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[ÇØ¿Ü¿¬±¸º¸°í¼­] ±Þ¼ö½Ã ¾Ð·Â°ü¸®, ¼öµ¾¹° È¿À²¼ºÀ» ¾î¶»°Ô °³¼±Çϳª

½ºÆäÀÎ À̵帮ī, ¾Ð·Â°ü¸®¡¤´©¼öÁ¦¾î¡¤ÀÎÇÁ¶ó °³¼± µî ¹°¼Õ½Ç ÁÙÀÏ ¼ö ÀÖ´Â ¹æ¾È Á¦½Ã

¾Ð·Â¡¤°úµµÇö»ó ¹®Á¦, ¹è°üÀÌ ¹°ºÐ¹è½Ã½ºÅÛ¼­ ¾î¶»°Ô ÀÛ¿ëÇÏ´ÂÁö °£·«È÷ ºÐ¼® ÇÊ¿ä



µµ½Ã ¼ö·ÂÇÐ(urban hydraulics)¿¡¼­ ¾Ð·Â°ü¸®(pressure management)¸¦ ÅëÇØ ¹°¸®ÀûÀ¸·Î ´©¼ö¸¦ ÁÙÀÌ°í ³×Æ®¿öÅ© È¿À²¼ºÀ» Çâ»ó½ÃÅ°¸ç, ¿î¿µ ¹× À¯Áö°ü¸® ºñ¿ëÀ» Àý°¨ÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù. ÇÏÁö¸¸ ¾î¶»°Ô ½ÇÁ¦·Î ÀÛµ¿ÇÒ±î?


½ºÆäÀÎ ¹°»ê¾÷À» À§ÇÑ µðÁöÅÐ º¯È¯ Àü¹®±â¾÷ÀÎ À̵帮ī(Idrica)ÀÇ ¸ß½ÃÄÚ Áö»çÀåÀÎ ´ÏÄÝ¶ó½º ¸óÅ׸£µ¥(Nicolas Monterde)¿¡ µû¸£¸é, ¡°ÀÌ¹Ì ½ÃÀå¿¡¼­ ¿ì¸®°¡ °áÁ¤À» ³»¸®°í °¡Àå ÁÁÀº ±æÀ» ¼±ÅÃÇϵµ·Ï µ½´Â ÁÖÁ¦¿Í ±â¼ú ¹ßÀü¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ¸¹Àº ÀÌ·ÐÀÌ ÀÖ´Ù¡±°í ¸»ÇÑ´Ù.

 

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½ºÆäÀÎ ¹°»ê¾÷À» À§ÇÑ µðÁöÅÐ º¯È¯ Àü¹®±â¾÷ÀÎ À̵帮ī(Idrica)´Â ¾Ð·Â°ü¸®(pressure management)¸¦ ÅëÇØ ¹°¸®ÀûÀ¸·Î ´©¼ö¸¦ ÁÙÀÌ°í ³×Æ®¿öÅ© È¿À²¼ºÀ» Çâ»ó½ÃÅ°¸ç, ¿î¿µ ¹× À¯Áö°ü¸® ºñ¿ëÀ» Àý°¨ÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù´Â ÀÇ°ßÀ» Á¦½ÃÇß´Ù.  [»çÁøÃâó = À̵帮ī(Idrica)])

 

¿¹¸¦ µé¾î, ±¹Á¦¹°Çùȸ(IWA ; International Water Association)°¡ Á¦½ÃÇÑ 4°¡Áö ¿ä¼Ò´Â ¹° ¼Õ½ÇÀ» ÁÙÀÌ°í ½Ã½ºÅÛ È¿À²¼ºÀ» °³¼±Çϱâ À§ÇØ ½ÇÇàÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Â Á¶Ä¡µéÀ» ³ªÅ¸³½´Ù.


IWA°¡ ¾ð±ÞÇÑ Ã¹ ¹ø° Ãø¸éÀº °íÀåÀ» °¡´ÉÇÑ ÇÑ »¡¸®, ±×¸®°í °¡Àå ³ôÀº Ç¥ÁØ¿¡ ¸ÂÃç ¼ö¸®ÇÏ´Â °ÍÀÇ Á߿伺ÀÌ´Ù. ¶È°°ÀÌ Áß¿äÇÑ ´Ù¸¥ ¼¼ °¡Áö ¿ä¼Ò´Â ¡â½Ã½ºÅÛ ¾Ð·Â°ü¸®(system pressure management), ¡â´Éµ¿Àû ´©¼ö Á¦¾î(active leak control) ¡âÀÎÇÁ¶ó °³¼±(infrastructure improvements)ÀÌ´Ù. ÀÌ ³× °¡Áö ±ÇÀå»çÇ×À» ÁؼöÇÏ¸é ³×Æ®¿öÅ© ¼Õ½ÇÀ» ÁÙÀÏ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù.


´ÏÄÝ¶ó½º ¸óÅ׸£µ¥(Nicolas Monterde)´Â ¡°°æÁ¦Àû, ±â¼úÀû ÀÌÀ¯·Î ÇÇÇÒ ¼ö ¾ø´Â ¼Õ½ÇÀº Ç×»ó ÀÖ°ÚÁö¸¸ ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ ¼Õ½ÇÀº ÃÖ¼ÒÈ­ÇØ¾ß ÇÑ´Ù¡±°í ÁöÀûÇÑ´Ù. ÀÌ°ÍÀº ³×Æ®¿öÅ©¸¦ º¸´Ù È¿À²ÀûÀÌ°í Áö¼Ó°¡´ÉÇÏ°Ô ¸¸µé °ÍÀ̸ç, ÀÌ°ÍÀÌ ¹Ù·Î ¼öµµ»ç¾÷ÀÚµéÀÌ Ã£°í ÀÖ´Â »çÇ×ÀÌ´Ù.


¾Ð·Â°ü¸®ÀÇ ÀÌÁ¡ ºÐ¼®(Analyzing the benefits of pressure management)


IWA¿¡ µû¸£¸é ¾Ð·Â°ü¸®(pressure management)´Â ÇÕ¹ýÀûÀÎ ¼ÒºñÀÚ¿Í »ç¿ëÀ» À§ÇÑ ÃæºÐÇÏ°í È¿À²ÀûÀÎ ¼­ºñ½º¸¦ º¸ÀåÇϸ鼭 ½Ã½ºÅÛÀÇ ¾Ð·ÂÀ» ÃÖÀû ¼öÁØÀ¸·Î Á¶Á¤ÇÏ´Â µ¥ ÁßÁ¡À» µÐ´Ù. µ¿½Ã¿¡ ºÒÇÊ¿äÇÑ °úµµÇÑ ¾Ð·ÂÀ» ÁÙÀÌ°í ÀÎÇÁ¶ó ¼ö¸í¿¡ ¿µÇâÀ» ¹ÌÄ¡´Â °úµµÇö»óÀ» Á¦°ÅÇØ¾ß ÇÑ´Ù. ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ ¿äÀÎÀº ¸ðµÎ ½ÇÁ¦ È¿À²¼ºÀ» ÀúÇϽÃų ¼ö ÀÖ´Â ´©¼ö¸¦ À¯¹ßÇϱ⠶§¹®ÀÌ´Ù.


¾Ð·Â°ú °úµµÇö»óÀ» µÑ·¯½Ñ ¹®Á¦¸¦ ´õ Àß ÀÌÇØÇϱâ À§Çؼ­´Â ¹è°ü(pipe)ÀÌ ¹° ºÐ¹è ½Ã½ºÅÛ(water distribution systems)¿¡¼­ ¾î¶»°Ô ÀÛ¿ëÇÏ´ÂÁö °£·«È÷ ºÐ¼®ÇÒ ÇÊ¿ä°¡ ÀÖ´Ù. ¿¹¸¦ µé¾î, »õ·Î¿î ÆÄÀÌÇÁ¿Í Áß·Â ½Ã½ºÅÛ(gravity system)ÀÇ °æ¿ì, ¹è°üÀÇ °íÀ¯ÇÑ ¼³°è¿Í »ç¾çÀº ¹è°üÀÌ ÀÛµ¿ÇÏ´Â ¾Ð·Â ¹üÀ§°¡ ¾î¶°ÇÑ Á¾·ùÀÇ ÇÑ°èÁ¡(breaking point)¿¡µµ °¡±õÁö ¾Ê´Ù´Â °ÍÀ» ÀǹÌÇÑ´Ù.


¹Ý´ë·Î ÀÌ¹Ì ¼­Áö(surge ; ¹Ð·Áµë)¸¦ °æÇèÇÏ°í ÀÖ´Â ½Ã½ºÅÛ¿¡¼­´Â ½Ã½ºÅÛÀÇ ÃÖ´ë ¾Ð·Â°ú ¹è°ü °íÀå »çÀÌÀÇ ¾ÈÀü ¿ÏÃæÀåÄ¡(safety buffer)°¡ Á¡Á¡ ´õ ÀÛ¾ÆÁø´Ù. ÇÏÁö¸¸, ±×°ÍÀº ¿©ÀüÈ÷ ÇÑ°èÁ¡¿¡ ÇÑÂü ¸ø ¹ÌÄ¥ °ÍÀÌ°í, ¹ß»ý ºóµµ¿Í Ƚ¼ö´Â ±×¸® ³ôÁö ¾Ê´Ù.


¸¶Áö¸·À¸·Î Àå±â°£ »ç¿ëÇÑ ¹è°üÀ» ºÐ¼®ÇÏ¸é ¹è°üÀÇ ³ëÈÄÈ­, ÀúÇ״ɷ¿¡ ¿µÇâÀ» ¹ÌÄ¡´Â ºÎ½ÄÀÎÀÚ µî ´Ù¾çÇÑ ¿äÀÎÀÌ ¿µÇâÀ» ¹ÌÄ¡±â ½ÃÀÛÇÑ´Ù.


¶ÇÇÑ Æ¯Á¤ À§Ä¡ÀÇ ±³Åë ºÎÇÏ, Áö¹Ý À̵¿, ¹è°üÀÇ È®Àå ¹× ¼öÃà ºñÀ²¿¡ ¿µÇâÀ» ¹ÌÄ¡´Â Àú¿Â ¶Ç´Â °í¿Â¿¡ ÀÇÇØ ÀÎÇÁ¶ó°¡ ¼Õ»óµÉ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù. ¾Ð·Â°ú °úµµÇö»óÀ» Ãß°¡ÇÏ¸é ³×Æ®¿öÅ© ¿î¿µÀÌ ÀÌ¹Ì ÆÄÀÌÇÁ °íÀå¿¡ °¡±î¿öÁö°í ¹ö½ºÆ® ºóµµ°¡ Å©°Ô Áõ°¡ÇÑ´Ù.


ÀϹÝÀûÀ¸·Î, ÀÌ°ÍÀº »ç½Ç»ó ¸ðµç Á¾·ùÀÇ ¹°Áú·Î ¸¸µé¾îÁø ÆÄÀÌÇÁ¶óÀÎ ½Ã½ºÅÛÀÇ µ¿ÀÛ ¹æ½ÄÀÌ´Ù. ´Ù¸¸ ¾Ð·Â°ü¸®½Ã½ºÅÛÀÌ µµÀÔµÇÀÚ¸¶ÀÚ Àü¹ÝÀûÀ¸·Î °úµµÇö»ó(transient phenomena)ÀÇ ºóµµ¿Í ¹üÀ§°¡ ÁÙ¾îµç´Ù. ±ÞµîÀÌ ÀÖ´õ¶óµµ ÇÑ°èÁ¡Àº ¾ÆÁ÷ ¸Ö´Ù.


¾Ð·Â°ü¸®ÀÇ ¶Ç ´Ù¸¥ È¿°ú´Â ¾Ð·ÂÀ» ÁÙÀÎ °á°ú °íÀå ºóµµ°¡ °¨¼ÒÇÑ´Ù´Â °ÍÀÌ´Ù. ´©Ãâ È帧 °è»êÀº ¾Ð·ÂÀÇ °¢ °¨¼Ò°¡ ºñ·Ï ¹éºÐÀ² Ãø¸é¿¡¼­´Â ÀÛÁö¸¸ °ü¸Á ¼Õ½ÇÀÌ »ó´çÇÑ °³¼±À» ³ªÅ¸³½´Ù´Â °ÍÀ» ¾Ë ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù.


¶ÇÇÑ ÀÌ °è»êÀ» ÅëÇØ °ü¸Á ¾Ð·ÂÀ» Á¦¾îÇÏ°í °ü¸®ÇÏ¸é ´©Ãâ È帧ÀÌ Áï½Ã °¨¼ÒÇÑ´Ù´Â °ÍÀ» ¾Ë ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù. °£´ÜÈ÷ ¸»Çؼ­, ¿ì¸®´Â °¨¾Ð ¹ëºê(PRV ; pressure reducing valves) ¼³Ä¡¿Í °°Àº ¼Ö·ç¼ÇÀ» ±¸ÇöÇÔÀ¸·Î½á °ü¸Á¿¡ »ó´çÇÑ ÀÌÁ¡À» ¾òÀ» ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù.

 

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À̵帮ī(Idrica)ÀÇl °í¾ÆÀ̱¸¾Æ -´©¼ö(GoAigua - Leaks) ±â¼úÀû ¼Ö·ç¼ÇÀº ½º¸¶Æ® ¾Ë°í¸®ÁòÀ» »ç¿ëÇÏ¿© ´©¼ö¸¦ Á¶±â¿¡ °¨ÁöÇϱâ À§ÇØ ¹° ºÐ¹è ³×Æ®¿öÅ©¸¦ ¸ð´ÏÅ͸µÇÑ´Ù. [»çÁøÃâó = À̵帮ī(Idrica)]

 

±â¼ú È°¿ë¿¡ µû¸¥ ÷´Ü ¾Ð·Â°ü¸®(Advanced pressure management based on the use of technology)


±â¼úÀ» È°¿ëÇØ ÁÖ¡¤¾ß°£(ÀÌÁß ÆÄÀÏ·µ)°ú ÁÖ¸»À» ±¸ºÐÇÏ´Â ½Ã½ºÅÛ¿¡ ³· ³»³» ¾Ð·ÂÀ» ÀÏÁ¤ÇÏ°Ô À¯ÁöÇÏ´Â °£´ÜÇÑ ¼³Á¤ µî ´Ù¾çÇÑ ¾Ð·ÂÁ¶Àý ¸ÞÄ¿´ÏÁòÀ» Àû¿ëÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù. ÀÌ °æ¿ì ¼³Á¤Àº °¢ »óȲÀÇ ¼Òºñ¸¦ °í·ÁÇÑ´Ù. ¶ÇÇÑ ÁÖ¾îÁø ½Ã°£¿¡ °ü¸ÁÀÇ ½ÇÁ¦ ¿ä±¸¿¡ µû¶ó ¾Ð·ÂÀ» Á¶ÀýÇÏ´Â º¸´Ù Á¤±³ÇÑ ½Ã½ºÅÛµµ ÀÖ´Ù.


Á¦¾î±â¼úÀº ÃÖ±Ù ¸î ³â µ¿¾È »ó´çÈ÷ ¹ßÀüÇÏ¿© ¹ëºêÀÇ ÀÛµ¿ ¸Å°³º¯¼ö¸¦ ÀÛµ¿ ¼ö¸íÀÇ ¼­ÀÇ ¸ðµç ¼ø°£¿¡ ´Ù¾çÇÑ ¿É¼ÇÀ¸·Î Á¤ÀÇÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ°Ô µÇ¾ú´Ù.


°í¾ÆÀ̱¸¾Æ -´©¼ö(GoAigua - Leaks) ±â¼úÀû ¼Ö·ç¼ÇÀº ½º¸¶Æ® ¾Ë°í¸®ÁòÀ» »ç¿ëÇÏ¿© ´©¼ö¸¦ Á¶±â¿¡ °¨ÁöÇϱâ À§ÇØ ¹° ºÐ¹è ³×Æ®¿öÅ©¸¦ ¸ð´ÏÅ͸µÇÑ´Ù. ´ÏÄÝ¶ó½º ¸óÅ׸£µ¥(Nicolas Monterde)´Â ¹ß·»½Ã¾Æ(Valencia) ½ÃÀÇ ¼º°ø»ç·Ê¿¡ ´ëÇØ À̾߱âÇߴµ¥, ÀÌ ±â¼úÀÇ µµÀÔÀ¸·Î ºñ¼öÀÍ ¹°·®ÀÌ 30% ÀÌ»ó °¨¼ÒÇß´Ù. ¶ÇÇÑ 24½Ã°£ À̳»¿¡ ´©ÃâÀ» ÀÚµ¿À¸·Î °¨ÁöÇÏ¿© ÀÀ´ä ½Ã°£°ú ³×Æ®¿öÅ© ¼Õ½ÇÀ» 18%±îÁö ÁÙÀÏ ¼ö ÀÖ¾ú´Ù.


[¿ø¹®º¸±â]


How does pressure management improve water efficiency?


In urban hydraulics, pressure management can reduce physical water leaks, improve network efficiency and lower operating and maintenance costs. But how does it actually work? 


According to Nicolas Monterde, Idrica's Country Manager in Mexico, there is already a lot of theory on the subject and technological developments on the market that help us to make decisions and to choose the best path to follow. 


The four vectors put forward by the International Water Association (IWA), for example, indicate the measures that can be implemented to curtail water losses and improve system efficiency.


The first aspect mentioned by the IWA is the importance of repairing failures as quickly as possible and to the highest possible standards. The other three equally important vectors are system pressure management, active leak control and infrastructure improvements. Adhering to these four recommendations will reduce network losses.


Monterde points out that there will always be some losses that cannot be avoided for economic and technical reasons, but these must be minimized. This will make the network more efficient and sustainable, which is what operators are looking for.


Analyzing the benefits of pressure management


According to the IWA, pressure management centers on adjusting the pressure in a system to its optimum level, while ensuring sufficient, efficient service for legitimate consumers and uses.  At the same time, it should reduce unnecessary and excessive pressure and remove transient phenomena that impact on the lifespan of the infrastructure, as these factors both cause leakages that compromise actual efficiency.


To better understand the issues surrounding pressure and transients, we need to briefly analyze how pipes behave in water distribution systems. In the case of new pipes and gravity systems, for example, the pipes¡¯ inherent design and specifications mean that the range of pressures they work at are nowhere near any kind of breaking point.


Conversely, in a system which is already experiencing surges, the safety buffer between the maximum pressure in the system and pipe failure becomes smaller and smaller. However, it will probably still be way below the breaking point and the frequency and number of incidents is not likely to be very high.


Finally, if we analyze pipes that have been in use for a longer period of time, different factors such as the age of the pipes and corrosion factors that affect its resistance capacity begin to have an impact. 


The infrastructure may also be damaged by traffic loads in certain locations, by ground movements, and even by low or high temperatures that affect the pipe's expansion and contraction ratios.  If we add pressure and transient phenomena, the network¡¯s operations are already closer to pipe failure and the frequency of bursts increases significantly.


In general, this is how any pipeline system made of virtually any type of material behaves. However, as soon as a pressure management system is brought in, the frequency and range of transients is reduced across the board. Even though there is a surge, the breaking point will still be a long way off. 


Another effect of pressure management is that the frequency of failures decreases as a result of reducing the pressure. The leakage flow calculation shows that each reduction in pressure, albeit small in percentage terms, represents a significant improvement in network losses. 


This calculation also shows that controlling and managing network pressure immediately reduces leakage flow. In short, we can obtain significant benefits for the network by implementing solutions such as installing pressure reducing valves (PRV).


Advanced pressure management based on the use of technology


We can use technology to apply different pressure control mechanisms, including a simple setting that maintains pressure constant throughout the day to a system that differentiates between day and night (double pilot), and the weekends. 


In these cases, the settings take into account consumption in each situation. There are also more sophisticated systems that regulate pressure according to the real needs of the network at any given time.


Control technology has advanced significantly in recent years, enabling a valve's operating parameters to be defined with a wide range of options at practically every moment of its working life.


The GoAigua - Leaks technological solution monitors water distribution networks for the early detection of leaks using smart algorithms. Nicolas Monterde spoke about the success story of the city of Valencia, where the deployment of this technology has reduced non-revenue water by more than 30%. In addition, the automatic detection of leaks in less than 24 hours has reduced response times and network losses by 18%.


[Ãâó=À̵帮ī(How does pressure management improve water efficiency? - IDRICA) / 2021³â 12¿ù 16ÀÏÀÚ ºí·Î±×]

 

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