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[2014] [µ¶ÀÏ] ¿­´ë ÇؾçÀ» ȯ±â½ÃÅ°´Â ¹«¿ªÇ³: Áõ°¡ÇÏ´Â »ê¼Ò °áÇÌ¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ¼³¸í
À̸§ °ü¸®ÀÚ waterindustry@hanmail.net ÀÛ¼ºÀÏ 2014.12.26 Á¶È¸¼ö 1559
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[µ¶ÀÏ] ¿­´ë ÇؾçÀ» ȯ±â½ÃÅ°´Â ¹«¿ªÇ³: Áõ°¡ÇÏ´Â »ê¼Ò °áÇÌ¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ¼³¸í
 

Àå±âÀûÀÎ °üÃøÀº ¿­´ë Çؾ翡¼­ »ê¼Ò±Ø¼Ò´ë¿ª(OMZ; oxygen minimum zones)ÀÌ ÃÖ±Ù ¸î ½Ê ³â »çÀÌ¿¡ È®´ëµÆ´Ù´Â °ÍÀ» º¸¿© ÁÖ¾ú´Ù. ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ Çö»óÀÇ ¿øÀÎÀº ¾ÆÁ÷±îÁö ±Ô¸íµÇÁö ¾Ê¾Ò´Ù. ÃÖ±Ù µ¶ÀÏ GEOMAR Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research ¼Ò¼ÓÀÇ ¿¬±¸Áø°ú SFB(Collaborative Research Centre) 754 ¡°±âÈÄ-¿­´ë Çؾ翡¼­ »ý¹°Áö±¸È­ÇÐÀû »óÈ£Àۿ롱¼Ò¼ÓÀÇ ¿¬±¸ÁøÀº ¹«¿ªÇ³(trade winds)ÀÇ ÀÚ¿¬ÀûÀÎ º¯µ¿À» ¿¹ÃøÇÏ´Â ¸ðµ¨ ½Ã¹Ä·¹À̼ǿ¡ µµ¿òÀ» ÁÙ ¼ö ÀÖ´Â ¼³¸íÀ» È®ÀÎÇß´Ù. °ü·Ã ¿¬±¸´Â ±¹Á¦ Àú³ÎÀÎ Geophysical Research Letters¿¡ ¹ßÇ¥µÆ´Ù.

º¯È­´Â ÃøÁ¤µÉ ¼ö ÀÖÁö¸¸, ÃøÁ¤µÈ º¯È­ÀÇ ¿øÀÎÀº ±Ô¸íµÇÁö ¾Ê¾Ò´Ù. ¼ö½Ê ³â µ¿¾È °úÇÐÀÚµéÀº ¿­´ë Çؾ翡¼­ »ê¼Ò±Ø¼Ò´ë¿ªÀÌ È®´ëµÇ°í ÀÖ´Ù´Â »ç½ÇÀ» ÁÖÀÇ ±í°Ô °üÂûÇØ¿Ô´Ù. ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ Áö¿ªÀº ÀϺΠƯº°ÇÏ°Ô ÀûÀÀÇÏ´Â ¹Ì»ý¹°À» À§ÇÑ Ãµ±¹ÀÌÁö¸¸, ¾î·ù¿Í Çؾç Æ÷À¯·ù µî°ú °°Àº º¸´Ù ´õ Å« Çؾç À¯±âü°¡ ¼­½ÄÇÒ ¼ö ¾ø´Â Áö¿ªÀÌ´Ù. µû¶ó¼­ »ê¼Ò±Ø¼Ò´ë¿ªÀÇ È®´ë´Â ÀÌ¹Ì ÀϺΠ¾î·ùÁ¾ÀÇ ¼­½ÄÁö¸¦ °¨¼Ò½ÃÅ°°í ÀÖ´Ù.

ÀÌÀüÀÇ ¿¬±¸´Â Áö³­ ¼ö½Ê ³â µ¿¾È ¿­´ë Áö¿ª¿¡¼­ »ê¼Ò ³óµµ¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ºÎÁ¤ÀûÀÎ µ¿ÇâÀ» ¹ß°ßÇß´Ù. »ý¹°Áö±¸È­ÇÐÀû ¼øȯ ¸ðµ¨(biogeochemical circulation model)À» Àû¿ëÇÏ¿©, ¿¬±¸ÁøÀº ¿­´ë Çؾ翡¼­ »ê¼Ò ¼öÁØÀ» ¼³Á¤ÇÏ´Â µ¥ À־ STCs(Subtropical-Tropical Cells)¿Í °ü·ÃµÈ ¹Ù¶÷À¸·Î À¯¹ßµÈ Çؾç À̵¿ÀÇ Á߿伺À» °­Á¶Çß´Ù.

¿¬±¸ÁøÀº ÃÖ±Ù ±âÈÄ¿Í »ý¹°ÇÐÀû °øÁ¤ÀÇ ¸ðµ¨ ½Ã¹Ä·¹À̼ÇÀ» ÀÌ¿ëÇÔÀ¸·Î½á ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ º¯È­¿¡ ´ëÇÑ °¡´ÉÇÑ ¿øÀÎÀ» ã¾Ò´Ù. ¿¬±¸ÁøÀº ÀûµµÀÇ ºÏÂÊ°ú ³²ÂÊ ¹«¿ªÇ³ÀÌ ¿­´ë Çؼö¿¡ »ê¼Ò¸¦ °ø±ÞÇϴµ¥ À־ Áß¿äÇÑ ¿ªÇÒÀ» ÇÑ´Ù´Â °ÍÀ» º¸¿© ÁÖ¾ú´Ù. µû¶ó¼­ ¹«¿ªÇ³¿¡¼­ º¯µ¿Àº ÃÖ±Ù ¸î ³â À̳»¿¡ »ê¼Ò±Ø¼Ò´ë¿ªÀÇ °üÂûµÈ È®´ë¿¡ °ü¿©ÇÑ´Ù°í ÀÌ ³í¹®ÀÇ ÁÖÀúÀÚÀÎ Olaf Duteil ¹Ú»ç´Â ¼³¸íÇß´Ù.

»ê¼Ò±Ø¼Ò´ë¿ªÀº ¸ðµç ¿­´ë ÇؾçÀÇ µ¿ÂÊ °¡ÀåÀÚ¸®¿¡¼­ ´Ù¸¥ °­µµ·Î Á¸ÀçÇÑ´Ù. ±íÀº ÇؾçÀ¸·ÎºÎÅÍ ¿µ¾çºÐÀÌ Ç³ºÎÇÑ ¹°ÀÌ ÀÌ Áö¿ªÀÇ Ç¥¸é¿¡ µµ´ÞÇϱ⠶§¹®¿¡, ÇöûÅ©ÅæÀÌ Æ¯È÷ Àß ¹ø¼ºÇÑ´Ù. µû¶ó¼­ °Å´ëÇÑ ¾çÀÇ ÇöûÅ©ÅæÀÌ »ê¼Ò±Ø¼Ò´ë¿ª¿¡¼­ »ç¸êÇÑ´Ù. ÇöûÅ©ÅæÀº »ç¸êµÈ ÈÄ ÇØÀú·Î °¡¶ó¾É´Â´Ù. ½É¿¬À¸·Î °¡¶ó¾É´Â µµÁß ¹ÚÅ׸®¾Æ´Â ¹ÙÀÌ¿À¸Å½º¸¦ ºÐÇØÇϱ⠽ÃÀÛÇÑ´Ù. ¹ÚÅ׸®¾Æ°¡ ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ ºÐÇØ °úÁ¤À» ¼öÇàÇÏ´Â µ¿¾È »ê¼Ò°¡ ¼ÒºñµÈ´Ù. °¡Àå Å« »ê¼Ò±Ø¼Ò´ë¿ªÀº Ä¥·¹¿Í Æä·ç Çؾȿ¡¼­ ÅÂÆò¾ç±îÁö ÆîÃÄÁ® ÀÖ´Ù.

µ¿½Ã¿¡ ¼ö¹é ¹ÌÅÍ ±íÀÌÀÇ ÇØ·ù´Â ¾Æ¿­´ë¿¡¼­ »ê¼Ò°¡ ÃÖ¼ÒÀÎ Áö¿ªÀÇ ¿­´ë·Î ÇâÇÏ´Â »ê¼Ò°¡ dzºÎÇÑ ¹°À» À̵¿½ÃŲ´Ù. ¿­´ë ÅÂÆò¾çÀ» ¿åÁ¶·Î »ý°¢ÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù. ¼öµµ¸¦ Ʋ¾úÀ» ¶§, ¹° ¶Ç´Â »ê¼Ò·Î °¢°¢ ¿åÁ¶¸¦ ä¿ï ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù. ¶Ç °üÀÌ ¿­·ÈÀ» ¶§, »ê¼Ò´Â µ¿½Ã¿¡ ¼Ò½ÇµÈ´Ù. ÀÌÈÄ À¯ÀÔ°ú À¯Ãâ »çÀÌ¿¡ ºÒ¾ÈÁ¤ÇÑ ÆòÇüÀ» °¡Áö°Ô µÈ´Ù°í Duteil ¹Ú»ç´Â ¼³¸íÇß´Ù. ¸¸¾à ¼öµµ¸¦ Á¶±Ý¸¸ Æ°´Ù¸é, ¿åÁ¶´Â ´À¸®°Ô ºñ¿öÁú °ÍÀ̶ó°í Duteil ¹Ú»ç´Â ¹àÇû´Ù.

¿¬±¸ÁøÀÌ ÇöÀç »ê¼Ò ±ÕÇü(oxygen balance)°ú ÇØ·ùÀÇ °­µµ(strength of the currents)¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ÄÄÇ»ÅÍ ½Ã¹Ä·¹À̼ÇÀ» °áÁ¤ÇÒ ¼ö Àֱ⠶§¹®¿¡, ¿­´ë·Î È帣´Â »ê¼Ò´Â ¹«¿ªÇ³ÀÇ °­µµ¿Í Á÷Á¢ÀûÀ¸·Î °ü·ÃÀÌ ÀÖ´Ù. ¹«¿ªÇ³ÀÌ 10³âÀÇ ½Ã°£ ±Ô¸ð·Î ´Ù¾çÇÏ´Ù´Â °ÍÀº Àß ¾Ë·ÁÁ® ÀÖ´Â »ç½ÇÀ̶ó°í °øµ¿ ÀúÀÚÀÎ GEOMAR ¼Ò¼ÓÀÇ ±³¼öÀÎ Claus Boning ¹Ú»ç´Â ¹àÇû´Ù. ±×·¯³ª ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ º¯È­´Â ¿­´ë ÇؾçÀÇ »ê¼Ò ¼öÁö(oxygen budget)¿¡ ´ëÇÏ¿©´Â Á¶»çµÈ ¹Ù ¾ø¾ú´Ù.

1960³â´ëºÎÅÍ 1990³â´ë±îÁö ¾à 30% °¡±îÀÌ STCsÀÇ °üÂû ¹× ½Ã¹Ä·¹ÀÌ¼ÇµÈ °¨¼Ò´Â ¿­´ë·Î »ê¼Ò À̵¿ÀÇ °¨¼Ò·Î À¯¹ßµÆ´Ù. Àλ꿰(phosphate)ÀÇ À̵¿ÀÌ À¯»çÇÏ°Ô °¨¼ÒµÆÀ¸¸ç, È®»ê »ý»ê(export production) ¹× È£ÈíÀÌ °¨¼ÒÇß´Ù. ¹°¸®Àû À̵¿°ú »ý¹°ÇÐÀû ¼ÒºñÀÇ È¿°ú´Â ºÎºÐÀûÀ¸·Î »ó¼âµÇ¾î, »ê¼ÒÀÇ ÀÏ ³â ´ÜÀ§ÀÇ º¯È­¿Í 10³â ´ÜÀ§ÀÇ °¡º¯¼ºÀ» Á¦¾îÇÑ´Ù.

¹«¿ªÇ³ÀÌ 1970³â´ë Áß¹Ý ÀÌÈÄ ¾àÇÑ »óŸ¦ ³ªÅ¸³Â±â ¶§¹®¿¡, ¾àÇÑ ¹«¿ªÇ³ÀÌ »ê¼Ò±Ø¼ÒÁö´ëÀÇ °üÂûµÈ È®´ë¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ¼³¸íÀÌ µÉ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù. ¿­´ë ÇؾçÀÇ »ê¼Ò ¿åÁ¶°¡ ºñ°Ô µÉ °ÍÀ̶ó°í Duteil ¹Ú»ç´Â ¹àÇû´Ù. ÀÏ´Ü ¹«¿ªÇ³ÀÌ º¸´Ù ´õ °­·ÂÇÑ »óÅ·ΠµÇµ¹¾Æ¿Â´Ù¸é, °øÁ¤ÀÌ ¿ªÀüµÉ °ÍÀÌ´Ù.

ÀÌ°ÍÀº ÀϹÝÀûÀÎ Áö±¸ ¿Â³­È­¿Í °°Àº ¿ÜºÎ °øÁ¤ÀÌ ¿­´ë Çؾ翡¼­ »ê¼Ò ³óµµ¿¡ ¿µÇâÀ» ³¢Ä¥ ¼ö ¾ø´Ù´Â °ÍÀ» ÀǹÌÇÏÁö´Â ¾Ê´Â´Ù. Áö±¸ÀÇ ÁÖ¿ä ¹Ù¶÷ ½Ã½ºÅÛ¿¡ ¿µÇâÀ» ³¢Ä¡´Â Áö±¸ º¯È­¿¡ ´ëÇÑ Áõ°Å°¡ ÀÖ´Ù. ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ Áö±¸ º¯È­´Â ¾Æ¿­´ë¿Í ¿­´ë Çؾ翡¼­ »ê¼Ò À̵¿¿¡ ´ëÇÏ¿© Á÷Á¢ÀûÀÎ ¿µÇâÀ» ³¢Ä£´Ù°í °øµ¿ ÀúÀÚÀ̸ç, SFB 754 °­¿¬ÀÚÀÎ Andreas Oschlies ±³¼ö´Â ¼³¸íÇß´Ù. ±×·¯³ª ¾î·µç ¹«¿ªÇ³¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ ¿¬±¸´Â ¿­´ë »ê¼Ò±Ø¼Ò´ë¿ªÀÇ Àå±âÀûÀÎ ¹ß´Þ¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ÇÑ °¡Áö ¿äÀÎÀ¸·Î °í·ÁµÉ ÇÊ¿ä°¡ ÀÖ´Ù°í Oschlies´Â µ¡ºÙ¿´´Ù.

ÀÌ ¿¬±¸ÀÇ °á°ú´Â ¿­´ë ÅÂÆò¾ç¿¡¼­ °üÂûµÈ ³ª¸ÓÁö »ê¼Ò µ¿ÇâÀÌ ÁÖ·Î »ê¼Ò À̵¿¿¡¼­ º¯È­¿¡ ÀÇÇØ À¯¹ßµÈ´Ù´Â »ç½ÇÀ» Á¦¾ÈÇß´Ù. STCsÀÇ ÃÖ±Ù °üÂûµÈ °­µµ´Â ¿¬±¸ÁøÀÌ »ê¼Ò °¨¼Ò¿¡¼­ ÀϽÃÀûÀÎ Á¤Áö ¶Ç´Â °¡±î¿î ¹Ì·¡¿¡ ¿­´ë ÅÂÆò¾ç »ê¼Ò ¼öÄ¡ÀÇ Áõ°¡ µîÀ» ¿¹ÃøÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ°Ô ÇØÁÖ¾ú´Ù.

±×¸²1> ¿­´ë ÅÂÆò¾çÀÇ °³·«µµ : (1) ÇöûÅ©ÅæÀÇ °­·ÂÇÑ ¼ºÀåÀº ³ôÀº »ê¼Ò ¼Òºñ¿Í È®ÀåµÈ »ê¼Ò±Ø¼Ò´ë¿ª (2)À¸·Î À̾îÁø´Ù. ¼ö¹é ¹ÌÅÍ ±íÀÌ¿¡¼­ ÇØ·ù(3)´Â ¾Æ¿­´ë(4)·ÎºÎÅÍ »ê¼Ò°¡ Æ÷È­µÈ Çؼö(oxygenated water)ÀÇ È帧À» Á¦°øÇÑ´Ù. ¹«¿ªÇ³ÀÇ º¯µ¿(5)Àº ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ ÇØ·ùÀÇ °­µµ¿¡ ¿µÇâÀ» ³¢Ä£´Ù.

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Trade winds ventilate the tropical oceans: Explanation for increasing oxygen deficiency

Long-term observations indicate that the oxygen minimum zones in the tropical oceans have expanded in recent decades. The reason is still unknown. Now scientists at the GEOMAR Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research Kiel and the Collaborative Research Centre 754 "Climate -- Biogeochemical Interactions in the Tropical Ocean" have found an explanation with the help of model simulations: a natural fluctuation of the trade winds. The study has been published in the international journal Geophysical Research Letters.

The changes can be measured, but their reasons were unknown. For several decades, scientists have carefully observed that the oxygen minimum zones (OMZ) in the tropical oceans are expanding. These zones are a paradise for some specially adapted microorganisms, but for all larger marine organisms such as fish and marine mammals they are uninhabitable. Thus, their expansion has already narrowed down the habitat of some fish species.

Marine scientists from the GEOMAR Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research Kiel and the Kiel Collaborative Research Centre (Sonderforschungsbereich, SFB) 754 "Climate -- Biogeochemical Interactions in the Tropical Ocean" now have found a possible reason for these changes by using a model simulation of climate and biological processes. As their study shows, the trade winds north and south of the Equator play a crucial role in the supply of oxygen to tropical sea water. "So fluctuations in the trade winds could also be responsible for the observed enlargement of the oxygen minimum zones in recent years," explains Dr. Olaf Duteil, lead author of the study, which has now been published in the international journal Geophysical Research Letters.

OMZs exist in different intensities at the eastern edges of all tropical oceans. Because nutrient-rich water from the depths reaches the surface in these areas plankton thrives particularly well. Therefore large amounts of plankton organisms die there, too. After their death they sink down to the ocean floor. On the way down bacteria start to decompose the biomass. In doing so they consume the oxygen. The largest of these OMZs stretches from the coasts of Chile and Peru far into the Pacific ocean.

At the same time currents at a few hundred meters depth transport oxygen-rich water from the subtropics towards the tropics, where the oxygen minimum zones lie. "One can think of the tropical Pacific Ocean as a bathtub. When I open the tap, I fill the bathtub with water or 'oxygen', respectively. When the siphon is open, too, we lose oxygen at the same time. We then have an instable equilibrium between input and output," explains Dr. Duteil, "If I turn off the tap a little, the tub empties slowly."

As the researchers were able to determine in a computer simulation of the oxygen balance now, the strength of the currents and thus the oxygen flow to the tropics is directly related to the strength of the trade winds. "It is well known that they vary on a decadal time scale," says co-author Prof. Dr. Claus Böning from GEOMAR, "but these variations haven never been investigated in relation to the oxygen budget of tropical oceans. "

Since the trade winds have been in a weak phase since the mid-1970s, this could be the explanation for the observed enlargement of the oxygen minimum zones. "The oxygen bathtub of the tropical oceans is emptying," says Dr. Duteil. Once the trade winds come back into a stronger phase, the process will be reversed.

This does not mean that external processes such as the general global warming have no influence on the oxygen concentrations in the tropical oceans. "There is evidence that global change affects the major wind systems of the Earth. That would have a direct impact on the oxygen transport in the subtropical and tropical ocean," explains Prof. Andreas Oschlies, co-author and speaker of the SFB 754. "But it is important that according to this study the trade winds in any case as must be considered as a factor for long-term development of tropical oxygen minimum zones," Oschlies adds.
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