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[Global Issue Technology] ¿°¼Ò(chlorine) ¹× Ŭ·Î¶ó¹Î(chloramine)ÀÇ È¿°úÀû ÀÌ¿ë
À̸§ °ü¸®ÀÚ waterindustry@hanmail.net ÀÛ¼ºÀÏ 2018.03.05 Á¶È¸¼ö 732
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Global Issue Technology

¡°Åº¼Ò ÇÊÅÍ ÀåÄ¡ ÀÌ¿ëÇØ ¿°¼Ò ºÎ»ê¹° Á¦°Å °¡´É¡±
                        (chlorine)           

¹Ì±¹ ³» °ø°øÁ¤¼öÀå 98£¥ ÀÌ»óÀº Á¤¼ö󸮡¤¼Òµ¶ ¸ñÀûÀ¸·Î ¿°¼Ò ¹× Ŭ·Î¶ó¹Î »ç¿ë
½Å»ý¾Æ Áúº´¡¤°¢Á¾ ¾ÏÁúȯ µî ¿°¼Ò ºÎ»ê¹°·Î ÀÎÇÑ À§Ç輺 ½É°¢¡¦Åº¼Ò ÀåÄ¡·Î ÇØ°á
´Ù¸¥ ¿À¿°¹°ÁúÀÇ ÈíÂø À¯ÀÔ¹æÁö À§ÇØ ¸¶Áö¸· ´Ü°è±îÁö ź¼Ò½Ã½ºÅÛ ºÀÀÎ »óÅ À¯Áö

 


¿°¼Ò(chlorine) ¹× Ŭ·Î¶ó¹Î(chloramine)ÀÇ È¿°úÀû ÀÌ¿ë

 

¹Ì±¹ ³» °ø°ø Á¤¼öÀåÀÇ 98£¥ ÀÌ»óÀÌ ¼öó¸® ¹× ¼Òµ¶ ¸ñÀûÀ¸·Î ¿°¼Ò(chlorine)¿Í Ŭ·Î¶ó¹Î(chloramine)À» »ç¿ëÇÏ°í ÀÖÀ¸¸ç, ±× Áß ¿°¼Ò°¡ 80£¥ÀÇ ºñÁßÀ» Â÷ÁöÇÑ´Ù. ¿°¼Ò´Â ¼öÀμº ¿À¿°¹°ÁúÀ» Á¦°ÅÇÏ´Â µ¥ ÀÖ¾î ¿Ïº®ÇÑ È¿À²¼ºÀ» °®Áö´Â ¸øÇϳª ¹°À» º¸È£ »ì±ÕÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Â °¡Àå Àú·ÅÇÏ°í È¿°úÀûÀÎ ¹æ¹ýÀÌ´Ù. º» ÀÚ·á´Â ¿°¼ÒÀÇ È¿°úÀûÀÎ ÀÌ¿ë Ãø¸é¿¡¼­ ź¼Ò ÇÊÅÍ ÀåÄ¡¿¡ ´ëÇØ °ËÅäÇÑ °ÍÀÌ´Ù. ±× ³»¿ëÀ» ¹ø¿ªÇß´Ù. 

 [ÀÚ·áÁ¦°ø¡¤¹ø¿ª = ±è´ö¿¬ º»Áö ÆíÁýÀ§¿ø]

 

2012³â Ķ¸®Æ÷´Ï¾Æ ÁÖÁö»ç´Â ÀÇȸ¹ý¾È 685È£¸¦ ÀÇ°á ó¸®ÇÏ¿© Ķ¸®Æ÷´Ï¾Æ°¡ ¹°¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ±âº» ÀαÇÀ» ¹ýÀûÀ¸·Î ÀÎÁ¤ÇÑ ÃÖÃÊÀÇ ÁÖ°¡ µÇ¾ú´Ù. À̷νá Ķ¸®Æ÷´Ï¾Æ ¹° ÄÚµå ±ÔÁ¤ 106.3Ç׿¡ µû¶ó ¸ðµç ÁֹεéÀº Àΰ£ÀÇ »ýÈ° ¼Òºñ, ¿ä¸® ¹× À§»ý ¸ñÀûÀ¸·Î ¾ÈÀüÇÏ°í ûÁ¤ÇÏ°í Àú·ÅÇÏ°í ½±°Ô ÀÌ¿ë °¡´ÉÇÑ ¹°À» »ç¿ëÇÒ ±Ç¸®¸¦ °®°í ÀÖÀ½À» ÀÎÁ¤¹Þ°Ô µÇ¾ú´Ù. ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ ¹°±Ç¸®¸¦ °®°íÀÚ ÇÏ´Â ³ë·ÂÀº Àü ¼¼°èÀûÀ¸·Î ±àÁ¤ÀûÀÎ ¹ÝÀÀÀ» ÀÏÀ¸Å°°í ÀÖÀ¸³ª Àα¸°¡ Å©°Ô Áõ°¡ÇÏ°í ½Å±Ô ¿À¿°¹°Áú(emerging contaminants)ÀÌ Áö¼ÓÀûÀ¸·Î ¹ß»ýµÇ°í ÀÖ´Â ÇöÀç »óȲ¿¡¼­ ¹°±Ç¸®¸¦ ÃëµæÇÏ´Â °úÁ¤Àº ¸Å¿ì ¾î·Æ°í ¸¹Àº ºñ¿ëÀÌ ¼Ò¿äµÈ´Ù.

¹Ì±¹ÀÇ ¼öó¸® ÀÎÇÁ¶ó ¹× ¼Û¼ö°ü ÀÎÇÁ¶ó´Â ¼ö¸íÀÌ ´ÙÇÏ¿© »ó´çÈ÷ ³ëÈÄÈ­µÇ¾î ÀÖ´Ù. ÀÌ·± »óȲ¿¡¼­ Ç÷£Æ® ¿î¿µÀÚµéÀº Á¦ÇÑµÈ ¿¹»ê, ³ëÈÄÈ­µÈ ½Ã½ºÅÛ ¹× ¾Ö¸ÅÇÑ ±ÔÁ¦ ¹üÀ§ ³»¿¡¼­ ±×µéÀÌ ÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Â ÃÖ´ë Çѵµ·Î Ç÷£Æ®¸¦ ¿î¿µÇÏ°í ÀÖÀ¸³ª Áß´ëÇÑ ¼öÁú °ü·Ã ¹®Á¦ ¹ß»ýÀÌ 24½Ã°£ ¹æ¼ÛµÇ´Â ´º½º¿¡ ÀÚÁÖ ÅäÇÈ ±â»ç·Î µîÀåÇÏ°í ÀÖ´Ù.

 

ÀÌ¿¡ ´ëÇÏ¿© ¸¹Àº ¹Ì±¹ÀεéÀº Á¤ºÎ°¡ °ø±ÞÇÏ´Â ¹°¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ¸À, ³¿»õ, ¿Ü°ü»ó Ç°ÁúÀ» ³ôÀÌ°í ÀÎü ¾ÈÀü¼ºÀ» Çâ»ó½ÃÅ°±â À§ÇÑ ÀڽŵéÀÇ Ã¥ÀÓ°¨À» Àý½ÇÈ÷ ´À³¢°í ÀÖ´Ù. µµ½Ã¿¡¼­ÀÇ »ó¼ö °ø±ÞÀº ºñ·Ï ÀûÀº ¾çÀÌÁö¸¸ ¸Ô´Â¹°·Î »ç¿ëÇÏ°í Àֱ⠶§¹®¿¡ ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ Ã¥ÀÓ°¨ ÁÖÀåÀº ¸Å¿ì ¼³µæ·ÂÀÌ ÀÖ´Ù. ´Ù¸¸ Á¤ºÎ °ø±Þ µµ½Ã»ó¼ö¿¡¼­ À¯ÇØÇÑ ¿À¿°¹°ÁúÀ» ¸ðµÎ Á¦°ÅÇϰųª ¼öÀμº Áúº´ ¹ß»ý °¡´É¼ºÀ» ¿ÏÀüÈ÷ ÇØ°áÇϱ⿡´Â ¾öû³­ ºñ¿ëÀ» ºÎ´ãÇØ¾ß ÇÑ´Ù.

 

 

   
¡ã ¹Ì±¹ ³» ¹°°ø±Þ °ø°ø Á¤¼öÀåÀÇ 98£¥ ÀÌ»óÀº ¹°ÀÇ Ã³¸® ¹× ¼Òµ¶ ¸ñÀûÀ¸·Î ¿°¼Ò(Chlorine) ¹× Ŭ·Î¶ó¹Î(Chloramine)À» »ç¿ëÇÏ°í ÀÖÀ¸¸ç, ±× Áß 80£¥ Á¤µµ´Â Ŭ·Î¶ó¹ÎÀÌ ¾Æ´Ñ ¿°¼Ò¸¦ »ç¿ëÇÏ°í ÀÖ´Ù.


¼öÀμº Áúº´À» À¯¹ßÇÏ´Â ¹Ì»ý¹°Àº ¹Ì¼¼ ¸¶ÀÌÅ©·Ð ¹üÀ§ÀÇ ¸Å¿ì ÀÛÀº ¹ÙÀÌ·¯½º¿¡¼­ 50¸¶ÀÌÅ©·Ð Å©±âÀÇ ºñ±³Àû Å« Æ÷ÀÚ·ù(cysts)±îÁö ´Ù¾çÇÑ Å©±â·Î ºÐÆ÷µÇ¾î ÀÖ´Ù. º´¿ø¼º ¹Ì»ý¹° (pathogenic)Àº ÀϹÝÀûÀ¸·Î È£¼ö, °­¹°, Àú¼öÁö ¹× ´ë´Ù¼ö ÁöÇ¥¼ö¿ø¿¡ ÀÚ¿¬¹ß»ýÀûÀ¸·Î Á¸ÀçÇÑ´Ù.

 

ÀÌ¿¡ ºñÇÏ¿© ÁöÇϼö °ø±ÞÀº ¿À¿° ¾ø´Â ´ë»ó¿¡¼­ ¿ÏÀüÈ÷ Á¦¿ÜµÇ¾î ÀÖÁö ¸øÇÏ´Ù. Åä¾ç °³¹ß, Çϼö ½½·¯Áö ¸Å¸³ ¹× ±âŸ »ê¾÷ Æó±â¹°·ÎºÎÅÍ ÁöÇϼö ¼ö¿ø¿¡ ¹ÙÀÌ·¯½º ¹× ±âŸ ¹Ì»ý¹°ÀÌ ½º¸çµé°í À¯ÀԵǾî ÁöÇϼö¿¡µµ ÀϺΠ¹ÚÅ׸®¾Æ°¡ ³»Æ÷µÇ¾î Á¸ÀçÇÏ°í ÀÖÀ½ÀÌ ¹àÇôÁö°í Àֱ⠶§¹®ÀÌ´Ù. 

°ú°Å ¹Ì±¹ ³» °ø±ÞµÇ´Â ¹°¿¡´Â ´ëÀå±Õ, ¹ÚÅ׸®¾Æ, ¹ÙÀÌ·¯½º, ¿ø»ýµ¿¹° µî ´Ù¾çÇÑ ÇüÅÂÀÇ ¼ö»ý ¹Ì»ý¹°·Î °¡µæÇß´Ù. ÀÌ·Î ÀÎÇÏ¿© ¹ß»ýµÇ´Â ÄÝ·¹¶ó, ÀåƼǪ½º, ÀÌÁú µî ¼öÀμº Áúº´Àº ±Ø½ÉÇÑ °ø°ø °Ç°­ÀÇ ¹®Á¦·Î ´ëµÎµÇ¾úÀ¸¸ç, ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ Áúº´Àº ¾ÆÁ÷µµ Á¦3¼¼°è ±¹°¡¿¡¼­´Â Áß¿äÇÑ °ü½É»ç°¡ µÇ°í ÀÖ´Ù. Àü ¼¼°èÀûÀ¸·Î 10¾ï ¸í ÀÌ»ó Àα¸°¡ ûÁ¤ÇÑ ¸Ô´Â¹° °ø±Þü°è¿¡¼­ Á¦¿ÜµÇ¾î ÀÖÀ¸¸ç, °ÅÀÇ 20¾ï ¸í ÀÌ»óÀÇ Àα¸°¡ ÀûÀýÇÑ »ýÈ°¿À¼ö ó¸®ÀÇ ÇýÅÃÀ» ¹ÞÁö ¸øÇÏ°í ÀÖ´Ù.

¹Ì±¹ ȯ°æº¸È£±¹(EPA)Àº °Ç°­À» À§ÇùÇÏ´Â °¡Àå Å« ȯ°æÀû ¿ä¼Ò·Î ¸Ô´Â¹° ÀÚ¿øÀÇ ¿À¿°È­¸¦ ÁöÀûÇÏ°í ÀÖÀ¸¸ç, ¹Ì±¹ ³» ¹°°ø±Þ ½Ã½ºÅÛ¿¡¼­ ¹ß»ýµÈ ¼öÀμº Áúº´ÀÇ Àý¹Ý Á¤µµ¸¸ÀÌ °ø½ÄÀûÀ¸·Î »çÀü¿¡ °ËÃâ ¹× Á¶»çµÇ°Å³ª ±× °á°ú°¡ º¸°íµÇ°í ÀÖ´Ù. ÇÑÆí, ¼öµµ²ÀÁö¿¡¼­ ¹ß°ßµÇ´Â ¹Ì»ý¹°Àº ¹Ì±¹ ³» À§Àå °ü·Ã Áúº´ÀÇ 30£¥ ÀÌ»ó¿¡ Á÷Á¢ÀûÀΠåÀÓÀÌ ÀÖ´Ù°í Çϸç, ÃÖ±Ù ¿¬±¸¿¡ ÀÇÇÏ¸é ¼öÀμº ¹Ì»ý¹° À̵¿À¸·Î È°¼ºÈ­µÇ´Â Çö»óÀÌ °ú°Å¿¡ ¾Ë°í ÀÖ¾ú´ø °Íº¸´Ù ´õ¿í Áõ°¡ÇÏ°í ÀÖÀ½À» º¸¿©ÁØ´Ù.

 

On September 12, 2012, Governor Edmund G. Brown Jr. signed Assembly Bill 685, making California the first state to legislatively recognize the fundamental human right to water. Now in the California Water Code as Section 106.3, the state further recognizes that ¡°every human being has the right to safe, clean, affordable, and accessible water adequate for human consumption, cooking, and sanitary purposes.¡± The human right to clean water is a sentiment echoed worldwide, but is an 1increasingly more difficult and expensive goal to attain, especially with explosive population growth and the ongoing discovery of emerging contaminants.

America¡¯s water treatment and delivery infrastructure is aging and outdated and central plant operators are doing the very best they can within the confines of limited budgets, outdated equipment and arcane regulations. Considering the catastrophic water-quality failure events that are so frequently highlighted during the 24-hour news cycle, more and more Americans are realizing that they need to take responsibility upon themselves to improve the taste, odor, appearance and sometimes even the safety of centrally supplied water. This makes sense, since such a small amount of municipal water is consumed by humans. It is prohibitively expensive to address every single potential contaminant or waterborne threat comprehensively at the city level.

Waterborne microorganisms range in size from extremely small viruses in the submicron range to relatively large cysts that can approach 50 microns in diameter. Pathogenic microorganisms can occur naturally in lakes, streams, reservoirs and most surface water sources. Even groundwater supplies are not immune, since the existence of subterranean bacteria has been definitively proven along with the ability of enteric viruses and other organisms to leach into groundwater from land application or burial of sewage sludge and other residential and industrial wastes.

One hundred and fifty years ago, much of the US water supply was teeming with various forms of aquatic organisms, including coliforms, bacteria, viruses and protozoa. Waterborne diseases, such as cholera, typhoid and dysentery, were a serious public health problem and they are still major concerns in third-world nations, where over a billion people lack clean drinking water and almost two billion lack adequate sewage distribution and processing systems.

US EPA ranks drinking water pollution as one of the top environmental threats to health. Credible estimates suggest that only half of waterborne disease outbreaks in community water systems (and about one third of those in non-community systems) are ever formally detected, investigated or even reported. Microbes in tap water may actually be responsible for as many as 30 percent of gastrointestinal illness in the United States. Recent studies indicate that there is a far greater waterborne transmission pathway for viral activity than previously believed.

 

¿°¼Ò¿¡ ÀÇÇÑ ¼Òµ¶ÀÌ ÀϹÝÀû
(Chlorine-based disinfection saves lives)

 

 

   
 

¹Ì±¹ Àü¿ª¿¡ °ÅÀÇ 25¸¸ °³¼ÒÀÇ °ø°ø ¿î¿µ ¹°°ø±Þ ½Ã½ºÅÛÀÌ ¼³Ä¡ ¿î¿µµÇ°í ÀÖÀ¸¸ç, ¼Ò±Ô¸ð µµ½Ã»Ó¸¸ ¾Æ´Ï¶ó ´ë±Ô¸ð ±¤¿ªµµ½Ã µî ¸ðµç °÷¿¡ °ø±ÞÇÏ°í ÀÖ´Ù. ¹Ì±¹ ±¹¹Î 90£¥ ÀÌ»óÀº ¹°À» Áö¿ª ³» °ø°ø Á¤¼öÀåÀ¸·ÎºÎÅÍ °ø±Þ¹Þ°í ÀÖÀ¸¸ç ÀϺΠ±¹¹ÎÀº °³ÀÎÀü¿ë ¿ì¹°¹°À̳ª ±âŸ °³ÀÎÀÌ ÅëÁ¦ÇÏ´Â °³º° Á¤¼ö½Ã½ºÅÛÀ» ÀÌ¿ëÇÏ°í ÀÖ´Ù. ÇÑÆí, ¹Ì±¹ ³» ¹°°ø±Þ °ø°ø Á¤¼öÀåÀÇ 98£¥ ÀÌ»óÀº ¹°ÀÇ Ã³¸® ¹× ¼Òµ¶ ¸ñÀûÀ¸·Î ¿°¼Ò ¹× Ŭ·Î¶ó¹ÎÀ» »ç¿ëÇÏ°í ÀÖÀ¸¸ç, ±× Áß 80£¥ Á¤µµ´Â Ŭ·Î¶ó¹ÎÀÌ ¾Æ´Ñ ¿°¼Ò¸¦ »ç¿ëÇÏ°í ÀÖ´Ù.

ÀϹÝÀûÀ¸·Î µµ½Ã»ó¼öÀÇ Ã³¸®´Â ´Ù¾çÇÑ °øÁ¤À¸·Î ½ÇÇàµÇ°í ÀÖÀ¸¸ç, ÇÙ½É °øÁ¤Àº ȥȭ(flocculation), ÀÀÁý(coagulation), ħÀü(sedimentation), ÇÊÅÍ¿©°ú(filtration) ¹× ¼Òµ¶(disinfection)À¸·Î ÀÌ·ç¾îÁø´Ù. ¿°¼Ò´Â »ç¿ë ¸ñÀû¿¡ µû¶ó ó¸® °øÁ¤ÀÇ ¿©·¯ ´Ü°è¿¡¼­ ÁÖÀ﵃ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù. ÁöÇ¥¼ö 󸮿¡¼­´Â Ç×»ó Ãʱ⠴ܰ迡¼­ ÁÖÀÔµÇ¸ç °ü·Ã ÀåÄ¡ ¹× ó¸® °úÁ¤¿¡ ¿µÇâÀ» ¹ÌÄ¡´Â Á¶·ù¹°Áú ¹× ±âŸ ¼ö»ý½Ä¹°ÀÇ Á¦°Å 󸮸¦ ¸ñÀûÀ¸·Î »ç¿ëµÈ´Ù.

ÀϹÝÀûÀÎ ¹°Ã³¸® °úÁ¤À» °ÅÄ£ ÈÄ ÃÖÁ¾ ó¸® ´Ü°è¿¡¼­ »ç¿ëµÇ´Â ¿°¼Ò(chlorination) ÁÖÀÔ¿¡ ¸¹Àº °ü½ÉÀÌ ±â¿ï¾îÁö°í ÀÖÀ¸¸ç, ÀÌ °úÁ¤¿¡¼­ ¿°¼Ò ³óµµ ¹× ÀÜ·ù·®ÀÌ ¸ð´ÏÅ͸µ ¹× ÅëÁ¦µÈ´Ù. ¿°¼Ò´Â °¡Á¤À̳ª »ç¾÷ÀåÀ¸·Î ¼Û¼öµÇ´Â °ü¸ÁÀÇ ¹°¼Ó¿¡ ¾î´À Á¤µµ Á¸ÀçÇÏ¿©¾ß Çϸç, ÀÌ´Â ¹°¼ÓÀ̳ª ¼Û¼ö°ü¸Á ³»¿¡¼­ À¯ÇØÇÑ ¿À¿°¹°ÁúÀ» Æı«Çϰųª »óÈ£ ¹ÝÀÀÇÏ¿© Á¦°ÅµÇµµ·Ï Çϱâ À§ÇÑ ¸ñÀûÀÌ´Ù.

¿°¼Ò ÁÖÀÔ¿¡ ÀÇÇÏ¿© ¹Ì»ý¹°ÀÇ È°¼ºÈ­¸¦ ¸·À» ¼ö ÀÖÀ¸¸ç, ÀÌ´Â ¸âºê·¹Àο¡ »êÈ­¼º ¼Õ»óÀ» Áְųª È¿¼Ò ¹ÝÀÀÀ» ¾ïÁ¦Çϰųª ÇÙ»êÀ» Æı«ÇÏ´Â µîÀÇ ¸ÞÄ«´ÏÁòÀ» ÅëÇÏ¿© ÀÌ·ç¾îÁø´Ù. ¿°¼Ò ÁÖÀÔ¿¡ ÀÇÇÑ È¿°ú´Â ¿°¼Ò³óµµ, Á¢ÃË ½Ã°£, ¹°ÀÇ ¿Âµµ, pH°ª, Źµµ µîÀÇ ¿ä¼Ò¿¡ ÀÇÇÏ¿© ´Þ¶óÁø´Ù.

ÇÑÆí, ¿°¼Ò ÁÖÀÔÀº ¸ðµç ¼öÀμº ¿À¿°¹°Áú¿¡ ´ëÇÏ¿© 100£¥ ¿Ïº®ÇÑ Á¦°Å È¿À²À» °®Áö ¸øÇÏ¸ç ¿øÇÏÁö ¾Ê´Â ºÎ»ê¹°ÀÌ Ã³¸®¼ö ³»¿¡ Çü¼ºµÇ±âµµ ÇÑ´Ù. ±×·¯³ª ¿°¼Ò ÁÖÀÔ¹æ¹ýÀº °¡Á¤À̳ª »ç¾÷Àå¿¡ ÀúÀåµÇ°Å³ª ¼Û¼öµÇ´Â ¹°À» ¼öÀμº ¿À¿°¹°Áú·ÎºÎÅÍ º¸È£ »ì±ÕÇÏ´Â ¸ñÀûÀ¸·Î °¡Àå Àú·ÅÇÏ°í È¿°úÀûÀÎ ¹æ¹ýÀ̶ó´Â µ¥¿¡ ¾Æ¹«·± ÀǽÉÀÌ ¾ø´Ù.

 

There are nearly 250,000 public water supply systems in the US, serving everything from the smallest towns to major metropolitan areas. Approximately 90 percent of the US population currently receives their water through community water systems, with everyone else using private wells or other individually controlled supplies. Chlorine and chloramine are currently used by over 98 percent of all US water utilities as part of their treatment and disinfection process. Almost 80 percent of utilities currently use chlorine instead of chloramine.

The typical municipal water treatment process involves a series of different steps. Some of the major steps include flocculation and coagulation, sedimentation, filtration and disinfection. Chlorination is typically performed at several stages of the treatment process. On surface water supplies, chlorine will usually be introduced in the initial stages to combat algae and other aquatic life that could interfere with treatment equipment and subsequent stages in the process.

The chlorination stage that we¡¯re most interested in occurs as the final treatment step after the other major cleaning processes, where the concentration and residual content of the chlorine can be closely monitored and controlled. Chlorine remains in the water when it is distributed to homes and businesses, retaining some of its ability to continue killing and reacting with undesirable contaminants in the water and distribution system.

Chlorination can deactivate microorganisms through a variety of mechanisms such as oxidative damage to cellular membranes, inhibition of enzymes, destruction of nucleic acids and other mechanisms that are not fully understood. The effectiveness of any chlorination process depends upon a variety of factors, including chlorine concentration, contact time, water temperature, pH value, level of turbidity and other interfering factors.

Chlorination is not 100-percent effective against all waterborne contaminants and undesirable byproducts will be formed in the treated water. But, it is undoubtedly the cheapest, most effective way to disinfect water that is stored, processed and distributed to homes and businesses, protecting us all from many deadly and undesirable waterborne contaminants.

 

Ŭ·Î¶ó¹Î(Chloramine) Ư¼º ¹× »ç¿ë

 

Ŭ·Î¶ó¹ÎÀº ¿°¼Ò¿Í ¾Ï¸ð´Ï¾ÆÀÇ »óÈ£ °áÇÕ ¹ÝÀÀÀ¸·Î ¹ß»ýµÇ¸ç ¾Ï¸ð´Ï¾Æ ¼ö¼Ò¸¦ ¿°¼Ò·Î ġȯÇÑ È­ÇÕ¹°ÀÌ´Ù. ¾Ï¸ð´Ï¾Æ¿ÍÀÇ °áÇÕ °úÁ¤¿¡¼­ Çϳª ÀÌ»óÀÇ ¼ö¼Ò ÀÌ¿ÂÀÌ ´ëüµÇ¸ç ÀÌ¿¡ µû¶ó Ŭ·Î¶ó¹ÎÀÌ ´ÙÀ½°ú °°ÀÌ 3°¡Áö ÇüÅ·ΠºÐ·ùµÈ´Ù.

- ¸ð³ëŬ·Î¶ó¹Î(monochloramine, NH2Cl) : °¡Àå È¿°úÀûÀÎ ¼Òµ¶Á¦
- µðŬ·Î¶ó¹Î(dichloramine, NHCl2)
- ´ÏÆ®·Î°Õ Æ®¸®Å¬·Î¶óÀ̵å(nitrogen trichloride, NCl3)
 
Ŭ·Î¶ó¹ÎÀº ¹°¼Ó¿¡¼­ ÀÚ¿¬ÀûÀ¸·Î Çü¼ºµÉ ¼ö ÀÖÀ¸¸ç, ÀϺΠµµ½Ã¿¡¼­´Â Áß¾Ó ¹°°ø±Þ ÀåÄ¡¿¡ ¼Òµ¶ ¸ñÀûÀ¸·Î Ŭ·Î¶ó¹ÎÀ» ¼±Åà ÁÖÀÔÇÏ´Â °æ¿ì°¡ ´Ã¾î³ª°í ÀÖ¾î µµ½Ã »ó¼öµµ¿¡¼­ ÀǵµÀûÀ¸·Î Çü¼ºµÇ±âµµ ÇÑ´Ù. ¼Û¼ö°ü¸Á Àüü È帧¿¡ °ÉÃÄ Å¬·Î¶ó¹ÎÀÇ »ç¿ë ÇüÅ°¡ º¯ÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖÀ¸¸ç ±× Áß¿¡ pH, ¿Âµµ, ¿ëÁ¸»ê¼Ò, ÀÌ»êȭź¼Ò, À¯±â¹° ¹× ¿°¼Ò¡¤¾Ï¸ð´Ï¾Æ ºñÀ² µî¿¡ ÀÇÇÏ¿© °¡Àå ÀûÀýÇÑ Å¸ÀÔÀÌ °áÁ¤µÈ´Ù.

 

 

   
 

¸ð³ëŬ·Î¶ó¹ÎÀº ¼ø¼öÇÑ Å¬·Î¶ó¹Îº¸´Ù ¹°¼ÓÀÇ À¯±â¹°°úÀÇ ¹ÝÀÀÀÌ ´õµò Ư¼ºÀ¸·Î ¹°¼Ó¿¡¼­ ¿À·§µ¿¾È È°¼ºÈ­ »óŸ¦ À¯ÁöÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖÀ¸¸ç, ±× °á°ú Æ®¸®ÇҷθÞź(trihalomethanes) ¹× ±âŸ ¿øÇÏÁö ¾Ê´Â ¿°¼Ò ºÎ»ê¹°À» º¸´Ù Àû°Ô ¹ß»ý½ÃŲ´Ù. ¿øÇÏÁö ¾Ê´Â ´Ù¸¥ ¼Òµ¶ºÎ»ê¹°(DBP)·Î´Â µ¶¼ºÀÇ ÇҷδÏÆ®¸±(toxic halonitriles, canogen chloride), ÇҷδÏÆ®·Î¸Þź(halonitromethanes, chloropicrin) ¹× ÀϺΠÁú¼Ò ÇÔÀ¯ ¹°ÁúÀÌ ¹ß»ýµÉ ¼ö ÀÖÀ¸¸ç, ÀÌ Áß ÀϺδ ÀÎü¿¡ Çظ¦ ³¢Ä¡±âµµ ÇÑ´Ù.

ÇÑÆí, Ŭ·Î¶ó¹ÎÀº È£Èí¿¡ ÀÚ±ØÁ¦ ¿ªÇÒÀ» ÇÏ´Â ±â´ÉÀÌ ÀÖÀ¸¸ç ±¸¸®³ª ³ò¼è¿¡ ºÎ½Ä¿¡ ÀÏÀ¸Å°°í ÀϺΠ°í¹« ¹°ÁúÀÇ ¼º´ÉÀúÇϸ¦ À¯¹ßÇÑ´Ù. Ŭ·Î¶ó¹Î »ç¿ë ½Ã Áú»êÈ­ ¹ß»ýÀº ¹®Á¦°¡ µÈ´Ù. Áú»ê ¹ÚÅ׸®¾Æ°¡ ¾Ï¸ð´Ï¾Æ¿Í »êÈ­ ¹ÝÀÀÇÏ¿© ¾ÆÁú»ê¿°(nitrite, NO2-)ÀÌ »ý¼ºµÇ¸ç, ¶Ç ´Ù¸¥ ¹ÚÅ׸®¾Æ°¡ ¾ÆÁú»ê¿°°ú »êÈ­¹ÝÀÀÇÏ¿© Áú»ê¿°(nitrate, NO3-)À» »ý¼º½ÃŲ´Ù. ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ ¹Ì»ý¹° ¹ÝÀÀÀ¸·Î ¿Âµµ°¡ ³ô¾ÆÁö°í ¼Û¼ö°ü¸Á¿¡¼­ ¹°ÀÌ Á¤Ã¼µÇ´Â Çö»óÀÌ ¹ß»ýµÇ¸é ¹®Á¦´Â ´õ¿í Ä¿Áø´Ù.

¹Ì±¹ ³»¿¡¼­ µµ½Ã »ó¼ö °ø±Þ¿¡ Ŭ·Î¶ó¹ÎÀ» Á¦ÇÑÀûÀ¸·Î »ç¿ëÇÏ´Â °ÍÀº »ç¿ë»ó º¹ÀâÇÏ´Ù´Â ºÒÆíÇÔ ¿Ü¿¡ ÀϺΠºÎ»ê¹°ÀÌ ¹ß»ýÇϸç, ±Ý¼ÓÇ¥¸é¿¡ ºÎ½ÄÀÌ ÀϾ°í Áú»êÈ­ µÇ´Â ¹®Á¦Á¡¿¡ ±âÀÎÇÑ´Ù.  

 

Chloramines are derived from the combination of chlorine and ammonia, where chlorine is substituted for one or more hydrogen molecules in the compound. There are three known chloramine species:
- Monochloramine(Chloroamine, NH2Cl) - the most effective biocide
- Dichloramine(NHCl2)
- Nitrogen trichloride(NCl3)

Chloramines can form spontaneously in water or be deliberately formed at the municipal level, since a growing minority of central providers actively choose chloramine as their disinfectant technology. The various species of chloramine can rapidly shift from one form to another throughout the distribution system. The predominant species depends on pH, temperature, dissolved oxygen, carbon dioxide, organics in the water and the instantaneous chlorine-to-ammonia ratio. Monochloramine is less reactive with other organics in water than free chloramine, so it will stay active for longer in the water and form significantly fewer trihalomethanes and other undesirable chlorine-related byproducts, which makes it an enticing choice for many providers.

Other undesirable DBPs can form though, such as toxic halonitriles (cyanogen chloride), halonitromethanes (chloropicrin) and other nitrogen-rich compounds. Some of these compounds can endanger human health. Chloramines are all respiratory irritants with trichloramine being the most problematic. Chloramine is a major contributor to the corrosion of copper and brass, as well as degradation of certain rubber compounds. Nitrification is also a concern with chloramine; this is a microbial process where one type of nitrifying bacteria oxidizes ammonia to produce nitrite (NO2-) and another will oxidize nitrite to produce nitrate (NO3-). The problem is greatest when temperatures are warm and water is allowed to stagnate in the distribution system (low water usage).

The limited adoption of chloramination at a municipal level in the US speaks to the complexities associated with it and the concerns that many have about byproducts, increased corrosivity toward metals and nitrification. Chloramines are challenging to remove with regular activated carbon, since it takes more than just the simple reducing action of activated carbon. (I¡¯ve had the very best results with various catalytic carbon blends depending on what other contaminants are in the water.) Bear in mind that nitrification can occur after the dechloramination system; this can be problematic, especially if infants or those with compromised immune systems will be using the water.

 

¼Òµ¶ºÎ»ê¹°ÀÇ ¹ß»ý
(Disinfection byproducts)

 

Àü¿°º´ °ü·Ã ±â°üÀÇ ¿¬±¸ °á°ú¿¡ ÀÇÇÏ¸é ½Å»ý¾ÆÁúº´, ÀÓ½ÅÇÕº´Áõ ¹× ´Ù¾çÇÑ ¾ÏÁúȯ ±×¸®°í È£Èí½ºÆ®·¹½º, ´«ÀÇ ¿°Áõ, ÇǺμջó, µÎÅë ¹× ÇǷεµ ¹ß»ýÀÌ ¿°¼Ò ºÎ»ê¹°°úÀÇ ³ëÃâ¿¡ °ü·ÃµÇ¾î ÀÖ´Ù°í ÇÑ´Ù. ¿°¼Ò ºÎ»ê¹° ¹ß»ý¿¡ ÀÇÇÑ À§Ç躸´Ù´Â ¿°¼Ò°¡ ¾ø´Â °æ¿ì°¡ ´õ¿í À§ÇèÇÑ »óȲÀ» ³ªÅ¸³»¹Ç·Î Á¤Ã¥°áÁ¤ÀÚ ¹× »ê¾÷°è¿¡¼­ ¿°¼Ò ºÎ»ê¹°ÀÇ À§Ç輺ÀÌ °ú¼Ò Æò°¡µÇ¾î ¿Ô´Ù.

½ÇÁ¦·Î ¼¼°èº¸°Ç±â±¸(WHO)´Â º´¿ø¼º ¹Ì»ý¹°¿¡ ÀÇÇÑ »ç¸Á À§ÇèÀº ¿°¼Ò ºÎ»ê¹°¿¡ ÀÇÇÑ ¾Ï ¹ß»ý À§Ç躸´Ù 100¹è¿¡¼­ 1õ ¹è ÀÌ»ó ´õ Å©¸ç, º´¿ø¼º ¹Ì»ý¹°¿¡ ÀÇÇÑ Áúº´ÀÇ À§Ç輺Àº Ŭ·Î¸° ºÎ»ê¹°·ÎºÎÅÍ ¾Ï¿¡ °É¸± À§Ç輺º¸´Ù 1¸¸ ¹è¿¡¼­ 1¹é¸¸ ¹è ÀÌ»ó ´õ ¸¹´Ù°í ¹ßÇ¥ÇÏ°í ÀÖ´Ù. ÀÌÁ¦ ¼ÒºñÀÚµéÀº ¼öÀμº º´¿ø ¹Ì»ý¹°·ÎºÎÅÍ Áúº´À̳ª »ç¸ÁÀÌ Áõ°¡ÇÏ´Â ÀÏ°ú ¿°¼Ò »ç¿ë ȤÀº ¿°¼Ò ºÎ»ê¹°¿¡ ÀÇÇÏ¿© ¹ß»ýµÇ´Â ½Åü ¼Õ»ó¿¡ µû¸¥ »îÀÇ ÁúÀÌ ¶³¾îÁö´Â ÀÏ Áß¿¡¼­ Çϳª¸¦ ¼±ÅÃÇÏ¿©¾ß ÇÒÁöµµ ¸ð¸¥´Ù.

¿À´Ã³¯ Àú·ÅÇÑ ºñ¿ëÀ¸·Î ¼öÁúÀ» °³¼±ÇÑ ±â¼ú °³¹ß·Î ¼ÒºñÀÚµéÀº º¸´Ù È¿°úÀûÀÎ ¹æ¹ýÀ» ÃëÇÏ°í ÀÖ´Ù. Áï, µµ½Ã »ó¼öµµ¿¡¼­ ¿°¼Ò °°Àº »ê¾÷¿ë È­Çй°Áú·Î ¹°À» ¼Òµ¶ÇÏ°í º¸È£ÇÒ »Ó¸¸ ¾Æ´Ï¶ó ¿°¼Ò, ¼Òµ¶ºÎ»ê¹° ¹× ±âŸ ¿À¿°¹°ÁúÀ» ¿Ïº®ÇÏ°Ô ÁÙÀÌ°í Á¦°ÅÇÏ´Â ±â¼úÀ» È°¿ëÇÏ¿© °¡Àå ÃÖ¼±ÀÇ °á°ú¸¦ °¡Áö°Ô µÈ´Ù.

 

Epidemiological studies have related exposure to chlorination byproducts with birth defects, pregnancy complications, certain cancers like bladder, rectal and kidney (recent studies suggest there might also be a causal relationship between chlorine byproducts and breast cancer in men and women), respiratory stress, eye irritation, skin damage, headaches and fatigue. Traditionally, the risk of chlorine DBPs has been downplayed by legislators and industry, since the risk of non-chlorination is far greater.

In fact, the World Health Organization (WHO) recently stated,  that ¡°the risk of death from pathogens is at least 100 to 1,000 times greater than the risk of cancer from disinfection byproducts (DBPs) {and} the risk of illness from pathogens is at least 10,000 to 1 million times greater than the risk of cancer from DBPs.¡± The consumer is being told that they must effectively choose between illness and/or death from waterborne disease and microorganisms, or a steady decline in quality of life from the permanent damage caused by chlorine compounds and the inevitable byproducts of disinfection.

Today¡¯s affordable water-quality improvement technologies give consumers a much better option. Disinfect and protect the water with industrial chemicals like chlorine at the municipal level to keep it as safe as possible until it reaches the home. Then reduce or completely remove the chlorine, DBPs and other contaminants, effectively enjoying the best of both worlds.

 

Ç÷£Æ® ¹æ½ÄÀÇ Åº¼Ò ÇÊÅÍ ÀåÄ¡
(Anatomy of a whole-house carbon filter)

 

 

 

 

   
¡ã ¸ð³ëŬ·Î¶ó¹Î(monochloramine)Àº °¡Àå È¿°úÀûÀÎ ¼Òµ¶Á¦·Î ÀÎÁ¤¹Þ°í ÀÖ´Ù. »çÁøÀº ¹ÙŬ·¹ÀÌ ¿öÅÍ ¸Å´ÏÁö¸ÕÆ®»ç(Barclay Water Management, Inc.)ÀÇ ¸ð³ëŬ·Î¶ó¹ÎÀ» È°¿ëÇÑ À½¿ë¼ö 2Â÷ »ì±Õ ½Ã½ºÅÛ.

Ŭ·Î¸°ÀÇ ¸À¡¤³¿»õ, »ìÃæÁ¦(pesticides), Á¦ÃÊÁ¦(herbicides), ½Å±Ô ¿À¿°¹°Áú ¹× ¿©·¯ ¼Òµ¶ºÎ»ê¹°·ÎºÎÅÍ ¼ÒºñÀÚµéÀ» º¸È£Çϱâ À§ÇÏ¿© ÀϹÝÀûÀ¸·Î ź¼Ò ÇÊÅ͹æ½ÄÀÇ ¿©°ú ±â¼úÀÌ »ç¿ëµÈ´Ù. Ç÷£Æ® °ü¸®Àڴ ȯ°æ ģȭÀû ¹æ¹ýÀ¸·Î Àú·ÅÇϸ鼭 ÃÖ°í Ç°ÁúÀÇ ¹°À» ¼ÒºñÀڵ鿡°Ô °ø±ÞÇÏ¿©¾ß Çϴ åÀÓÀ» °®´Â´Ù. º» ÀÚ·á´Â ¿°¼ÒÀÇ ¸À¡¤³¿»õ °ü·Ã »çÇ׿¡ ±¹ÇѵǹǷΠ»ìÃæÁ¦, Á¦ÃÊÁ¦ ¹× ÀÇ¾à ºÎ»ê¹° 󸮿¡ °üÇؼ­´Â °ü·Ã Á¦Á¶»ç¿¡ ¹®ÀÇÇÏ´Â °ÍÀÌ ¹Ù¶÷Á÷ÇÏ´Ù.

¸ðµç Á¾·ùÀÇ Åº¼Ò ½Ã½ºÅÛÀº µ¿ÀÏÇÏ°Ô ÀÛ¿ëÇÏÁö ¾Ê´Â´Ù. ƯÈ÷ ¹°¼Ó¿¡ À¯±â¹°ÁúÀÌ º¹ÀâÇÏ°Ô ÇÔÀ¯µÇ¾î Àְųª À¯ÀÔ¼öÀÇ ÄɹÌÄà ¼º»ó¿¡ º¯È­°¡ ÀÖ´Â °æ¿ì ´õ¿í ±×·¯ÇÏ´Ù. °¡Àå Àú·ÅÇÏ°í °£´ÜÇÑ Åº¼Ò ½Ã½ºÅÛÀº ±³Ã¼ °¡´ÉÇÑ Ä«º» Ä«Æ®¸®Áö ÇÊÅÍ°¡ ÀåÂøµÈ ½Ã½ºÅÛÀ̳ª ÀÌ´Â »ç¿ëÇÏ´Â µ¿¾È¿¡ À¯·®À̳ª ¾Ð·ÂÀÌ ÁÙ¾îµå´Â ´ÜÁ¡ÀÌ ÀÖ´Ù.

Àü¹®°¡µéÀº ¿¹»ê ¹üÀ§ ³»¿¡¼­ ¼º´É¿ä±¸ ¼öÁØ¿¡ ÀûÇÕÇÑ ±âÁØÀÇ ½Ã½ºÅÛ »ç¿ëÀ» ±ÇÀåÇÏ°í ÀÖÀ¸¸ç, ÀÌ´Â ÇÊ¿äÇÑ À¯·®À» À¯Áö½ÃÅ°¸ç Àå±â°£ »ç¿ë °¡´ÉÀ» º¸ÀåÇϱâ À§ÇÔÀÌ´Ù. Ç÷£Æ® ±âÁØ Ä«º» ÇÊÅÍ´Â ÀÚü¼¼Á¤ Çü½Ä, ¿ª¼¼ ¾ø´Â »óÇâ½Ä, ¿ª¼¼ ¾ø´Â ÇÏÇâ½Ä µî 3Á¾·ù·Î ºÐ·ùµÇ¸ç, À̵éÀº °³º°ÀûÀ¸·Î ƯÀ¯ÀÇ Àå´ÜÁ¡À» °¡Áö°í ÀÖ´Ù.     

 

There are numerous carbon-based options available to protect clients and their families from chlorine tastes and odors, pesticides, herbicides, emerging contaminants and various DBPs. As a water treatment professional, your primary responsibility is to provide clients with the very best water at an affordable price, in an environmentally responsible manner. The scope of this article is specific to chlorine/chloramine tastes and odors, so if you¡¯re planning on addressing lead, pesticides, herbicides, or pharmaceutical byproducts, consult with your equipment manufacturer before making claims on what your carbon filter can actually do.

Not all carbons work the same, especially with complex organics and varying influent water chemistries. The simplest and cheapest option is a replaceable POE carbon cartridge, but it has a major downside: reduced flow and pressure. Seasoned professionals will recommend a tank-based POE system that fits consumers¡¯ budgets and performance requirements and can provide the necessary flow and longevity. Whole-house carbon filters can be self-backwashing, non-backwashing upflow, or non-backwashing downflow. Each has distinct advantages and disadvantages.

 

1) ¿ª¼¼ ¾ø´Â ÇÏÇâ½Ä(Non-backwashing downflow)

ÀÔÃâ·Â Çìµå ¹× ºÐ¹è ÀåÄ¡°¡ ÀÖÀ¸¸ç ÀÚ°¥°ú ź¼Ò ¹Ìµð¾î·Î ÃæÁøµÈ ÅÊÅ©·Î¼­ ¹°Àº ÅÊÅ© »óºÎ·Î µé¾î°¡ ÃæÁø ¸Þµð¾Æ¸¦ ÇÏÇâ½ÄÀ¸·Î Åë°úÇÑ ÈÄ ³»ºÎ°ü¿¡ ÀÇÇÏ¿© À§·Î ¿À¸£°Ô µÈ´Ù. ÀÌ ÀåÄ¡´Â º£µå¸¦ ÄÄÆÑÆ®ÇÏ°Ô Çϸç ƯÁ¤ ħÀü¹°À» °¡µÎ¾î µÎ¸ç ¹Ìµð¾î Á¢Ã˽ð£À» Å©°Ô ÇÑ´Ù.

ÀÌ ÀåÄ¡ÀÇ ´ÜÁ¡Àº Àü´Ü¿¡ ÀûÀýÇÑ Àü󸮰¡ ¾øÀ¸¸é ¹Ìµð¾î ÃþÀº ħÀü¹° µîÀ¸·Î ÆĿ︵(fouling)ÀÌ ¹ß»ýµÇ¾î Çã¿ë±âÁØÀ» ¹þ¾î³­ ¾Ð·Â°­ÇÏ°¡ ¹ß»ýÇÑ´Ù. Áï ÁÖ±âÀûÀÎ À¯Áöº¸¼ö ÀÛ¾÷ÀÌ ÇÊ¿äÇÏ´Ù.

 

A simple tank with in/out head and distribution system, usually loaded with gravel and carbon media. Water enters at the top of the tank, moves downward through the media column and then up the riser. This compacts the bed, traps certain sediment and maximizes contact time with the media. The disadvantage to this type of system is that unless it is properly prefiltered, the media column will eventually become fouled with sediment and fines, resulting in unacceptable pressure drop and channeling. Scheduled periodic maintenance is critical on these systems.

 

 

 

   
 

2) ¿ª¼¼ ¾ø´Â »óÇâ½Ä(Non-backwashing upflow)



ÀÔÃâ·Â Çìµå ¹× ºÐ¹è ÀåÄ¡°¡ ÀÖÀ¸¸ç ÀÚ°¥, ¼¼±Õ ¹ßÀ° ¾ïÁ¦¿ë ¹Ìµð¾î ¹× ź¼Ò ¹Ìµð¾î·Î ä¿öÁø ÅÊÅ©·Î¼­ ¹°Àº ³»ºÎ°üÀ» ÅëÇÏ¿© ÇÏÇâ À¯ÀԵǸç ÃæÁøµÈ ¹Ìµð¾î¸¦ »óÇâ½ÄÀ¸·Î Åë°úÇÑ ÈÄ ÅÊÅ© »óºÎ·Î ¹èÃâµÈ´Ù. ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ »óÇâ½Ä ¿îÀüÀº ¹Ìµð¾î ħÀü¹°¿¡ ÀÇÇÑ ÆĿ︵ Çö»óÀ» ¹æÁö ÇÒ  ¼ö ÀÖÀ¸³ª ¹Ìµð¾î Á¢Ã˽ð£ÀÌ ÃÖ¼Ò·Î µÇ¾î ¿À¿°¹°Áú ÆÛÁü Çö»ó(bleedthrough)ÀÌ ¹ß»ýÇÑ´Ù.

 

A simple tank with in/out head and distribution system, usually loaded with gravel, bacteriostatic media and carbon media. Water enters downward through the riser, moves upward through the media column and then exits at the top of the tank. While the upflow service protects the media from sediment fouling, it minimizes the effective contact time with the media and often allows for bleedthrough of contaminants.

 

3) ¿ª¼¼Á¤(Backwashing)

ÀÚü ¼¼Á¤ ÄÁÆ®·Ñ ±â´ÉÀÌ ÀÖ´Â Çìµå ¹× ºÐ¹è ÀåÄ¡°¡ ÀÖ´Â ÅÊÅ©·Î¼­ ÃæÁø¿ë ¹Ìµð¾î´Â ÀÚ°¥, ¼¼±Õ ¾ïÁ¦¿ë ¹Ìµð¾î, ħÀü ÇÊÅÍ¿ë ¹Ìµð¾î ¹× È°¼ºÅº¼Ò ¹Ìµð¾î·Î ÃþÃþÀÌ ÃæÁøµÈ´Ù. ¹°Àº ÅÊÅ© »óºÎ·Î µé¾î°¡ ÃæÁø ¹Ìµð¾î¸¦ ÇÏÇâ½ÄÀ¸·Î Åë°úÇÑ ÈÄ ³»ºÎ°üÀ» ÅëÇÏ¿© À§·Î ¿À¸£°Ô µÈ´Ù. ÀÌ ÀåÄ¡´Â º£µå¸¦ ÃÎÃÎÇÏ°Ô Çϸç ƯÁ¤ ħÀü¹°À» °¡µÎ¾î µÎ¸ç ¹Ìµð¾î Á¢Ã˽ð£À» Å©°Ô ÇÑ´Ù. ÀÏÁ¤ÇÑ ¾çÀÇ Ã³¸®°¡ ÀÌ·ç¾îÁø ÈÄ È¤Àº ±âÁ¸ ÇÁ·Î±×·¥ ½Ã°£ °æ°ú ÈÄ, ÀÌ ÀåÄ¡´Â ¹Ìµð¾îÀÇ Àç¹èÄ¡°¡ ÀÌ·ç¾îÁö¸ç ħÀü¹° ¹× ¹Ìµð¾î Â±â¸¦ Æ®·¦(trap)Çϱâ À§ÇÏ¿© ¿ª¼¼ ¿îÀüÀÌ ½ÃÀ۵ǰí ÀÌ °úÁ¤À¸·Î ¹Ì»ý¹°¿¡ ÀÇÇÑ ¹ÙÀÌ¿ÀÇʸ§ ¼ºÀåÀ» ¹æÁöÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù([±×¸² 2] ÂüÁ¶).
 
A simple tank with a self-backwashing control head (preferably computerized with a flowmeter) and distribution system. These types of systems are typically loaded with gravel, bacteriostat, sediment filtration media and activated carbon media. Water enters at the top of the tank, moves downward through the media column and then up the riser. This compacts the bed, traps certain sediment and maximizes contact time with the media. After a certain number of gallons have been processed, or after a designated calendar interval, the system backwashes to reclassify the media, purge trapped sediment, gases and media fines, while minimizing the potential for biofilm growth.

ÀϹÝÀûÀ¸·Î Ç÷£Æ® ±âÁØÀÇ Åº¼Ò ÇÊÅÍ´Â ¿¬¼öÀåÄ¡, UF ÇÊÅÍ ¹× UV »ì±ÕÀåÄ¡ µî ´Ù¾çÇÑ Ã³¸® ÀåÄ¡¿Í ÇÔ²² ¼³Ä¡ ¿î¿µµÈ´Ù. ¿°¼Ò ³»¼ºÀ» °®°í ÀÖ´Â À̿±³È¯ ¼öÁö ¹°ÁúÀÌ ÀåÂøµÈ ¿¬¼öÀåÄ¡¸¦ ¼³Ä¡ÇÏ´Â °æ¿ì¿¡´Â ³ôÀº ¼öÁúÀÇ ¹°À» ¾ò±â À§ÇÏ¿© Ä«º» ÇÊÅÍ´Â ¿¬¼öÀåÄ¡ ÈÄ´Ü¿¡ ¼³Ä¡Çϸç, UF ÇÊÅÍ ¹× UV  »ì±ÕÀåÄ¡ »ç¿ë °æ¿ì¿¡´Â Àü´Ü¿¡ ¼³Ä¡ÇÏ´Â °ÍÀÌ ¹Ù¶÷Á÷ÇÏ´Ù.

 

Whole-house carbon systems are frequently installed along with other treatment technologies, such as water softeners, ultrafilters and UV disinfection systems. Since I specify water softeners with highly chlorine-resistant resin, I usually recommend a whole-house carbon filter be installed after the water softener and before ultrafiltration or UV to ensure the highest quality of water downstream.

Naturally, there are exceptions to every rule, so consult with your local Master Water Specialist and your equipment manufacturer when selecting any water quality improvement solution.

 

¼³Ä¡, ¿îÀü°³½Ã ¹× À¯Áöº¸¼ö
(Installation, startup and maintenance)

 

¼³Ä¡ÇÏ°íÀÚ ÇÏ´Â ½Ã½ºÅÛ Á¾·ù¿¡ °ü°è¾øÀÌ È°¼ºÅº¼Ò °ü·Ã ÀåÄ¡¸¦ ¿îÀüÇÒ ¶§, ´ÙÀ½°ú °°Àº ¾ÈÀü ¹× ÁÖÀÇ»çÇ×À» ÁöÅ°´Â °ÍÀÌ Áß¿äÇÏ´Ù.

- °ø±â Áß¿¡ ÀÖ´Â ³¿»õ ¹× ´Ù¸¥ ¿À¿°¹°ÁúÀÇ ÈíÂø À¯ÀÔÀ» ¹æÁöÇϱâ À§ÇÏ¿© ¸¶Áö¸· ÀÛ¾÷À» ÇÒ ¶§±îÁö ź¼Ò½Ã½ºÅÛÀº ºÀÀÎµÈ »óŸ¦ À¯ÁöÇÏ¿©¾ß ÇÑ´Ù.
- °ø±â´Â ź¼Ò º£µå·ÎºÎÅÍ Á¶½É½º·´°Ô Á¤È­µÇ¾î¾ß ÇÑ´Ù. °¡Àå ÀÌ»óÀû ¹æ¹ýÀº µû¶æÇÑ À§»ý ó¸®µÈ ¹°¼Ó¿¡ ź¼Ò¸¦ Àá±â°Ô ÇÏ¿© °ø±â°¡ Á¦°ÅµÉ ¼ö ÀÖµµ·Ï ÇÑ´Ù.
- Åº¼Ò ½Ã½ºÅÛ ¹× ÀåÄ¡¿Í Á¢¼Ó ¿¬°áµÇ´Â ¹è°ü ÀåÄ¡´Â ¿îÀü°³½Ã¿Í µ¿½Ã¿¡ »ý¹°¸·(biofilm) Çü¼º ¹× ±âŸ ¹ÚÅ׸®¾Æ È°µ¿À» ÃÖ¼Ò·Î Çϱâ À§ÇÏ¿© ¼Òµ¶Ã³¸® µÇ¾î¾ß ÇÑ´Ù.
- ¹Ìµð¾î´Â ¿À·§µ¿¾È Á¤Áö »óÅ¿¡ À־´Â ¾È µÇ¸ç ÃÖ¼Ò ¸ÅÁÖ 1ȸ ¿ª¼¼ ½Ç½Ã¸¦ ÇÑ´Ù.
- ½Ã½ºÅÛÀº ÁÖ±âÀûÀ¸·Î °Ë»çÇÏ¸ç ¼Òµ¶µµ ÁÖ±âÀûÀ¸·Î ½Ç½ÃÇÑ´Ù.
- Á¦Á¶»ç ±ÇÀå»çÇ׿¡ µû¶ó ÀÏÁ¤ÇÑ À¯Áöº¸¼ö ±â°£¿¡ ź¼Ò ¹× ´Ù¸¥ ¹Ìµð¾î¸¦ ±³Ã¼Çϰųª ȤÀº ÇÊ¿äÇÑ ¾çÀ» º¸ÃæÇÑ´Ù.

Regardless of the system(s) that you install for your client, it is important to apply the appropriate level of care and safe handling when working with systems that incorporate:

- Carbon-based systems should remain sealed until the absolute last moment to avoid absorption of airborne odors or other contaminants.
- Air must be carefully purged from the carbon bed. The ideal method is to soak the carbon in warm sanitary water and give the carbon sufficient time to purge entrained air. This can sometimes take 72 hours or more; consult with your equipment vendor to ensure that you are using the very best practices.
- Carbon-based systems as well as the downstream plumbing should be disinfected upon startup to minimize biofilm formation and other bacterial activity downstream.
- Media should not be allowed to sit still for too long; I recommend at least a weekly backwash to minimize the development of biofilm.
- Systems should be periodically inspected and disinfected.
- Replace or augment the carbon and other treatment media on a regular maintenance schedule as recommended by the equipment manufacturer and per industry best practices.

 

Áö¼Ó°¡´É¼º ¹× ÀÎÁõ
(Sustainability and certification)

 

¼öÁú°ü¸® ¹× ¼öÁú°³¼±À» À§ÇÑ ¸ðµç ³ë·ÂÀÌ °¡´ÉÇϸé ȯ°æ ģȭÀûÀÌ°í Áö¼Ó°¡´ÉÇϸç Àç»ç¿ëÀÌ °¡´ÉÇϵµ·Ï ÀÌ·ç¾îÁ®¾ß ÇÑ´Ù. WQA, ASPE ¹× ANSI´Â Áö¼Ó°¡´É Ç¥ÁØÀ» °³¹ßÇÏ¿´À¸¸ç ÀÌ¿¡ µû¸¥ Á¦Ç°ÀÎÁõÀº WQA, ASPE, ANSI S-802¿¡ µû¶ó ½Ç½ÃµÈ´Ù.

Áï, À½¿ë¼ö 󸮿ëÀÇ Áö¼Ó°¡´É È°¼ºÅº¼Ò ¹Ìµð¾îÀÇ ÀÎÁõ Ç׸ñÀº ¼ø¼öÇÑ ¿ø»óÅÂÀÇ È°¼ºÅº¼Ò ¹Ìµð¾î Á¦Ç°À» ´ë»óÀ¸·Î ÇÑ´Ù. ÀÌ Ç¥ÁØ¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ÀÎÁõÀº ÃÖ¼ÒÇÑÀÇ È¯°æ¿µÇâ ¹× ÀÛ¾÷ÀÚÀÇ °Ç°­°ú ¾ÈÀüÀ» º¸ÀåÇϱâ À§ÇÑ ¸ñÀûÀ¸·Î ¿øÀç·á ¼ö±Þ°úÁ¤ºÎÅÍ À̵¿, °¡°ø, À¯Åë ¹× Æó±âÇÏ´Â Àü °úÁ¤ÀÇ Áö¼Ó°¡´É ¿©ºÎ¸¦ ÆÇ´Ü ´ë»óÀ¸·Î ÇÑ´Ù. Á¦Ç°ÀÇ Áö¼Ó°¡´É¼º¿¡ ±Ù°ÅÇÑ ÀÎÁõ¿¡ Ãß°¡ÇÏ¿© ½Ã½ºÅÛÀÇ ½ÇÁ¦ ¼º´É¿¡ ´ëÇÑ °ËÁõÀº NSF Ç¥ÁØ¿¡ µû¶ó ÃøÁ¤µÉ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù. 

As professionals, we need to ensure that every aspect of our water-quality management and improvement process is as environmentally responsible, sustainable and renewable as possible. WQA, ASPE and ANSI have developed sustainability standards to:

- Encourage more strategic participation among product manufacturers for the advancement of sustainable products and business practices through improvements in the areas of product design, manufacture and production site management, distribution, disposal, etc.

- Allow for evaluation of certification based on product categories, as well as the environmental performance of entire production facilities, as opposed to just evaluating all the details on a product-by-product basis.

¡¤Reduce organizational burden and cost in pursuing certification of products and reduce business risk from internal competition among similar products by the same manufacturer.

¡¤Reduce regulatory expense and risk, reduce production costs and potentially preempt mandatory regulatory initiatives through the adoption of a voluntary, management-based approach to sustainability issues throughout the industry.

WQA/ASPE/ANSI S-802: Sustainable Activated Carbon Media for Drinking Water Treatment covers raw activated carbon media products. Certification to this standard covers the sustainability of material sourcing, transportation, processing, distribution and end-of-life planning to ensure a minimal environmental impact and preserve the health and safety of workers throughout the supply chain. Talk to vendor(s) and demand that they use sustainable carbon in your systems; it¡¯s the responsible and ethical thing to do. In addition to the sustainability of products, the actual performance of systems can be measured against NSF standards (such as NSF 42 for aesthetic effects). Bear in mind that dechlorination systems are frequently customized for a specific project and will not necessarily be certified as an actual system.

Activated carbon is a powerful tool in your water treatment arsenal. You¡¯d be wise to learn as much as possible about this valuable resource to ensure that you continue to provide your clients with the very best water at the most affordable price. 

 

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