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À̸§ °ü¸®ÀÚ waterindustry@hanmail.net ÀÛ¼ºÀÏ 2020.08.07 Á¶È¸¼ö 389
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Æó±â¹°À» °Ý¸®µÈ ÁöÇÏ ¿ì¹°¹°¿¡ ÁÖÀÔÇÏ°í ÁöÇ¥¸éÀûÀÌ ¸Å¿ì ³ÐÀº ¿¬¸øÀ» ÀÌ¿ëÇØ ¹°À» È¿À²ÀûÀ¸·Î Áõ¹ß½ÃÅ°´Â µî ±âÁ¸ ³óÃàµÈ ¹° È帧À» ó¸®ÇÏ´Â ¹æ¹ýÀº ¿©·¯ °¡Áö°¡ ÀÖ´Ù. ±×·¯³ª ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ ¹æ¹ýÀÇ ´ëºÎºÐÀº ºñ½Î°í, ½Ã°£ÀÌ ¸¹ÀÌ °É¸®¸ç, ¿¡³ÊÁö Áý¾àÀûÀÌ´Ù.


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ÀÌ °úÁ¤Àº ´õ ÀûÀº ºñ¿ëÀ¸·Î ¿¡³ÊÁö¸¦ ´ú »ç¿ëÇÏ°í ¾Ö¸®Á¶³ª °°Àº ÀÚ¿ø ºÎÁ· ³»·ú Áö¿ª¿¡ ´õ ¸¹Àº ¹°À» Á¦°øÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù. ÀÌ ÀÛ¾÷Àº ¿¡³ÊÁöºÎ(Department of Energy)ÀÇ ÇÁ·Î¼¼½º °­È­ ¹èÄ¡ Á¦Á¶ ¿¬±¸¼Ò(Process Intensification Deployment manufacturing institute)·ÎºÎÅÍ 50¸¸ ´Þ·¯ÀÇ ÀÚ±ÝÀ» Áö¿ø¹Þ´Â´Ù.


¾Ö¸®Á¶³ª ´ëÇб³ÀÇ Äɸ® È÷Ų¹ÙÅÒ(Kerri Hickenbottom) È­ÇÐȯ°æ°øÇкΠÁ¶±³¼ö °â Ã¥ÀÓ¿¬±¸¿øÀº "CSP(ÁýÁßÇü ž翭¹ßÀü)¿Í PV(ž籤¹ßÀü)¸¦ ¸ðµÎ »ç¿ëÇÒ °æ¿ì PV³ª CSP¸¸ »ç¿ëÇÏ´Â ±âÁ¸ ¿­ ´ã¼öÈ­ ½Ã½ºÅÛ¿¡ ºñÇØ ¿¡³ÊÁö È¿À²À» µÎ ¹è·Î ³ôÀÏ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù´Â ÀåÁ¡ÀÌ ÀÖ´Ù"°í ¸»Çß´Ù.


±×´Â À̾î "ÀÌ ¿ÀÇÁ ±×¸®µå ½Ã½ºÅÛ(off-grid system)Àº Àç»ý¿¡³ÊÁö ÀÚ¿øÀ» »ç¿ëÇÏ¿© ÀüÇüÀûÀ¸·Î Æó±â¹° È帧À¸·Î °£ÁֵǴ °í¿°µµ ³óÃà¾×À» °ü¸®ÇÏ´Â ¹æ½ÄÀ» º¯È­½Ãų °ÍÀÌ´Ù"¶ó°í µ¡ºÙ¿´´Ù.


¾Èµå·¹¾Æ ¾Æų¸®(Andrea Achilli) È­ÇÐȯ°æ°øÇкΠÁ¶±³¼ö, Á¦ÀÓ½º C ¿ÍÀ̾ðÆ®(James C. Wyant) ±¤°úÇдëÇÐÀÇ ·Î¹öÆ® ³ë¿ìµå(Robert Norwood) ±³¼öµµ ÀÌ ÇÁ·ÎÁ§Æ®¿¡ °ü¿©ÇÏ°í ÀÖ´Ù.


ÀÌ »ç¾÷Àº ÀÌ ´ëÇÐÀÌ ÃÖ±Ù 2020³â ¼¼°è´ëÇÐ Çмú¼øÀ§ ¼öÀÚ¿ø ºÐ¾ß¿¡¼­ ¹Ì±¹ 1À§, ¼¼°è 2À§·Î ¼±Á¤µÈ °ÍÀ» ¹Ý¿µÇÑ °ÍÀÌ´Ù.


¡á ¸· Áõ·ù(Membrane Distillation)
¾Ö¸®Á¶³ª ´ëÇб³ÀÇ ¿¬±¸ÆÀÀº ±¤Çм¾ÅÍ Å¾翭 Å×½ºÆ®º£µå(Optical Sciences Center solar testbed)¸¦ ÀÌ¿ëÇØ ¿¬±¸¸¦ ÁøÇàÇÏ°í ÀÖ´Ù. ±×µéÀº ¶ÇÇÑ ¾Æų¸®(Achilli)°¡ °¨µ¶ÇÏ´Â ¿ª»ïÅõ ½Ã½ºÅÛÀÌ ÀÖ´Â Àα٠¹° ¿¡³ÊÁö Áö¼Ó°¡´É±â¼ú¼¾ÅÍ, Áï WEST ¼¾ÅÍ¿Í Çù·ÂÇÏ°í ÀÖ´Ù. ÀÌ ½Ã½ºÅÛÀº ÆÀÀÌ Å×½ºÆ®¿¡ »ç¿ëÇÒ ÁýÁß ½ºÆ®¸²À» »ý¼ºÇÑ´Ù.


ÇÏÀ̺긮µå ž翭 ´ã¼öÈ­ ½Ã½ºÅÛ(hybrid solar desalination system)Àº ¸· Áõ·ù¶ó°í ºÒ¸®´Â °øÁ¤À» ÀÌ¿ëÇÏ¿© ³óÃà È帧À» Á¤È­Çϴµ¥, ÀÌ°ÍÀº ¼Ò¼ö¼º ¸¶ÀÌÅ©·ÎÆļº ¸·À» °¡·ÎÁú·¯ ¿Âµµ ±¸¹è¸¦ ¸¸µå´Â °ÍÀ» Æ÷ÇÔÇÑ´Ù.


¸·ÀÇ ¶ß°Å¿î ¸é¿¡ ÀÖ´Â ³óÃàµÈ ÆóõÀº ¸· Ç¥¸é¿¡¼­ Áõ¹ßÇÏ¿© ¸·ÀÇ ¸ð°øÀ» ÅëÇØ ±âÈ­ÇÏ¸ç ¸·ÀÇ Â÷°¡¿î ¸é¿¡ Á¤Á¦¼ö·Î ÀÀÃàµÇ¾î ¿À¿°¹°ÁúÀ» ³²±ä´Ù.


ÀÌ Æ¯¼ö¸·Àº °í¾îÅؽº ¿ø´Ü°ú À¯»çÇØ ¿ø´ÜÀ» ÅëÇØ ¶¡ÀÌ Áõ¹ßÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖÁö¸¸ ¹°À̳ª ´Ù¸¥ ½À±â´Â µé¾î°¡Áö ¾Ê´Â´Ù. ±×¸®°í ³ª¼­, ±×µéÀº ³²Àº ¾²·¹±â È帧À» ¾×ü¿¡¼­ °íü·Î ¹Ù²Ù´Â »õ·Î¿î ¹æ¹ýÀ» »ç¿ëÇÒ °ÍÀÌ´Ù.


È÷Ų¹ÙÅÒ(Hickenbottom)Àº "¸· Àüü¿¡ °ÉÃÄ ÃßÁø·ÂÀ» ³ôÀÌ°í ³ó¾÷¿ë ºñ·á³ª µµ·Î Á¦¼³Á¦Ã³·³ ³óÃàõ¿¡ Ãß°¡ ÀÚ¿øÀ» ȸ¼öÇØ ¿µ¾× ¹æÃâÀ» ´Þ¼ºÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖµµ·Ï ½ÇÁ¦·Î »õ·Î¿î Á¾·ùÀÇ °áÁ¤Ã¼ ¼³°è¸¦ °³¹ßÇÏ°í ÀÖ´Ù"°í ¸»Çß´Ù.


°áÁ¤È­µÈ ¹°ÁúÀº ´Ù¸¥ ¿ëµµ·Î »ç¿ëÇÒ ¼ö ¾ø´õ¶óµµ ¾×»ó Æó±â¹° È帧¿¡ º¸°üÇϱ⺸´Ù´Â °íüȭÇÏ¸é ¿î¹ÝÀÌ ½±°í ºñ¿ëµµ Àû°Ô µç´Ù.


¡á ½Ã½ºÅÛ Àü¿ø °ø±Þ(Powering the System)
ÁýÁßÇü ž籤¹ßÀü°ú ž籤 ¹ßÀüÀº ¸ðµÎ ž籤¿¡¼­ Àü±â¸¦ »ý»êÇÏ´Â ¹æ½ÄÀÌÁö¸¸ Àüȯ°æ·Î´Â ´Ù¸£´Ù.


ž籤 Æгο¡ »ç¿ëµÇ´Â ±â¼úÀΠž籤Àº ¹ÝµµÃ¼ ¼ÒÀ縦 ÀÌ¿ëÇØ ÅÂ¾ç ºûÀ» Á÷Á¢ Àü±â·Î º¯È¯ÇÑ´Ù.


ÁýÁß Å¾翭 ¹ßÀüÀº ž翭À» °Å¿ï·Î ÁýÁß½ÃŲ ´ÙÀ½ Áõ±â ÅͺóÀ̳ª ¿£ÁøÀ» »ç¿ëÇÏ¿© ±× ¿­À» Àü±â·Î º¯È¯ÇÏ´Â 2´Ü°è °úÁ¤ÀÌ´Ù.


ž翭 Á¤¼ö ½Ã½ºÅÛÀº Á¸ÀçÇÏÁö¸¸, ÀÌ ½Ã½ºÅÛµéÀº ÁýÁßµÈ Å¾翭 ¹ßÀüÀ̳ª ž籤 ¹ßÀü Áß Çϳª¸¦ »ç¿ëÇÑ´Ù. ¿¹¸¦ µé¾î, ±¤Àü±â¸¦ »ç¿ëÇÏ¿© Àü±â¸¦ ¸¸µç ´ÙÀ½ ±× Àü±â¸¦ ¿­·Î ÀüȯÇϱ⠺¸´Ù´Â, ³ë¿ìµåÀÇ ARPA-E FOCUS ÇÁ·Î±×·¥¿¡ µû¶ó °³¹ßµÈ ÁýÁß Å¾翭 ¹ßÀü, ±¤ÀüÇÐ ¹× ¸âºê·¹ÀÎ Áõ·ù¸¦ »ç¿ëÇÏ´Â ÇÏÀ̺긮µå ½Ã½ºÅÛÀº °¢ ¹æ¹ýÀÇ °íÀ¯ÇÑ ÀåÁ¡À» È°¿ëÇÑ´Ù.


ž籤 ¹ßÀü¼Ò¿¡¼­ »ý»êµÇ´Â Àü±â´Â ÆßÇÁ, ¼±Ç³±â, Á¦¾îÀåÄ¡ µî º¸Á¶ºÎÇ°À» °¡µ¿Çϸç, ÁýÁß Å¾籤À¸·Î »ý»êµÇ´Â ž籤Àº Á÷Á¢ ¹°À» µ¥¿ì´Â µ¥ »ç¿ëµÈ´Ù. ÀÌ ½Ã½ºÅÛÀÇ ¶Ç ´Ù¸¥ ÁÖ¿ä ÀÌÁ¡Àº ºÏ¹Ì ¿øÁֹΠº¸È£±¸¿ª°ú °°ÀÌ ¼Ò¿ÜµÈ Áö¿ª¿¡¼­ Ȧ·Î ¼³ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù´Â °ÍÀÌ´Ù.


È÷Ų¹ÙÅÒ(Hickenbottom)Àº  "ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ ÇüÅÂÀÇ ¿¡³ÊÁö¿¡¼­ ´Ù¸¥ ¿¡³ÊÁö·Î °¥ ¶§ È¿À²¼ºÀÌ ¶³¾îÁö±â ¶§¹®¿¡ ÅÂ¾ç ¿¡³ÊÁö¸¦ Àü±â¸¦ »ý»êÇÏ°í ¹°À» Á÷Á¢ °¡¿­ÇÏ´Â µ¥ »ç¿ëÇÏ´Â °ÍÀÌ PV³ª CSP¸¦ »ç¿ëÇÏ´Â ±âÁ¸ ½Ã½ºÅÛº¸´Ù ¿ì¸®°¡ µÎ ¹è Á¤µµ È¿À²À» °®Ãß´Â ¹æ¹ý"À̶ó°í ¸»Çß´Ù.


 "CSP ÃßÀûÀ̶ó´Â ¹æ¹ýÀ» »ç¿ëÇÏ¿© PVÀÇ Àü±â ¿¡³ÊÁö »ý»êÀ» Áõ°¡½ÃÅ´À¸·Î½á ÀüüÀûÀÎ ½Ã½ºÅÛ ¼³Ä¡ °ø°£°ú ºñ¿ëµµ ÁÙÀÏ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù."


¿¬±¸ÁøÀº ¹Ì±¹ ¿¡³ÊÁöºÎ°¡ ÈÄ¿øÇÏ´Â ¹Ì±¹-¸ÞÀ̵å 縰Áö ¼Ö¶ó ´ã¼öÈ­»ó(American-Made Challenges Solar Deltaination Prize)¿¡ ±â¼úÀ» Á¦ÃâÇß´Ù.


900¸¸ ´Þ·¯°¡ ³Ñ´Â °æÇ°À» Á¦°øÇÏ´Â 4»ó °æÁø´ëȸ´Â ž翭 ´ã¼öÈ­ ±â¼ú °³¹ßÀ» ¾Õ´ç±â±â À§ÇØ ¸¶·ÃµÆ´Ù. ±× µµÀüÀÇ ÀÏȯÀ¸·Î, ±× ÆÀÀº ±× ÇÁ·ÎÁ§Æ®¿¡ °üÇÑ 90ÃÊÂ¥¸® ºñµð¿À¸¦ ¸¸µé¾ú´Ù.


[¿ø¹®º¸±â]


Harnessing The Sun To Purify Concentrated Waste Streams

 

 

Reverse osmosis is one of the most common methods for purifying saline water, but the process produces limited results. About 20% to 50% of the water that enters the system remains as a concentrated waste stream.


There are several existing methods for handling concentrate streams, including injecting the waste into isolated underground wells and using ponds with very large surface areas to efficiently evaporate the water. However, most of these methods are expensive, time consuming and energy intensive.


A team of University of Arizona engineers and scientists is developing a solar-powered desalination system that combines several types of technologies ? including concentrated solar power, photovoltaics and membrane distillation ? to recover water from these concentrated waste streams with maximum efficiency.


The process uses less energy at a lower cost, and it could provide more water for resource-scarce inland regions such as Arizona. The work is funded by $500,000 from the Department of Energy's Rapid Advancement in Process Intensification Deployment manufacturing institute.


"The benefit of using both CSP (concentrated solar power) and PV (photovoltaics) is that we can double the energy efficiency compared to existing thermal desalination systems that just use PV or CSP," said Kerri Hickenbottom, assistant professor of chemical and environmental engineering and principal investigator for the project.


"This off-grid system will use renewable energy resources to transform the way we manage high-salinity concentrate typically considered as waste streams."


Andrea Achilli, also an assistant professor of chemical and environmental engineering, and Robert Norwood, a professor in the James C. Wyant College of Optical Sciences, are also involved with the project.


The project reflects the university's recent designation as No. 1 in the U.S. and No. 2 globally in the area of water resources in the 2020 Academic Ranking of World Universities.


Membrane Distillation
The team is conducting research using the Optical Sciences Center solar testbed. They are also collaborating with the nearby Water and Energy Sustainable Technology Center, or WEST Center, which houses a reverse osmosis system overseen by Achilli. The system produces the concentrate stream the team will use for testing.


The hybrid solar desalination system purifies the concentrate stream using a process called membrane distillation, which involves creating a temperature gradient across a hydrophobic microporous membrane.


The concentrated waste stream on the hotter side of the membrane evaporates at the membrane surface, vaporizes through the membrane pores and condenses as purified water on the cooler side of the membrane ? leaving the contaminants behind.


This specialized membrane is similar to Gore-Tex fabric, which allows sweat to evaporate through the fabric but doesn't allow water or other moisture in. Then, they'll use a novel method to turn the remaining waste stream from liquid to solid.


"We're actually developing a new kind of crystallizer design so we can increase the driving force across the membrane, recover additional resources in the concentrate stream like agricultural fertilizers and road deicers and achieve zero-liquid discharge," Hickenbottom said.


Even if the crystallized materials are not usable for other applications, solidifying them rather than keeping them in a liquid waste stream makes them easier and less expensive to transport.


Powering the System
Concentrated solar power and photovoltaics are both methods for generating electricity from solar energy, but their conversion pathways differ.


Photovoltaics, which is the technology used in solar panels, converts the sun's light directly into electricity using semiconductor material.


Concentrated solar power is a two-step process that involves concentrating the sun's heat, using mirrors, then converting that heat to electricity, using steam turbines or engines.


Solar-thermal water purification systems exist, but these systems use either concentrated solar power or photovoltaics. Rather than, for example, using photovoltaics to create electricity and then converting that electricity to heat, the hybrid system ? which uses concentrated solar power, photovoltaics and membrane distillation developed under Norwood's ARPA-E FOCUS program ? takes advantage of each method's unique benefits.


The electricity produced by the photovoltaics runs the auxiliary components, such as pumps, a fan and a control system, while the solar energy produced with concentrated solar power is used directly to heat up the water. Another major benefit of this system is that it can stand alone in off-grid areas, such as Native American reservations.


"You lose efficiency when you go from one form of energy to another, so using the solar energy to generate electricity and to heat the water directly is how we plan to be about twice as efficient as existing systems that just use PV or CSP," Hickenbottom said.


 "By using a method called CSP tracking to increase PV's electrical energy production, we can also reduce the overall system footprint and cost."


The researchers have submitted their technology for the American-Made Challenges Solar Desalination Prize, sponsored by the U.S. Department of Energy.


The four-phase competition, which offers over $9M in prizes, is designed to advance the development of solar-driven thermal desalination technologies. As part of the challenge, the team created a 90-second video about the project.


About The University of Arizona
The University of Arizona, a land-grant university with two independently accredited medical schools, is one of the nation's top public universities, according to U.S. News & World Report.


Established in 1885, the university is widely recognized as a student-centric university and has been designated as a Hispanic Serving Institution by the U.S. Department of Education. The university ranked in the top 20 in 2018 in research expenditures among all public universities, according to the National Science Foundation, and is a leading Research 1 institution with $687M in annual research expenditures.


The university advances the frontiers of interdisciplinary scholarship and entrepreneurial partnerships as a member of the Association of American Universities, the 65 leading public and private research universities in the U.S.


It benefits the state with an estimated economic impact of $4.1B annually. For the latest on the University of Arizona response to the novel coronavirus, visit the university's COVID-19 webpage.


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