖ´Ù.

 

 

[¿ø¹®º¸±â]

 

 

Ancient Maya Built Sophisticated Water Filters

 

 

Ancient Maya in the once-bustling city of Tikal built sophisticated water filters using natural materials they imported from miles away, according to the University of Cincinnati.


UC researchers discovered evidence of a filter system at the Corriental reservoir, an important source of drinking water for the ancient Maya in what is now northern Guatemala.


A multidisciplinary team of UC anthropologists, geographers and biologists identified crystalline quartz and zeolite imported miles from the city.


The quartz found in the coarse sand along with zeolite, a crystalline compound consisting of silicon and aluminum, create a natural molecular sieve. Both minerals are used in modern water filtration.


The filters would have removed harmful microbes, nitrogen-rich compounds, heavy metals such as mercury and other toxins from the water, said Kenneth Barnett Tankersley, associate professor of anthropology and lead author of the study.


¡°What¡¯s interesting is this system would still be effective today and the Maya discovered it more than 2,000 years ago,¡± Tankersley said.


UC¡¯s discovery was published in the journal Scientific Reports. The project demonstrates UC's commitment to research as described in its strategic direction called Next Lives Here(https://www.uc.edu/about/strategic-direction.html).


The Maya created this water filtration system nearly 2,000 years before similar systems were used in Europe, making it one of the oldest water treatment systems of its kind in the world, Tankersley said.


Researchers from UC¡¯s College of Arts and Sciences traced the zeolite and quartz to steep ridges around the Bajo de Azucar about 18 miles northeast of Tikal. They used X-ray diffraction analysis to identify zeolite and crystalline quartz in the reservoir sediments.


At Tikal, zeolite was found exclusively in the Corriental reservoir.


For the ancient Maya, finding ways to collect and store clean water was of critical importance. Tikal and other Maya cities were built atop porous limestone that made ready access to drinking water difficult to obtain for much of the year during seasonal droughts.


This is what you have to do as an archaeologist. You have to put together a puzzle with some of the pieces missing. David Lentz,UC professor of biological sciences


UC geography professor and co-author Nicholas Dunning, who has studied ancient civilizations most of his career, found a likely source of the quartz and zeolite about 10 years ago while conducting fieldwork in Guatemala.


¡°It was an exposed, weathered volcanic tuff of quartz grains and zeolite. It was bleeding water at a good rate,¡± he said. ¡°Workers refilled their water bottles with it. It was locally famous for how clean and sweet the water was.¡±


Dunning took samples of the material. UC researchers later determined the quartz and zeolite closely matched the minerals found at Tikal.


The ancient Maya city of Tikal flourished between the fifth and ninth centuries before the city eventually was abandoned. Photo/Jimmy Baum/Wikimedia Commons


UC assistant research professor Christopher Carr, an expert in geographic information system mapping, also conducted work on the UC projects at Bajo de Azucar and Corriental.


¡°It was probably through very clever empirical observation that the ancient Maya saw this particular material was associated with clean water and made some effort to carry it back,¡± Dunning said.


¡°They had settling tanks where the water would be flowing toward the reservoir before entering the reservoir. The water probably looked cleaner and probably tasted better, too,¡± he said.


In a related paper published earlier this year in Scientific Reports, UC¡¯s research team found that some reservoirs in Tikal eventually became polluted with toxic levels of mercury, possibly from a pigment called cinnabar the Maya used on plaster walls and in ceremonial burials. Corriental remained free of these contaminants.


UC anthropology professor emeritus Vernon Scarborough, another co-author, said most research on ancient water management has tried to explain how civilizations conserved, collected or diverted water.


¡°The quality of water put to potable ends has remained difficult to address,¡± Scarborough said. ¡°This study by our UC team has opened the research agenda by way of identifying the quality of a water source and how that might have been established and maintained.¡±


Of course, reconstructing the lives, habits and motivations of a civilization 1,000 years ago is tricky.


¡°We don¡¯t have absolute proof, but we have strong circumstantial evidence,¡± Dunning said. ¡°Our explanation makes logical sense.¡±


¡°This is what you have to do as an archaeologist,¡± UC biologist and co-author David Lentz said.


Complex water filtration systems have been observed in other ancient civilizations from Greece to Egypt to South Asia, but this is the first observed in the ancient New World, Tankersley said.


¡°The ancient Maya lived in a tropical environment and had to be innovators. This is a remarkable innovation,¡± Tankersley said. ¡°A lot of people look at Native Americans in the Western Hemisphere as not having the same engineering or technological muscle of places like Greece, Rome, India or China. But when it comes to water management, the Maya were millennia ahead.¡±


Tankersley said the next question he would like to answer is how widespread these filtration systems might have been across the ancient Mayan civilization.


UC¡¯s team is also studying how the ancient Maya prevented erosion from harming their prized reservoirs.


[Ãâó=¿öÅͿ¶óÀÎ(https://www.wateronline.com/doc/ancient-maya-built-sophisticated-water-filters-0001) / 2020³â 10¿ù 22ÀÏ]

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