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[±Û·Î¹úÀ̽´±â¼ú] UV-C LED ±â¼ú¿¡ ÀÇÇÑ ¹°ÀÇ »ì±Õ¡¤¼Òµ¶
À̸§ °ü¸®ÀÚ waterindustry@hanmail.net ÀÛ¼ºÀÏ 2017.09.28 Á¶È¸¼ö 578
ÆÄÀÏ÷ºÎ

Global Issue Technology 


¡°¼öÀº·¥ÇÁ ÀåÂø ±âÁ¸ UV ¹ÝÀÀ±â, LED ½Ã½ºÅÛ¿¡ ºÎÀûÀý
¾ÆÄû¼¾½º Å×Å©, ÃֽŠ°íÈ¿À² ¡®UV-C LED¡¯ ±â¼ú °³¹ß¡±
                                                  (Àڿܼ± ¹ß±¤´ÙÀÌ¿Àµå)            

»ì±Õ¿¡ ÀûÇÕÇÑ 250¡­280§¬¿¡¼­ ƯÁ¤ º´¿ø±Õ »ì±Õ ¸ñÇ¥·Î ´Ù¾çÇÑ ±¤¼± ¹ß»ê
¼öó¸® ¼³°èÀÚµé, È¿À²ÀûÀÎ ¹ÝÀÀ±â ½Ã½ºÅÛ ¼³°è¡¤Á¦ÀÛ¿¡ ¸¹Àº ¿¬±¸°³¹ß ÇÊ¿ä


 UV-C LED ±â¼ú¿¡ ÀÇÇÑ ¹°ÀÇ »ì±Õ¡¤¼Òµ¶

(Systems Approach to UV-C LED Water Disinfection)

¹°¡¤´ë±â ȯ°æÀÇ ¼Òµ¶¡¤»ì±Õ ±â¼ú ½ÃÀå¿¡¼­ Àڿܼ±(UV)À» È°¿ëÇÑ ±â¼úÀº Áß¿äÇÑ ¿ªÇÒÀ» ÇÑ´Ù. ÀÌ¿¡ UV´Â »ì±Õ °øÁ¤À» ÇÊ¿ä·Î ÇÏ´Â ºÐ¾ß¿¡ È°¿ëµµ°¡ ´Ã¾î³ª°í ÀÖ´Ù. ÃÖ±Ù¿¡´Â ±âÁ¸ UV¸¦ È°¿ëÇÑ »ì±Õº¸´Ù Áøº¸µÈ ±â¼úÀÎ ¡®Àڿܼ± ¹ß±¤´ÙÀÌ¿Àµå(UV-C LED) »ì±Õ±â¼ú¡¯ÀÌ °³¹ßµÆ´Ù. ÀÌ ÀÚ·á´Â UV-C LED ¹æ½ÄÀÇ »ì±Õ±â¼úÀ» ¼¼°è ÃÖÃÊ·Î °³¹ßÇÑ ¾ÆÄû¼¾½º Å×Å©³î·ÎÁö(AquiSense Technology)»çÀÇ ±â¼ú°³¹ßºÎ ÀÌ»çÀÎ Áü ÄÚ½º¸¸(Jim Cosman)ÀÌ ±â¼úÀÇ Æ¯¼º ¹× ÇâÈÄ °³¼±¡¤º¸¿ÏÁ¡¿¡ ´ëÇØ ±â¼úÇÑ °ÍÀÌ´Ù. ÀÌ ³»¿ëÀ» ¹ø¿ªÇß´Ù.  [ÀÚ·áÁ¦°ø¡¤¹ø¿ª = ±è´ö¿¬ º»Áö ÆíÁýÀ§¿ø]

 

¹°¼ÓÀÇ ¹Ì»ý¹° µî À¯Çع°ÁúÀ» »ì±Õ¡¤¼Òµ¶ÇÏ´Â ±â¼ú ½ÃÀå¿¡¼­ Àڿܼ±(UV)À» »ç¿ëÇÏ´Â ±â¼úÀº Áß¿äÇÑ ÇÙ½É ¿ªÇÒÀ» Çϸç ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ »ì±Õ °øÁ¤À» ÇÊ¿ä·Î ÇÏ´Â ´Ù¾çÇÑ ºÐ¾ß¿¡ »ç¿ëÀÌ Å©°Ô ´Ã¾î³ª°í ÀÖ´Ù. ÀÌ¿¡ UV¿¡ ÀÇÇÑ »ì±Õº¸´Ù ÃֽŠ±â¼úÀÎ ¡®Àڿܼ± ¹ß±¤´ÙÀÌ¿Àµå(UV-C LED) ¹æ½ÄÀÇ »ì±Õ±â¼ú¡¯¿¡ ´ëÇØ °ËÅäÇß´Ù.

UV ±â¼úÀÌ °¡Áö°í ÀÖ´Â ÀåÁ¡Àº ù°, À¯ÇØÇÑ È­Çй°Áú(chemical) »ç¿ë ¾øÀÌ Ã³¸®°¡ °¡´ÉÇÏ°í(chemical free), µÑ°, È­Çй°Áú »ç¿ë°ú µ¿½Ã¿¡ ¹ß»ýµÇ´Â ¸ö¿¡ À¯ÇØÇÑ µðºÎÆ¿ÇÁÅ»·¹ÀÌÆ®(DBP)ÀÇ ¹ß»ýÀÌ ¾ø´Ù(no DBP). ¼Â°, UV´Â ´Ù¾çÇÑ ¼öÀμº ¹Ì»ý¹° Á¦°Å¿¡ ¸Å¿ì È¿°úÀûÀ̸ç ƯÈ÷ Ŭ·Î¸°(chlorine, ¿°¼Ò)¿¡ ³»¼ºÀ» °¡Áø Å©¸³Å佺Æ÷¸®µð¿ò(Cryptosporidium) ¹× Áö¾Æ¸£µð¾Æ(Giardia)ÀÇ Á¦°Åµµ °¡´ÉÇÏ´Ù(efficient pathogen inactivation).

³Ý°, »ç¿ë ¹× À¯Áö¡¤º¸¼ö¿¡ ¸Å¿ì ¿ëÀÌÇÑ ±â¼úÀÌ´Ù. ¿¹Àü¿¡´Â UV ±¤¼± ¹ß»ê ¸ñÀûÀ¸·Î °¡½º¹èÃâ ¹æ½ÄÀÇ ¼öÀº·¥ÇÁ ±â¼úÀÌ ¼öó¸® ½Ã½ºÅÛ¿¡ »ç¿ëµÇ¾úÀ¸³ª, ÃÖ±Ù¿¡´Â »ì±Õ¿¡ ÀûÇÕÇÑ ÆÄÀå ¹üÀ§ÀÎ 250¡­280§¬ ³»¿¡¼­ »õ·Î¿î ÇüÅÂÀÇ UV ±¤¼±À» ¹ß»êÇÏ´Â UV-C LED ¹æ½ÄÀÌ °³¹ßµÇ¾î »ó¿ëÈ­µÇ°í ÀÖ´Ù(low maintenance).

 

   
¡ã °ú°Å¿¡´Â UV ±¤¼± ¹ß»ê ¸ñÀûÀ¸·Î °¡½º¹èÃâ ¹æ½ÄÀÇ ¼öÀº·¥ÇÁ ±â¼úÀÌ ¼öó¸® ½Ã½ºÅÛ¿¡ »ç¿ëµÇ¾úÀ¸³ª, ÃÖ±Ù¿¡´Â »ì±Õ¿¡ ÀûÇÕÇÑ ÆÄÀå ¹üÀ§ÀÎ 250¡­280§¬ ³»¿¡¼­ »õ·Î¿î ÇüÅÂÀÇ UV ±¤¼±À» ¹ß»êÇÏ´Â UV-C LED ¹æ½ÄÀÌ °³¹ßµÇ¾î »ó¿ëÈ­µÇ°í ÀÖ´Ù. »çÁøÀº UV ±¤¼±À» ÀÌ¿ëÇÑ Á¤¼öÀå.


±âÁ¸ UV ±â¼úÀÇ ÀåÁ¡¿¡ Ãß°¡ÇÏ¿© ¡®UV-C LED ±â¼ú¡¯ÀÌ °¡Áö°í ÀÖ´Â ÀåÁ¡Àº ù°, ±âÁ¸ UV ·¥ÇÁ¿¡´Â ¼öÀºÀÌ ÇÔÀ¯µÇ¾î ÀÖ¾úÀ¸³ª, ÀÌ ±â¼ú¿¡¼­´Â ·¥ÇÁ ÆļÕÀ¸·Î ÀÎÇÑ ¼öÀº À§Çع°ÁúÀÇ ¹æÃâÀÌ ¾ø´Ù(mercury free). µÑ°, °íÃâ·Â UV-C LED »ç¿ë ¹× °íµµ ÄÁÆ®·Ñ ±â¼úÀ» »ç¿ëÇÏ¿© ±âÁ¸ UV ½Ã½ºÅÛ ´ëºñ ¼³Ä¡ ºÎÁö¸éÀûÀÌ ÀÛ´Ù(compact footprint).

¼Â°, ÀÌ ½Ã½ºÅÛÀº °£ÇæÀû À¯·® º¯È­¿¡µµ ÀûÀýÇÏ°Ô ¿îÀü °¡´ÉÇϸç, ¿¹¿­½Ã°£¿¡ ´ëÇÑ °í·Á ¾øÀÌ Áï°¢ÀûÀ¸·Î ¿îÀü¡¤Á¤Áö ½ºÀ§Ä¡ Á¶ÀÛÀÌ °¡´ÉÇÏ´Ù. À̷νá Àü·Â »ç¿ëÀ» ÁÙÀÌ°í ·¥ÇÁ ¼ö¸íÀ» ¿¬Àå½Ãų ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù(instant on/off).

³Ý°, ·¥ÇÁ ¼ö¸íÀº Àü¿ø ¿îÀü¡¤Á¤Áö »çÀÌŬ ¹Ýº¹¿¡ ¿µÇâÀ» ¹ÞÁö ¾ÊÀ¸¸ç, µû¶ó¼­ ·¥ÇÁ »çÀÌŬ Á¶ÀÛ¿¡ Á¦ÇÑÀÌ ¾ø´Ù(unlimited cycling). ´Ù¼¸Â°, LED ÀÚü´Â ¿­À» ¹°¼ÓÀ¸·Î À̵¿¡¤ÀüÆĽÃÅ°Áö ¾Ê±â ¶§¹®¿¡ ·¥ÇÁ ÀÚüÀÇ ÆĿ︵(fouling) ¹æÁö°¡ °¡´ÉÇϸç ÀÏÁ¤ÇÑ UV Ãâ·ÂÀ» º¸ÀåÇÑ´Ù(temperature independent).

Àڿܼ± ¹ß±¤´ÙÀÌ¿Àµå(UV-LED)´Â ¼öÀº·¥ÇÁ¿Í µ¿ÀÏÇÑ ¹°¸®Àû »ì±Õ´É·ÂÀ» °¡Áö°í ÀÖ´Ù. ÀÌ¿¡ ºñÇØ UV-C LED ±â¼úÀº °í±â´É¡¤°íÈ¿À²ÀÇ ´Ù¾çÇÑ Æ¯¼ºÀ» º¸À¯ÇÏ°í ÀÖÀ¸¸ç ÀÌ¿Í °ü·ÃÇØ ¼öÀº·¥ÇÁ¿Í ±âº»ÀûÀÎ ¼º´É Â÷ÀÌÁ¡À» ºñ±³ÇÏ¿© UV-C LED ±â¼ú °³¹ß¿¡ µû¸¥ ½Ã½ºÅÛÀÇ ±â¼úÀû ¹®Á¦Á¡µéÀ» Á¾ÇÕÀûÀ¸·Î Á¤¸®ÇÏ¿´´Ù.

 

Ultraviolet light has become a star player in the disinfection world. It is increasingly being used in key applications that require alternative disinfection options. UV disinfection has several advantages including:
1. Chemical free. UV provides physical treatment without the use of harmful chemicals.
2. No DBPs. No risk of harmful disinfection byproducts being generated as with chemical treatment
3. Efficient pathogen inactivation. UV is very effective against a wide range of waterborne pathogens, including chlorine-resistant organisms such as Cryptosporidium and Giardia.
4. Low maintenance. Robust technology that is easy to use and maintain.

Historically, conventional gas-discharge (mercury) lamps were employed in water treatment systems to emit UV light. Recently, a new type of light source(UV LEDs) emitting in the germicidal wavelength range(250 to 285 nm), has been rapidly developing and implemented into small-flow water treatment systems. In addition to the core benefits of UV disinfection technology listed above, UV-C LEDs offer additional benefits, including:
1. Mercury free. Conventional UV lamps contain mercury, but UV LEDs are free of hazardous materials, which eliminates the risk of a mercury spill due to a lamp breakage.
2. Compact footprint. High-power-density UV-C LEDs and advanced controls allow for a much smaller footprint compared to traditional UV systems.
3. Instant on/off. Systems are intermittent-flow friendly and can instantly be switched on and off without any warm-up time requirements. This also enhances power savings and leads to a prolonged lamp life.
4. Unlimited cycling. Lamp life is not impacted by on/off cycles, allowing for unlimited lamp cycling.
5. Temperature independent. LEDs do not transfer heat into the water, thus limiting lamp fouling and ensuring a constant UV output, regardless of water temperature.

On a higher level, LEDs offer the same security of physical disinfection as mercury lamps. It is important, however, to examine the fundamental differences between UV-C LEDs and mercury lamps. New thinking and design approaches are required to fully utilize the potential of this exciting new light-source. An overall systems approach is required to fully harness the enormous potential offered by UV-C LEDs. Below are the key engineering issues associated with UV-C LED system development.

 

UV ±¤¼±ÀÇ Æ¯¼º °ËÅä ¹× ±¸Á¶ÀÇ °ß°í¼º¡¤½Å·Úµµ º¸À¯ ÇÊ¿ä
(Nature of light source, robustness and reliability)

 
¼³°è¿¡¼­ UV-C LED ±â¼ú·ÎÀÇ Æз¯´ÙÀÓ º¯È­¿¡¼­ ³ªÅ¸³ª´Â Â÷ÀÌ´Â ·¥ÇÁ °£ ¹ß»ê ÇÁ·ÎÆÄÀÏÀÇ Â÷ÀÌ¿¡ ÀÇÁ¸ÇÏ°í ÀÖ´Ù([±×¸² 1] ÂüÁ¶). ÀÌ ±×¸² ÀÚü¸¸À¸·Î UV ¹ÝÀÀ±â ¼³°è º¯È­ÀÇ Çʿ伺À» ½±°Ô ÀÌÇØÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù.

 

   
 

¼öÀº·¥ÇÁ´Â ±âº»ÀûÀ¸·Î ¿øÅëÆ©ºêÇüÀ¸·Î ¼³°èµÇÁö¸¸ UV-C LED¿¡¼­´Â Á¡¿¡ ÀÇÇÑ ¹ß»ê ÇÁ·ÎÆÄÀÏ ±â´ÉÀ¸·Î ¿øÅëÇü ¸ð¾çÀ» °¡Áú ¼öµµ ÀÖÀ¸³ª ÀÌ´Â ²À ÇÊ¿äÇÑ Á¶°ÇÀº ¾Æ´Ï´Ù. ±âº»ÀûÀ¸·Î ¼­·Î ´Ù¸¥ ¹ß»êÀÇ ÇÁ·ÎÆÄÀÏÀ» º¸À¯ÇÏ°í ÀÖ´Â »çÇ× ¿Ü¿¡ UV-C LED¿¡¼­ÀÇ ½ºÆåÆ®·³ Ãâ·ÂÀÌ °ËÅäµÇ¾î¾ß ÇÑ´Ù. UV ÆÄÀå¿¡ µû¸¥ ÃÖ´ë »ì±ÕÈ¿°úÀÇ ¹üÀ§´Â 260¡­270§¬ »çÀÌÁö¸¸ Áö±Ý±îÁö´Â ÀúÀü¾ÐÀÇ ¼öÀº·¥ÇÁ°¡ ¸Å¿ì º¸ÆíÀûÀ¸·Î »ç¿ëµÇ¾î ¿Ô±â ¶§¹®¿¡ 254§¬°¡ ÀÌ»óÀûÀÎ ÆÄÀåÀ¸·Î ÀÎ½ÄµÇ¾î ¿Ô´Ù.

ÀÌ¿¡ ¹ÝÇÏ¿© UV-C LED´Â ÁØ´Ü»ö¼º(quasi-monochromatic, Ãâ·Â ´ëºÎºÐÀº 10§¬ °¸ ³»¿¡ ºÐÆ÷)À» Ư¡À¸·Î Çϸç ƯÁ¤ º´¿ø±Õ »ì±ÕÀ» ¸ñÇ¥·Î ÇÏ´Â ¹üÀ§ ³» ¶Ç´Â ÃÖ´ë º´¿ø±Õ UV °¨µµ(sensitivity) ¹üÀ§(255, 265, 275§¬ µî) ³»¿¡¼­ ´Ù¾çÇÑ ÆÄÀåÀÇ ÇüÅ·Π¼³°èµÉ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù. ÆÄÀåÀÇ ÀûÀýÇÑ ¼±Á¤À» À§ÇÑ ¼³°èÀÚÀÇ ¼±ÅÃÀº ºñ¿ë, ¼ö¸í, ¸ñÇ¥·Î ÇÏ´Â º´¿ø±Õ, UV »ì±ÕÁ¶»ç Ãâ·Â °£ÀÇ Á¶ÇÕ ±¸¼º¿¡ µû¶ó Ç×»ó º¯ÇÏ°Ô µÈ´Ù.

ÇÑÆí »õ·Î¿î UV-C LED ±¤¼±¿¡ ´ëÇÑ °æÇèºÎÁ·À¸·Î Á¦Á¶»çµéÀº ÀåÄ¡ÀÇ °ß°í¼º ¹× »ì±ÕÁ¶»ç ´É·Â¿¡ ÃæºÐÇÑ ½Å·Ú¸¦ °®µµ·Ï UV-C LED »ç¿ëÀ¸·Î ÀÎÇÑ »çÀü °Ë»ç¸¦ ´Ù¾çÇÏ°Ô ½Ç½ÃÇÏ¿©¾ß ÇÑ´Ù. µû¶ó¼­ UV-C LED ÃøÁ¤¡¤°Ë»ç¿ë ¼³ºñÀÇ »ç¿ëÀÌ ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ µ¥ÀÌÅÍ »êÃâ¿¡ ¸Å¿ì Áß¿äÇÑ ¿ªÇÒÀ» ÇÑ´Ù.

 

Principal design challenge is to understand a completely different light source, at slightly different germicidal wavelengths. Care must be taken to fully characterize its robustness and reliability. A key difference that sets the stage for this paradigm shift in design is the difference in emission profiles between these two lamps(Figure 1). From this diagram alone, it is easy to see the need for a change in UV reactor design geometry.

Mercury lamps require a cylindrical design, whereas UV-C LEDs have a point-source emission profile and may use, but do not require, a cylindrical profile. In addition to having a fundamentally different emission profile, the spectral output of UV-C LEDs must also be examined. With the popularity of low-pressure mercury lamps, 254 nm has been thought of as the ideal wavelength, even though the peak germicidal effectiveness falls between 260 and 270 nm, depending on the specific pathogen.

UV-C LEDs are quasi-monochromatic(majority of output falls within a 10-nm gap) but can be engineered in a variety of wavelengths within the germicidal range to target specific pathogens or the general peak pathogen UV sensitivity(e.g., 255, 265, 275 nm, etc.). The designer¡¯s choice of wavelength is usually dependent upon a combination of cost, lifetime, target pathogen and UV intensity output.

In addition, given the lack of experience with this new innovative light source, manufacturers must extensively pretest UV-C LEDs to be fully confident in the robustness and emission of these devices over time. A UV-C LED measurement and test facility is critical to yield this important data.

 

¹ÝÀÀ±â ¼³°è±â¼ú °³¹ß(Reactor design)

 

   
¡ã LED°¡ ³»ÀåµÈ ÆÄÀÌÇÁÀÇ ³»ºÎ »çÁø. ¼öó¸® ½Ã½ºÅÛ¿¡¼­ °íÈ¿À²ÀÇ UV ¹ÝÀÀ±â¸¦ ¼³°èÇÏ´Â µ¥ º¸´Ù ¸¹Àº ¿¬±¸°³¹ßÀÌ ÀÖ¾î¾ß Çϸç, ÀüüÀûÀÎ È¿À²À» »ó¼¼ÇÏ°Ô °ËÅäÇÏ´Â °ÍÀº ¹ÝÀÀ±â ¼³°èÀÇ ÀüÁ¦Á¶°ÇÀÌ´Ù.

·¥ÇÁÀÇ Àڿܼ± Á¶»ç ÇÁ·ÎÆÄÀÏ Â÷ÀÌ·Î ÀÎÇÏ¿© LED ·¥ÇÁ°¡ ÀåÂøµÈ 󸮿ë è¹ö(chamber)´Â ±âÁ¸ ¼öÀº·¥ÇÁ¿¡¼­ »ç¿ëµÈ °Íº¸´Ù ±âº»ÀûÀ¸·Î ´Ù¸¥ ÇüÅ·Π±¸¼ºµÇ¾î¾ß ÇÑ´Ù. ¶ÇÇÑ ¹ÝÀÀ±â è¹ö ³»¿¡¼­ »õ·Î¿î ±¤¼± ¼Ò½º¸¦ È¿°úÀûÀ¸·Î ºÐ»ê½ÃÅ°´Â ¹æ¹ýÀ» °ËÅäÇØ¾ß ÇÑ´Ù.

ÇöÀç »ó¾÷¿ëÀ¸·Î Ãâ½ÃµÈ UV-C LED´Â ±âÁ¸ Àú¾Ð¿ë ¼öÀº·¥ÇÁÀÇ ÀϹÝÀûÀÎ 17W(¿ÍÆ®) Ãâ·Â¿¡ ºñÇÏ¿© 100§Ñ(¹Ð¸®¿ÍÆ®) Á¤µµÀÇ ³·Àº Ãâ·ÂÀ» °¡Áö°í ÀÖ´Ù. µû¶ó¼­ ÇϳªÀÇ UV-C LED´Â ½Ì±Û ¼öÀº·¥ÇÁó·³ °­·ÂÇÏÁö´Â ¾ÊÁö¸¸ ÀÚü Ãâ·Â°ú Ãâ·Â¹Ðµµ(À¯´ÏÆ® ´ç Ãâ·Â) ¼º´ÉÀº ¿À·§µ¿¾È ¸Å¿ì Å« ÆøÀ¸·Î Áõ°¡µÇ¾î ¿Ô´Ù.

±× °á°ú ¼öó¸® ½Ã½ºÅÛ¿¡¼­ Àüü È¿À²À» º¸»óÇϰųª À¯ÁöÇϱâ À§ÇÏ¿© °íÈ¿À²ÀÇ UV ¹ÝÀÀ±â¸¦ ¼³°èÇÏ´Â µ¥ º¸´Ù ¸¹Àº ¿¬±¸°³¹ßÀÌ ÀÖ¾î¾ß ÇÑ´Ù. ¹è°ü¿ë ÆÄÀÌÇÁ¿¡ ¶óÀÌ´× µµÆ÷¸¦ ÀÔÈ÷´Â µî ÀϺΠ¼³°è °³¼±ÀÌ ÀÌ·ç¾îÁ³Áö¸¸ ÀüüÀûÀÎ È¿À²À» »ó¼¼ÇÏ°Ô °ËÅäÇÏ´Â °ÍÀº ¹ÝÀÀ±â ¼³°èÀÇ ÀüÁ¦Á¶°ÇÀÌ´Ù.

ÀÌ¹Ì UV-C LED ±â¼úÀº °¡½Ã±¤¼± ¹üÀ§ÀÇ LED ±â¼ú ¼öÁرîÁö ¼º¼÷µÇ¾úÀ¸¸ç ¿ì¿ùÇÑ È¿À²¼ºÀ» °¡Áö°Ô µÇ¾î ½ÇÁ¦·Î ¾î¶² ÇüÅÂÀÇ ±¸Á¶·Îµµ ¼³Ä¡¡¤¿î¿µÀÌ °¡´ÉÇÏ´Ù. ±×·¯³ª ÇöÀç´Â ¹ÝÀÀ±â ¼³°è°¡ È¿À²ÀûÀ¸·Î Á¦ÀÛ °¡´ÉÇÑ °æ¿ì¿¡¸¸ UV-C LED ½Ã½ºÅÛÀÌ È¿À²ÀûÀ¸·Î »ç¿ë °¡´ÉÇÑ Á¡ÀÌ ¹®Á¦·Î ´ëµÎµÇ°í ÀÖ´Ù.

ÇöÀç ÀϺΠUV-C LED ½Ã½ºÅÛÀÌ Ãâ½ÃµÇ¾î ÀÖÀ¸¸ç À̵éÀº ¸ðµÎ ¼­·Î ´Ù¸¥ ¹ÝÀÀ±â·Î ¼³°èµÇ¾î ÀÖ´Ù. È¿°úÀûÀÎ ¹ÝÀÀ±â ¼³°è Á¦Ç°Àº ¾ÆÁ÷ ½±°Ô »ó¾÷È­µÇ¾î Ãâ½ÃµÇ¾î ÀÖÁö ¾ÊÀ¸³ª ¼öÀº·¥ÇÁ ½Ã½ºÅÛº¸´Ù ´õ È¿À²ÀûÀÎ ¹ÝÀÀ±â ±¸Á¶¸¦ ¼³°è¡¤Çü»óÈ­ÇÏ´Â µ¥ ¸¹Àº ¿¬±¸°³¹ßÀÌ ÀÌ·ïÁö°í ÀÖ´Ù. °³¹ß°úÁ¤¿¡ °£È¤ ÄÄÇ»ÅÍ¿¡ ÀÇÇÑ À¯·® È°¼ºÈ­ ¸ðµ¨(CFD, computational fluid dynamics)À̳ª À¯ÇÑ¿ä¼Ò ºÐ¼®(finite element analysis) µî °íµµÀÇ ¸ðµ¨¸µ Åø(tool)ÀÌ »ý¹°ÇÐÀû Á¶»ç·®ÃøÁ¤(biodosimetry), ±¤·®ÃøÁ¤(actinometry) µî ¹°¸®Àû ÃøÁ¤±â¼ú°ú ÇÔ²² ÀûÀýÇÏ°Ô »ç¿ëµÇ°í ÀÖ´Ù.

 

Principal design challenge is to increase the overall system efficiency by designing a highly efficient UV reactor. Because of the differences in lamp emission profiles, treatment chambers incorporating LEDs have the potential to be substantially different than those using conventional mercury-based lamps. The designer must find a way to efficiently distribute this new light source within the reaction chamber.

Currently,  commercially available UV-C LEDs have outputs below 100 mW (for a single device, around 3.5 mm2) compared to a 17-W, low-pressure mercury lamp (around 350mm x 15mm). Although single UV-C LEDs are not as powerful as single mercury lamps, their UV-C output and power density (output per unit area) has been increasing exponentially over the last few years.

As a result, more effort must be placed on designing a highly efficient UV reactor to compensate and maintain the overall efficiency of the water treatment system. Some designs may be elegant, such as lining a pipe with LEDs (as shown in Figure 2) but overall efficiency must be the driving premise.

Perhaps once UV-C LED technology has matured to the levels of visible LED technology and are exceptionally efficient, they can be placed in practically any configuration; but for now, UV-C LED systems can only be effective when built around exceptionally efficient reactor designs. There are only a few UV-C LED treatment systems available today, each with a different reactor design. Efficient reactor designs are not easily discovered.

Development teams spend years in designing and validating novel reactor configurations that are more efficient than mercury-lamp-based systems. Advanced modeling tools, such as computational fluid dynamics and finite element analysis, are deployed alongside physical measurement techniques, such as bio-dosimetry and actinometry.

 

¹ß»ýµÇ´Â ¿­ÀÇ °ü¸®(Thermal management)

 

LED¸¦ »ç¿ëÇÏ´Â ½Ã½ºÅÛÀÇ ÇÙ½É ÀåÁ¡ Áß Çϳª´Â ¿­ÀÌ ¹°¼ÓÀ¸·Î Àü´ÞµÇÁö ¾Ê´Â´Ù´Â °ÍÀÌ´Ù([±×¸² 2] ÂüÁ¶). LED´Â ÀåÄ¡ÀÇ Á¤¸é¿¡¼­ ºûÀ» ¹ß»êÇÏ°í µÞ¸é¿¡¼­´Â ¿­ÀÌ ¹ß»ýÇÑ´Ù. ¹Ý¸é ¼öÀº·¥ÇÁ¿¡¼­´Â ºû°ú ¿­ÀÌ µ¿ÀÏÇÑ Ç¥¸é¿¡¼­ ¹ß»ýµÈ´Ù.

 

   
 

ÇÑÆí UV-C LED¿¡¼­´Â ¼öÀº·¥ÇÁ º¸´Ù ´õ ¸¹Àº ¿­ÀÌ ¹ß»ýµÇ¹Ç·Î º¸´Ù Á¤È®ÇÏ°Ô °ü¸®µÇ¾î¾ß ÇÑ´Ù. ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ °ü¸®´Â ¿©·¯ ¹æ¹ýÀ¸·Î °¡´ÉÇϳª, ½Ã½ºÅÛÀÇ ¼ö¸í¿¡ ¿µÇâÀ» ¹ÌÄ¡¹Ç·Î È¿°úÀûÀÎ °ü¸®¸¦ ¼öÇàÇϱâ À§Çؼ­´Â »õ·Î¿î ±â¼úÀÌ ÇÊ¿äÇÏ´Ù. LED °æ°è¼±(junction)¿¡¼­ ³ôÀº ¿Âµµ°¡ À¯ÁöµÇ¸é LED¿¡¼­ UV Ãâ·ÂÀº ÁÙ¾îµé¸ç ½Ã°£ÀÌ °æ°úÇÔ¿¡ µû¶ó »ì±Õ´É·ÂÀº °¨¼ÒÇÑ´Ù.

µû¶ó¼­ ¿­À» ÁÙÀÌ´Â ±â¼ú ¹× ¿­ ¹ß»ý¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ¸ð´ÏÅ͸µÀ» ½Ç½ÃÇÏ´Â °ÍÀº UV-LED¸¦ ¿À·§µ¿¾È À¯ÁöÇÏ´Â µ¥ ¸Å¿ì Áß¿äÇÏ´Ù. »ç¿ë ȯ°æ¿¡ µû¶ó ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ ·¥ÇÁÀÇ »ç¿ë¡¤±³Ã¼ ÁÖ±â´Â ±âÁ¸ ¼öÀº·¥ÇÁÀÇ ÀϹÝÀûÀÎ ¿¬Áß±³Ã¼ ¼ö¿ä¿Í ºñ±³ÇÏ¿© ¼ö³â°£À¸·Î ´Ã¾î³¯ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù.

 

Principal design challenge is to manage the heat emitted by UV-C LEDs to ensure long lamp life. One of the key benefits of LED-based systems is that they do not transfer heat into the water(Figure 3). LEDs emit all their light at the front surface of the device and heat at the back surface, whereas mercury lamps emit both light and heat through the same surface.

UV-C LEDs emit more heat than mercury-based lamps, which must in turn be managed correctly. This can be done through a variety of ways and will aid in the longevity of the system. New skill sets or specialists are needed to effectively accomplish this task. If high temperatures are maintained at the LED junction, the UV output of the LED will diminish and over time the disinfection efficacy of the system will reduce.

Implementing thermal heat-reduction techniques and heat monitoring is key to sustaining long-lasting UV LEDs. Depending on usage, the replacement interval of these lamps can be several years compared with annual replacement requirements of conventional mercury lamps.

 

½Ã½ºÅÛ ¸ð´ÏÅ͸µ ¹× À¯Áö¡¤º¸¼ö(System monitoring/troubleshooting)

 

»ì±Õ ¼º´É¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ½Ç½Ã°£ ¸ð´ÏÅ͸µ°ú ¾Ë¶÷ ½ÅÈ£ ¹ß»ýÀº È¿°úÀûÀÎ UV-C LED ½Ã½ºÅÛ¿¡¼­ ÇʼöÀûÀÎ »çÇ×ÀÌ´Ù. ¶ÇÇÑ ¾î¶² ÃøÁ¤Ç׸ñÀÌ ÃßÀû °¡´ÉÇÏ¸ç ¾î¶»°Ô ÃøÁ¤ÀÌ ½ÇÇàµÇ´ÂÁö ÆľÇÇÏ´Â °ÍÀº ½Ã½ºÅÛÀÇ ½Å·Úµµ¸¦ È®¸³ÇÏ´Â µ¥ Áß¿äÇÏ´Ù.

½º¸¶Æ® ±â¼ú¿¡ ÀÇÇÑ ¼³°è´Â ·¥ÇÁ »óŸ¦ ¸ð´ÏÅ͸µÇÏ°í ¾Ö·Î»çÇ× ¹ß»ý, ¾Ë¶÷¡¤½Ã½ºÅÛ Á¤ÁöÀÇ ÇÁ·ÎÅäÄÝ(protocol)À» À§ÇÏ¿© ¾î¶°ÇÑ Ã¼Å©Æ÷ÀÎÆ®°¡ ÇÊ¿äÇÑÁö ¸ð´ÏÅ͸µ ÇÏ´Â ±â´ÉÀÌ Æ÷ÇԵȴÙ. ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ ÃßÀû °¡´ÉÇÑ ±â¼úÀ» »ç¿ëÇÔÀ¸·Î½á »ç¿ëÀÚ¿¡°Ô ÀûÀýÇÑ ÃøÁ¤Ç׸ñÀÌ ½ÇÁ¦ÀûÀ¸·Î ÀÏÄ¡µÇ°í ÀÖÀ½À» È®ÀÎÇÏ¸ç ½Ã½ºÅÛÀÌ ºñÈ°¼ºÈ­ ¼öÁØ ¹× ±â´ë¼ö¸í ³»¿¡ ÀÖÀ½À» È®ÀÎÇϱâ À§ÇÏ¿© ÇÊ¿äÇÑ ÅøÀ» Á¦°øÇÑ´Ù.

¹°ÀÇ »ì±Õ¡¤¼Òµ¶ °øÁ¤¿¡ UV-C LED ±¤¼± ¼Ò½º¸¦ ÀÌ¿ëÇÏ´Â °ÍÀº ¼³°èÀÚ¿Í »ç¿ëÀÚ ¸ðµÎ¿¡°Ô UV »ì±Õ¿¡ ´ëÇÏ¿© ±âÁ¸ »ý°¢À» ¹Ù²ã¾ß ÇÏ´Â ¹®Á¦¸¦ ¾ß±âÇÑ´Ù. Áï, ±âÁ¸ ¼öÀº·¥ÇÁ¸¦ È°¿ëÇÏ´Â ¼³°èÀÇ ±âº»À» ¹Þ¾ÆµéÀ̸鼭 ¾Æ³¯·Î±× »ì±Õ¿¡¼­ µðÁöÅÐ »ì±ÕÀ¸·Î ÀüȯÀ» ½ÃµµÇÏ´Â °úÁ¤¿¡¼­ »ç°í¹æ½ÄÀÇ º¯È­°¡ ÇÊ¿äÇÏ´Ù.

µû¶ó¼­ ·¥ÇÁ È¿À²¿¡ ÁÖ¾ÈÁ¡À» µÎ´Â ´ë½Å ·¥ÇÁ ¹× ¹ÝÀÀ±â ¸ðµÎÀÇ È¿À²¿¡ ÀÇÁ¸ÇÏ´Â Àüü ½Ã½ºÅÛ È¿À²¿¡ Âø¾ÈÇÏ´Â °ÍÀÌ º¸´Ù ´õ Áß¿äÇÏ´Ù. UV-C LED ±â¼úÀÌ º¸´Ù ´õ È¿À²ÀûÀÎ ±â¼úÀÌ µÇ±â À§Çؼ­´Â ¹ÝÀÀ±â¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ¼³°è °³¹ßÀÌ ½Ã½ºÅÛ È¿À² °áÁ¤ÀÇ Áß¿äÇÑ ¿ä¼Ò°¡ µÈ´Ù.

±âÁ¸ÀÇ ¼öÀº·¥ÇÁ´Â È¿À²ÀûÀ¸·Î »ç¿ëµÇ¾î ¿ÔÀ¸¸ç Æ©ºêÇüÅÂÀÇ ¹ÝÀÀ±â ¶ÇÇÑ Àû´çÇÏ°Ô È¿À²¼ºÀÌ ÀÔÁõµÇ¾ú´Ù. ±×·¯³ª UV-C LED ½Ã½ºÅÛÀº ÇöÀç ÃæºÐÈ÷ È¿À²ÀûÀÌÁö´Â ¾ÊÀ¸¸ç µû¶ó¼­ ½Ã½ºÅÛ È¿À²ÀÌ ¼öÀº·¥ÇÁ ±âÁØÀÇ ½Ã½ºÅÛ ¼º´É°ú µ¿ÀÏÇϰųª »óȸÇÏ´Â ¼öÁØÀ¸·Î ¿¹¿ÜÀûÀ¸·Î È¿À²ÀÌ ÁÁÀº ¹ÝÀÀ±â°¡ °³¹ßµÈ °æ¿ì¿¡ À̵éÀ» ¾ç¸³ÇÏ¿© »ç¿ëÇØ¾ß ÇÑ´Ù.

 

Principal design challenge is to understand the critical parameters impacting UV-C LED life and performance and monitoring them effectively. Real-time monitoring of disinfection performance and alarm indication is vital to an effective UV-C LED system. Knowing not only which metrics to track but also how to implement them is critical to ensuring system confidence.

Smart designing includes monitoring the health of the lamp and which checkpoints require error indicators, alarms and system shut-off protocols. This tracking provides the end user with needed tools to ensure proper metrics are met and their system is at the required inactivation levels and life expectancy.

The introduction of UV-C LED light sources to the water disinfection industry challenges both designers and users to change the way they think about UV disinfection. While incorporating some design principles previously utilized with mercury-based lamps, in many cases, a paradigm shift will be required to make the transition from analog to digital disinfection. Rather than focusing on lamp efficiency, it is more important to focus on total system efficiency, which depends both on lamp efficiency and reactor efficiency.

Therefore, while the world waits for UV-C LEDs to become more efficient, reactor design becomes the determining factor in system efficiency. Mercury lamps are moderately efficient and their tube-geometry reactors are also moderately efficient. UV-C LED light sources are currently not as efficient, so they must be paired with exceptionally efficient reactors for the system¡¯s efficiency to equal or exceed that of mercury-based water treatment systems.

 

°á¾î(Conclusion)

 

¼öÀº·¥ÇÁ°¡ ÀåÂøµÈ ±âÁ¸ÀÇ UV ¹ÝÀÀ±â´Â LED·Î ÀÛµ¿µÇ´Â ½Ã½ºÅÛ¿¡´Â ÀûÀýÇÏÁö ¾Ê´Ù´Â °ÍÀº ¸¹Àº ¼³°èÀÚµéÀÌ ÀνÄÇÏ°í ÀÖ´Ù. ȯ°æÀû ±ÔÁ¦¿¡ ´ëÀÀÇϱâ À§ÇÏ¿© Áö¼ÓÀûÀ¸·Î ÀÏÁ¤ ¹Ì»ý¹°ÀÇ ·Î±×¹æ½Ä Á¦°ÅÀ²(log reduction) Ư¼ºÀ» Á¦°øÇϱâ À§ÇØ À¯Ã¼ÇÐÀû Ãø¸é¿¡¼­ °íµµ·Î ÁøÈ­µÈ ¹ÝÀÀ±â¸¦ ÇÊ¿ä·Î ÇÑ´Ù. UV-C LED ±â¼ú °³¹ßÀº ¸Å¿ì ºü¸¥ ¼Óµµ·Î ÁøÇàµÇ°í ÀÖÀ¸¹Ç·Î LED ·¥ÇÁ È¿À²Àº Á¡Â÷ Ä¿Áö°í °¡°ÝÀº ¶³¾îÁö°Ô µÉ °ÍÀÌ´Ù.

µû¶ó¼­ UV-C LED ±â¼úÀº ¹ÝÀÀ±â ÀåÄ¡ÀÇ È¿À²¼º Áõ°¡¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ÀνÄÀÌ ¾ø´õ¶óµµ ¸Å¿ì ´Ù¾çÇÑ ºÐ¾ß·Î È°¿ëµÉ °ÍÀÌ´Ù. ±×·¯³ª °¡±î¿î Àå·¡¿¡´Â UV-C LED ÀåÄ¡¸¦ ¼±ÅÃÇÒ ¶§ ÀüüÀûÀÎ ½Ã½ºÅÛ ¼³°è ¹× È¿À²¼ºÀÌ ¸Å¿ì Áß¿äÇÑ ¿ä¼Ò·Î ÀÚ¸® ÀâÀ» °ÍÀÌ´Ù. »ç¿ëÀÚ, ±ÔÁ¦´ç±¹, ¼öó¸® ¼³°èÀÚµéÀº ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ »çÇ×À» ÀνÄÇÏ°í È¿À²ÀûÀÎ ¹ÝÀÀ±â¸¦ °³¹ß Á¦ÀÛÇÏ´Â µ¥ ¹«¾ùÀÌ ÇÊ¿äÇÑÁö ÀÌÇØÇÏ¿©¾ß ÇÑ´Ù.

 

Many designers have quickly learned that conventional UV reactors utilized for mercury lamps are not suitable for LED-driven systems. Fluid dynamics require a highly advanced reactor in order to provide consistent log reduction for demanding regulations. As UV-C LED development continues to move forward at a rapid pace, the efficiency of LEDs will increase, while prices will decrease.

Therefore, UV-C LEDs will eventually become widely utilized without having to focus on reactor efficiency. For the foreseeable future, however, overall system design is critical when choosing to deploy UV-C LED devices. Users, regulators and water system designers need to be aware of this and understand what it takes to build and evaluate an efficient reactor because, as we know, not all reactors are created equal. 

 

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