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À̸§ °ü¸®ÀÚ waterindustry@hanmail.net ÀÛ¼ºÀÏ 2012.12.07 Á¶È¸¼ö 2325
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Ä«Æ®¸®Áö ÇÊÅÍ, ¿©°ú ¸éÀû ³Ð°í ÈíÂø È¿À² ³ô¾Æ
ÇÊÅÍ ±³È¯¡¤º¸¼ö Æí¸®ÇÏ°í ¼³Ä¡ ¸éÀû Àû¾î¡¦±Ý¼Ó¼º Ä«Æ®¸®Áö ¼ÒÀç
°¢Á¾ ¿£Áø ÇÊÅÍ¡¤Á¦¾à¡¤º¸°ÇÀ§»ý µî ´Ù¾çÇÑ À¯Æ¿¸®Æ¼ ¼­ºñ½º¿¡ Àû¿ë
 
Ä«Æ®¸®Áö ÇÊÅÍ(cartridge filter)´Â ´Ü¼øÇÑ ÇϳªÀÇ ÇüÅ°¡ ¾Æ´Ñ ¿©·¯ Á¾·ùÀÇ ÇüÅ·ΠÁ¦À۵Š¿ÔÀ¸¸ç ±×µ¿¾È ´Ù¼Ò º¯È­°¡ ÀÖ¾ú´Ù. ±×·¯³ª ±âº»ÀûÀ¸·Î ¿øÇüÀÇ ÇÏ¿ì¡ ÇüÅ·ΠÇÊÅÍ ¿¤¸®¸ÕÆ®(filter element) ÀåÂøÀÌ °¡´ÉÇϸç, ÀÔÃâ·Â¿ë ÆÄÀÌÇÁ¸¦ ÃëºÎ(ö¢Üõ, ºÎÂø)ÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Â ±¸Á¶ÀÌ´Ù. ¶ÇÇÑ ½±°Ô ÇÏ¿ì¡À» °³¹æÇØ Ä«Æ®¸®Áö ÇÊÅÍ ±³È¯À» ¿ëÀÌÇÏ°Ô ÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖµµ·Ï µÇ¾î ÀÖ´Ù.

ÇÏ¿ì¡Àº Ä«Æ®¸®ÁöÀÇ Å»ÂøÀ» À§ÇØ ½±°Ô °³¹æ µÉ ¼ö ÀÖ´Â ±¸Á¶À̸ç ÁÖº¯ÀÇ ÆÄÀÌÇÁ ¹è°ü ÀåÄ¡¿Í °¡Àå °£´ÜÇÑ ¹æ¹ýÀ¸·Î ¿¬°á °¡´ÉÇϵµ·Ï ¼³°èµÈ´Ù. Ä«Æ®¸®Áö ÇÊÅÍ¿Í ¹é ÇÊÅÍ(bag filter)´Â °³º° À¯´ÏÆ®ÀÇ »ç¿ëÀÌ ÀϹÝÀûÀ̳ª ½ÇÁ¦ »ç¿ë ½Ã¿¡´Â º¹ÇÕ ÇüÅÂ, Áï 2°³ÀÇ ÇÏ¿ì¡ÀÌ º´·Ä·Î ±¸¼ºµÇ¸ç ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ ´ÙÁß ±¸Á¶(duplex form)´Â ÇϳªÀÇ ÀåÄ¡°¡ ¿©°úÀÇ °íÀ¯±â´ÉÀ» ÇÏ´Â ¼­ºñ½º ¿îÀü Áß¿¡´Â ´Ù¸¥ ÀåÄ¡´Â ¼¼Á¤À̳ª ±³È¯ ÀÛ¾÷ µîÀ» ¿ÀÇÁ¶óÀο¡¼­ ¼öÇàÇϴ Ư¡ÀÌ ÀÖ´Ù.

¶ÇÇÑ ¸Å¿ì ¸¹Àº ¾çÀÇ ÇÊÅÍ ¿¤¸®¸ÕÆ®°¡ ÇϳªÀÇ Ä¿´Ù¶õ ¾Ð·Â º£¼¿ ³»¿¡ ¼­·Î º´·Ä·Î ÀåÂøµÇ¾î ÀÖ´Â ±¸Á¶µµ ÀÖ´Ù. ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ ´Ù¼öÀÇ ÇÊÅÍ ¿¤¸®¸ÕÆ®µéÀº ¸¹Àº ¾çÀÇ ºÎÀ¯¹°Áú(suspended solid)ÀÌ ÇÔÀ¯µÇ¾î ÀÖ´Â ¿ø¼öÀÇ °æ¿ì¿¡ »ç¿ëµÇ¸ç, °³º°·Î, ±×·ìº°·Î, ½Ã½ºÅÛ Àüü·Î ¼¼Á¤ ȤÀº ±³Ã¼ ÀÛ¾÷ÀÌ °¡´ÉÇÏ´Ù.

Ä«Æ®¸®Áö ÇÊÅÍ´Â ±âº»ÀûÀ¸·Î ¿øÇü±¸Á¶·Î, õ°ø±¸Á¶ÀÇ Á߽ɺÎ(central perforated core)¿¡ ¼ö¸¹Àº ¿©°úÀç(filter media)·Î µÑ·¯½Î¿© ÀÖ´Ù. À¯·®ÀÇ È帧Àº ÇÊÅÍÀÇ ¿ÜºÎ¿¡¼­ ¿©°úÀ縦 °ÅÃÄ Á߽ɺÎÀÇ ÄÚ¾î ¿ÜºÎ¸¦ ÅëÇØ È帣°Ô µÈ´Ù. ÀÌ ¶§ ºÎÀ¯¼º °íÇü¹°ÁúµéÀº ÇÊÅÍ ¿¤¸®¸ÕÆ®ÀÇ ¿ÜºÎ Ç¥¸é, ½ÉÃþ ¿©°ú(depth filtration)ÀÇ °æ¿ì, ¿©°úÀç ³»ºÎ Æ´»õ»çÀÌ¿¡ ÃàÀûµÊÀ¸·Î ÀÎÇØ Á¦°Å±â´ÉÀÌ ÀϾ´Ù.

ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ °íÇü¹°ÁúµéÀº ÀûÀýÇÏ°Ô Back flushing(¼ø°£ÀûÀÎ ¿ª¹æÇâ ¼¼Á¤¼ö¿¡ ÀÇÇÑ ¼¼Ã´) ȤÀº °íÇü¹°ÀÌ Ä§ÀûµÈ Ç¥¸éÀ» ºê·¯½ÌÀ» ÀÌ¿ëÇÑ ¼¼Ã´(brushing¡¤scrapping)À¸·Î ÇÊÅÍÀÇ ±ú²ýÇÑ »óŸ¦ À¯ÁöÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù.
 
The cartridge filter is not only one of the simplest forms of filter, and therefore, almost certainly, the most numerous of all types, but also it is probably the least changed over the passing years: a basically cylindrical filter element, held in a correspondingly cylindrical housing, that carries the liquid inlet and outlet pipes, and can open in some convenient way to allow the cartridge to be changed when it is full or exhausted.

The housing will be shaped in a way that best allows its opening for cartridge removal, and enables it to fit most conveniently into the surrounding pipework array. The cartridge or bag filter is most commonly found as a single unit, but it is more usefully supplied in duplex form, with two housings side-by-side(or as a single unit capable of taking two elements in parallel).

The duplex arrangement, with suitable piping and valves, allows one element to be taken off-line for cleaning or changing, whilst the other remains in service to continue filtration. A third variant has a significant number of elements(cartridges or bags) mounted parallel to one another in a single large, usually pressurised, containment vessel.

These multiple element filters are used for process applications, where a significant amount of suspended solid is to be collected, and the elements can be cleaned or changed individually, in groups, or by shutting down the whole filter.

For most cartridge elements, which consist of some filter medium surrounding a central perforated core(or a fabricated structure, still basically cylindrical), the flow of liquid is from the outside, through the medium and out from the axis. Suspended solids are thus removed from suspension to be deposited on the outside of the element, or in the interstices of the filter medium if it is operating by depth filtration. The element can then be cleaned in place by back flushing(a short burst of reverse liquid flow) or by brushing or scraping free of collected solids - or the whole element can be removed and cleaned mechanically or chemically.


¡ã Porex»çÀÇ ¡®Radial Cartridge Filter¡¯ ºê·£µå·Î Á¦ÀÛµÈ rigid polyethylene elements Á¦Ç°Àº ÁÖ¸§Áø ºÎºÐ ÀÚüÀÇ ¾çÂÊ ¹æÇâ ¸ðµÎ¿¡¼­ ¿øÇüÀÇ ±¸¹è(Ï£ÛÕ)¸¦ °®µµ·Ï ¼³°èµÇ¾î ¿©°ú ÃѸéÀûÀ» ´õ¿í Áõ°¡½ÃŲ °á°ú¸¦ °¡Á®¿Ô´Ù.

¾ç¹æÇâ ¿îÀü °¡´É, Á¶´ëÀÔÀÚµé ÇÊÅÍ Åë°ú
¡á ¹é ÇÊÅÍ ¹é ÇÊÅÍ(bag filter) ÀåÄ¡´Â ¾ç¹æÇâ(out-to-in ¹× in-to-out) È帧 ¿îÀüÀÌ ¸ðµÎ °¡´ÉÇϸç, ÀÌ °æ¿ì ³»¾Ð½Ä(in-to-out) È帧¿¡¼­´Â bagÀÇ ¿ÜºÎ¿¡ ÁöÁö´ë(support cage)¸¦, ±×¸®°í ¿Ü¾Ð½Ä(Out-to-in) È帧¿¡¼­´Â bagÀÇ ³»ºÎ¿¡ ÁöÁö´ë(support cage)¸¦ ¼³Ä¡ÇÑ ±¸Á¶ÀÌ´Ù.

¿ÜºÎ ÁöÁö´ëÀÇ °æ¿ì, bag ÀÚü ³»ºÎ¿¡ °íÇü¹°ÁúÀÌ ¿ÏÀüÈ÷ ºÎÂøµÇ¸é(¿îÀüÂ÷¾ÐÀÌ Çã¿ëÄ¡ ÀÌ»ó µµ´ÞÇϸé) °íÇü¹°ÁúÀ» Á¦°ÅÇϱâ À§ÇØ bag ÀÚü¸¦ ÇØüÇÏ´Â ±¸Á¶·Î, ÀÌ´Â °¡Àå ÀϹÝÈ­µÈ ÀåÄ¡ÀÌ¸ç °³º° ȤÀº ´ÙÁß ±¸Á¶(duplex bag filter)·Î ¼³°èµÈ´Ù.

¹Ý¸é, ³»ºÎ ÁöÁö´ëÀÇ °æ¿ì¿¡´Â bag ¿ÜºÎ¿¡ °íÇü¹°ÁúÀÌ ºÎÂøµÇ¸ç À̵éÀº ¹éÇ÷¯½Ì(back flushing)¿¡ ÀÇÇÏ¿© Á¦°ÅµÉ ¼ö ÀÖ´Â ±¸Á¶·Î¼­ °íÇü¹° ÇÔÀ¯°¡ ¸¹Àº ¿ø¼ö ó¸® ½ÃÀÇ ´ÙÁß multi-bag filter ¼³°è¿¡ ÀûÇÕÇÏ´Ù.
ÇÊÅÍÀÇ ¹é(filter bag) ÀÚü´Â ÇÊÅÍ ¿ä±¸¼öÁØ Áõ°¡¿¡ µû¸¥ ±â°øÀÇ Á¤¹Ð¼ºÀ» º¸ÀåÇÏ´Â Á¦Á¶ °üÁ¡¿¡¼­´Â ¸¸Á·½º·´Áö´Â ¾Ê´Ù. ±× ÀÌÀ¯´Â Á¦Á¶°úÁ¤ Áß½É(seam)À» ½ºÆ¼Äª(stitching)ÇÏ´Â °úÁ¤¿¡¼­ ¹ß»ýµÇ´Â Ä¿´Ù¶õ Å©±âÀÇ È¦(hole)·Î ÀÎÇÏ¿© ¿øÇÏÁö ¾Ê´Â Á¶´ëÀÔÀÚµéÀÌ ÇÊÅ͸¦ Åë°úµÉ ¿ì·Á°¡ Àֱ⠶§¹®ÀÌ´Ù.

µû¶ó¼­ seamless bagÀ» °³¹ßÇϱâ À§ÇÑ ¿©·¯ Á¦Á¶»çµéÀÇ ³ë·ÂÀº ´Ù¾çÇÑ ÇÕ¼º¹°Áú(synthetic media) °³¹ß·Î º¸´Ù Á¤±³ÇÑ cut point¸¦ °¡Áö¸ç bagÀÇ »ç¿ë¼ö¸íÀ» ¿¬ÀåÇÏ´Â °³¹ßÀ» ÃßÁøÇÏ°í ÀÖ´Ù.
 
Bag filters, on the other hand, can operate with liquid flow in either direction (out-to-in or in-to-out), with a support cage outside the bag, for in-to-out flow, or inside the bag for flow in the reverse direction.
External support results in solid accumulation inside the bag, with the whole bag removed for emptying when full(i.e. when the working pressure drop reaches its maximum acceptable level); this arrangement is most common for single or duplex bag filters.

An internal cage, by contrast, holds the bag open against the pressure of the liquid flow, and allows build up of solid on the outside of the bag, from which it can be washed by back flushing(or blown off by a reverse blast of compressed air).

A small amount of flexibility in the bag material allows it to expand slightly during the reverse flow, away from its support, so cracking the accumulated cake and permitting its easier removal from the bag.
This arrangement is commonly found in multi-bag filters, which are used for higher solids loadings. Filter bags fell out of favour as demands on simple filters grew, in terms of fineness of cut, because of the much larger holes created by stitching up the seams, which allowed passage of unwanted coarse particles.

The relatively recent ability of filter bag manufacturers to make seamless bags has given such devices a new lease of life, with much finer cut points available, in a wide range of synthetic media.

´ëÁß¼º¿¡µµ ºÒ±¸, ±â°ø ±ÕÀÏÇÏÁö ¾Ê¾Æ
¡á Ä«Æ®¸®Áö ºÎÇ° ÇÊÅÍ¿ëÀÇ Ä«Æ®¸®Áö ºÎÇ°Àº 2°¡Áö ÇüÅ°¡ Á¸ÀçÇϸç, ±×Áß Çϳª´Â ¿¤¸®¸ÕÆ®°¡ rings, discs, yarnsµî ÇüÅÂÀÇ ºÎ¼ÓÇ° »óÅ·ΠÁ¦À۵Ǵ °ÍÀÌ´Ù. À̵éÀº ±× ÀÚü·Î´Â ¿©°úƯ¼ºÀÌ ¾øÀ¸¸ç ¿ÏÁ¦Ç° ¿¤¸®¸ÕÆ® »óÅ·ΠÁ¶¸³ÀÌ ÀÌ·ç¾îÁ³À» ¶§¸¸ °¡´ÉÇÏ´Ù. ¸µ(rings) ÇüÅ´ »çÀÌ»çÀÌ¿¡ Á¼Àº °ø°£(narrow space)¿Í ÇÔ²² ÀûÃþµÈ ½ºÅÃ(stack) ÇüÅ·ΠÁ¶¸³µÇ¸ç ¼¶À¯»ç yarns Á¦Ç°Àº ¿©·¯ °³ÀÇ Ãþ(successive layers)À¸·Î Áß¾ÓÀÇ Äھ °¨°ÜÀÖ´Â »óÅ·μ­ °¢Ãþº°·Î ±Ç¼±ÀÌ ÀÌ·ç¾îÁø ¸ð¾çÀº ÀÌÀü Ãþ°ú ¾à°£ÀÇ °¢µµ¸¦ °®°í ÀÖ´Ù.

¼¶À¯»ç ½Ç(yarn ȤÀº string) ±Ç¼±ÀÇ ¿¤¸®¸ÕÆ®´Â ¾×»ó ¿©°ú °øÁ¤¿¡ °¡Àå º¸ÆíÀûÀÎ °ÍÀ¸·Î °³º° yarn »çÀÌÀÇ °ø°£»Ó¸¸ ¾Æ´Ï¶ó yarnÀ¸·Î ÀÌ·ç¾îÁø °³º° ¼¶À¯»ç(fibre) »çÀÌÀÇ °ø°£¿¡¼­ ¿©°úÀÛ¿ëÀÌ ÀÌ·ç¾îÁö´Â ÀåÁ¡À» °¡Áö°í ÀÖ´Ù.

±×·¯³ª ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ ´ëÁß¼º¿¡µµ ºÒ±¸ÇÏ°í ±â°øÀÌ ±ÕÀÏÇÏÁö ¾ÊÀº Á¡, ±×¸®°í ƯÈ÷ ¼¶À¯»ç Á¶°¢µéÀÌ Ã³¸®¼ö·Î À̵¿µÇ´Â µîÀÇ ´ÜÁ¡µµ °¡Áö°í ÀÖÀ¸¸ç, ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ ¹®Á¦´Â ÇöÀç ¿¬¼Ó Çʶó¸àÆ®(continuous filaments) °øÁ¤À¸·ÎºÎÅÍ ¸¸µé¾îÁö´Â yarnÀÇ »ç¿ëÀ¸·Î ÇØ°áµÉ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù(Syntech»çÀÇ Aqua Clean cartridge).
 
Cartridge filters The filter cartridge is available in two broad classes of format. In one, the element is fabricated from components, such as rings, discs or yarns, which are not, in themselves, capable of filtering, and only become so when made up into the element ¡© the rings as a stack held together with narrow spaces between them, the yarns when wound on a core with successive layers each at a slight angle to the previous one.

The yarn (or string) wound elements are the most commonly used cartridges in liquid filtration, having the advantage of filtration not only in the spaces between the turns of yarn, but also between the fibres of the yarn itself. Despite their popularity, yarn wound elements made from staple fibres have the disadvantages of inconsistent porosity, and, more particularly, of the migration of fibre fragments into the filtrate.

This is now largely overcome by the use of yarns made from continuous filaments(such as in Syntech¡¯s Aqua Clear¢â cartridges). These yarns also have random loops protruding from the surface of the yarn, which become trapped under adjoining yarns, thus holding the medium fixed and stable.
 
¡ã Ä«Æ®¸®Áö ÇÊÅÍ´Â ¼ö¿µÀåÀ̳ª ½ºÆÄ ¹° ó¸®, ¼¼±Õ ÅëÁ¦ µî ¿ì¸® »ýÈ° ¼ÓÀÇ ¹°À» Á¤È­Çϱâ À§ÇØ »ç¿ëµÈ´Ù.
±Ý¼Ó¼º Ä«Æ®¸®Áö ¼ÒÀ硦ǥ¸é ¼Õ»ó¾øÀÌ ¼¼Á¤ °¡´É
¶Ç ´Ù¸¥ Ä«Æ®¸®Áö ÇÊÅÍ Á¾·ù·Î ¼¶À¯»ç ¹Ìµð¾î(filter media)°¡ ¸Å¿ì Å« ÇüÅ ¿ÏÁ¦Ç°¿¡¼­ À߸° »óÅ·ΠÁ¦ÀÛ, ȤÀº ¿¤¸®¸ÕÆ®(elements) Å©±â¿Í ÀÏÄ¡Çϵµ·Ï, ¿¤¸®¸ÕÆ® Áß¾Ó ³»ºÎÀÇ ÄÚ¾Æ(core)¿Í ÀÏÄ¡µÇµµ·Ï ÀÏÁ¤ÇÑ Å©±â·Î Á¦À۵Ǵ ÇüÅ°¡ ÀÖ´Ù. ¶ÇÇÑ, flat material Á¦ÀÛ°ú µ¿ÀÏÇÑ °øÁ¤À¸·Î element coreÀÇ ÇöÀç À§Ä¡¿¡ ºÎÇյǵµ·Ï Á¦À۵Ǵ °ÍµéÀÌ ÀÖ´Ù.

µû¶ó¼­ flat paper sheet, spun-bonded ȤÀº ¸âºê·¹ÀÎ ÇüÅ·ΠÁ¦À۵Ǵ Á¦Ç°Àº ÀûÀýÇÑ º¸È£¿ë ¸Þ½Ã ÀçÁú(mesh material)À» À¯ÁöÇÑ Ã¤ ÀÏÁ¤ÇÑ Å©±â·Î À߸®°Å³ª, ÁÖ¸§Áø ÇüÅ·ΠµÇ°Å³ª, Áß¾ÓÀÇ ÄÚ¾Æ(central core) ÁÖÀ§·Î ±Ç¼±µÇ´Â ÇüÅ·Π¸¸µé¾îÁø´Ù. ¹Ý¸é¿¡ filter¿Í resinÀÇ È¥ÇÕ¹°ÁúÀÌ ÄÚ¾Æ(core)Ç¥¸é¿¡ ÇÊ¿ä·Î ÇÏ´Â µÎ²²¸¦ °®µµ·Ï ºÐ»çµÇ¾î ÀÌÈÄ resin¿¡ ¿­À» °¡ÇÏ¿© ·¹ÁøÁ¢ÇÕ Ä«Æ®¸®Áö(resin-bonded cartridge)·Î Á¦À۵Ǵ °æ¿ìµµ ÀÖ´Ù.

ÀϹÝÀûÀ¸·Î Ä«Æ®¸®Áö ÀåÄ¡´Â Áß¾ÓÀÇ ÄÚ¾Æ(core) ºÎÇ°, ÁöÁö¿ë ¸Þ½Ã(supporting mesh) ¹× spacers¸¦ °¡Áø filter media ºÎÇ° ±×¸®°í end-cap ºÎÇ°À¸·Î ±¸¼ºµÈ´Ù. Ä«Æ®¸®Áö Á¦Á¶±â¼ú¿¡¼­ÀÇ Áß¿äÇÑ º¯È­´Â À§¿Í °°Àº ±¸¼º¿ä¼ÒµéÀÌ ¸ðµÎ µ¿ÀÏÇÑ ÀçÁú·Î ¸¸µé¾îÁ® »ç¿ëÀÌ ³¡³­ ¿¤¸®¸ÕÆ®µéÀº ¼Ò°¢Ã³¸® µîÀ¸·Î ¾ÈÀüÇÏ°í ½±°Ô 󸮰¡ °¡´ÉÇϵµ·Ï °³¹ßÇÏ´Â °ÍÀÌ´Ù.

ÇÊÅÍ elements Á¦Á¶¿¡ À־ °¡Àå Áß¿äÇÑ Æ¯Â¡À¸·Î´Â, ¼¶À¯»ç ±Ç¼±(yarn wound) ¹× µð½ºÅ©Çü Á¾ÀÌÇÊÅÍ(paper disc) ÇüÅ·ΠÁ¦À۵Ǵ īƮ¸®Áö¸¦ Á¦¿ÜÇÏ°í, ´ëºÎºÐ ±Ý¼Ó¼º ¼ÒÀç·Î Á¦À۵ȴٴ °ÍÀÌ´Ù.
µû¶ó¼­ ó¸®ÇöÀå¿¡¼­ ºê·¯½¬³ª ½ºÅ©·¡ÆÛ(scrapper)·Î ¿¤¸®¸àÆ® ÀÚü¸¦ ¼Õ»ó½ÃÅ°Áö ¾Ê°í ÇöÀå¿¡¼­ ¼¼Á¤ÀÌ °¡´ÉÇÏ´Ù. Russel»çÀÇ EcoFilter Á¦Ç°ÀÌ ÁÁÀº ¿¹·Î¼­ ÇÊÅ͸¦ ÅëÇÏ¿© ¿©°ú ÀÛ¿ëÀÌ ÀÌ·ç¾îÁö´Â µ¿¾È wiper blades¿¡ ÀÇÇÏ¿© ÃàÀûµÈ °íÇü¹°ÁúÀÌ Ç¥¸éÀ¸·ÎºÎÅÍ Á¦°ÅµÈ´Ù.
 
In the other main class of cartridge filter, the filter medium of the element is cut from a much larger piece, or made in its original form in the right size, to fit the element or be fitted around a central core in the element, or is formed in situ on the element¡¯s core by the same process as would be used to make flat material.

Thus a flat sheet of paper, or spunbonded or membrane material, with appropriate protective meshes, is cut to size, pleated, wrapped around a central core, and its edges sealed to make a pleated cartridge. Alternatively, a mixture of fibres and resin may be sprayed onto the core, to a required thickness, and then heated to set the resin, to form a resin-bonded cartridge.

A cartridge may thus consist of a core, some filter medium, perhaps with supporting meshes and spacers, and end-caps. An important change in cartridge fabrication technology, whose effects are still only slowly working their way through the industry, came with the recognition that all of these components should be made from the same material, so that the exhausted element could be safely and easily disposed of, by, for example, incineration.
An important advantage of the constructed element filters is that, apart from the yarnwound and paper disc cartridges, they are mostly made of metal, and so are very robust.

This enables the elements to be cleaned in situ by means of brushes or scrapers, without damage to the filter medium. A good modern example of such a filter is Russell¡¯s EcoFilter¢ç, which keeps the medium surface clear of accumulated solids, by means of wiper blades, whilst liquid continues to flow through the filter.
 
¡ã ÀÚµ¿Â÷¿£Áø Á¦Á¶¾÷°è´Â ÇÊÅÍ °ø±Þ¾÷ü·ÎºÎÅÍ single engineÀÇ Àû¿ëÁ¾·ù(coolant, lubricant, fuel µî) ¹× Àü ¼¼°èÀûÀ¸·Î »ó´çÈ÷ ¸¹Àº Á¾·ùÀÇ ¿£Áø ¹ßÇ¥ µî¿¡ ¸¹Àº °ü½ÉÀ» °®°í ÀÖ´Ù.
 

¿îÀü¾Ð·Â ÀúÇϽà ÆÄ¼Õ µî À§Çè ÁÙ¿©
¡á ·¹ÁøºÀÇÕ, °¡¿­ºÀÇÕ ¹æ¹ý Ä«Æ®¸®Áö ÇÊÅÍ´Â ¹Ìµð¾î(media)ÀÇ µÎ²²¿¡ µû¶ó¼­, Áï ¿©°úÀÇ ºÐ¸® ¸ÞÄ«´ÏÁò ¹æ¹ý¿¡ µû¶ó¼­ 2°³ÀÇ ±×·ìÀ¸·Î ºÐ·ùµÈ´Ù. ·¹ÁøºÀÇÕ(resin-bonded) ȤÀº °¡¿­ºÀÇÕ(sintered, thermal-bonded) ÀÇ ¹æ¹ý¿¡ ÀÇÇÑ Á¦Ç°À¸·Î ¼¶À¯»ç(fibres) ȤÀº ÀÛÀº ÀÔÀÚ(granules)·Î ¸¸µé¾îÁø ÇÊÅ͵éÀº ºñ±³Àû µÎ²²°¡ µÎ²¨¿ì¸ç ¿îÀüÀº ÁÖ·Î ½ÉÃþ¿©°ú(depth filtration)¿¡ ÀÇÇÏ¿© ÀÌ·ç¾îÁø´Ù.

¼¼Á¤Àº ÁÖ·Î back flushing¿¡ ÀÇÇÏ¿© ÀÌ·ç¾îÁö¸ç ÀÌ ¹æ¹ýÀ¸·Î ÃàÀûµÈ °íÇü¹°ÁúÀÌ ¿ÏÀüÈ÷ Á¦°ÅµÇÁö ¸øÇÏ´Â °æ¿ì¿¡´Â ÇÏ¿ì¡À¸·ÎºÎÅÍ Å»ÂøÇÏ¿© ÀûÀýÇÑ ¾àÇ°¼¼Á¤Á¦·Î °íÇü¹°ÁúÀ» ¿ëÇؽÃÅ°´Â ÇüÅÂÀÇ º¸´Ù °­·ÂÇÑ ¼¼Á¤À» ÇàÇÑ´Ù.

ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ ÇÊÅÍÀÇ °¡Àå ÃÖ±ÙÀÇ °³¹ßÇ°Àº Áß¾ÓÀÇ È¸ÀüÇÏ´Â rotating core »ó¿¡ Æú¸®¸Ó ¼¶À¯»ç(polymeric fibre)¸¦ ¹Ø¸é¿¡ ºÎÂøµÇµµ·Ï ¿¤¸®¸ÕÆ®¸¦ Á¦Á¶ÇÑ Á¦Ç°ÀÌ´Ù. À̷νá ÇÊ¿ä·Î ÇÏ´Â Á¤µµÀÇ ¹Ìµð¾î(media)ÀÇ µÎ²² ¹× ¼¶À¯»ç(fibre)ÀÇ ÃæÁø¹Ðµµ(packing density)¸¦ °¡Áö´Â ¿¤¸®¸ÕÆ® Á¦ÀÛÀÌ °¡´É, º¸´Ù ¿ì¼öÇÑ ¿©°ú È¿À²À» °¡Áö°Ô µÇ¾ú´Ù. ¿ÜºÎ·Î´Â low density, upstream face ±¸Á¶ÀÌ¸ç ³»ºÎ Ç¥¸é¿¡´Â ¹Ì¼¼ÇÑ ±â°ø±¸Á¶·Î Á¡Â÷ÀûÀ¸·Î high density¸¦ °®´Â ±¸Á¶ÀÌ´Ù. ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ ¿¤¸®¸ÕÆ®µéÀº ¾î¶°ÇÑ thermo plastic polymer·ÎºÎÅÍ Á¦ÀÛÀÌ °¡´ÉÇÏ¸ç º¸´Ù ´õ È¿°úÀûÀÎ ¿©°úƯ¼ºÀ» °¡Áø, ȤÀº º¸´Ù ¿Âµµ ¹× ¾àÇ°¿¡ ³»¼ºÀÌ ÀÖ´Â »õ·Î¿î Æú¸®¸Ó ÀçÁúÀÌ °³¹ßµÊ¿¡ µû¶ó ¸ðµç Ç¥ÁØ Å©±âÇüÅÂÀÇ filter element Á¦ÀÛÀÌ °¡´ÉÇÏ°Ô µÆ´Ù.

Áß¾ÓÀÇ ÄÚ¾î(center core) ºÎÀ§¿¡ °­ÇÑ ÁöÁöü(strong support) ±¸Á¶¸¦ °®°Ô ÇÑ °³¹ßÀº ºñ±³Àû °­µµ°¡ ¾àÇÑ ¼¶À¯»ç(fibre)ÀÇ ÃþÀ» thick bonded element ÇüÅ·ΠÁ¦ÀÛÀÌ °¡´ÉÇØ, ¿îÀü¾Ð·Â ÀúÇϽà ÆÄ¼Õ µîÀÇ À§ÇèÀ» ÁÙÀÌ°í ¼¶À¯»ç Á¶°¢µéÀÌ Ã³¸®¼ö ÂÊÀ¸·Î À̼۵Ǵ °ÍÀ» ÁÙÀÏ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù. À̷μ­ ¸Å¿ì Á¤±³ÇÑ ¼¶À¯»çÀÇ Á¦Á¶, Áï ³ª³ë¹°Áú ¼¶À¯»ç ±âÁØÀÇ ¸Å¿ì ³·Àº cut-point ±¸Á¶ ¿¤¸®¸ÕÆ® Á¦Á¶¿¡ Àû¿ëµÉ ¼ö ÀÖ°Ô µÇ¾ú´Ù.
 
The cartridges using specially prepared filter media can, again, be divided into two broad groups, depending basically on the thickness of the medium, and hence on the filtration mechanism. Those made from resin-bonded or sintered (thermally bonded) fibres or granules are relatively thick, and work by depth filtration. They are cleaned in place by back flushing, or, where this is not sufficient to remove all the trapped solids, by removal from the housing for thorough washing with whatever solution is capable of dissolving the solids.

The most recent development in such filters has been the ability of the manufacturers to make the elements by laying down polymeric fibres on a central, rotating, core. This enables the fabrication of elements of any required media thicknesses, and with fibre packing densities that vary as needed for efficient filtration: a low density at the outer, upstream face, grading to a high density, with fine pores, at the inner face.

Such elements can be made in this way from almost any thermoplastic polymer, and as each new polymer becomes available, with beneficial filtration properties or better temperature or chemical resistances, it is rapidly made available as a filter element in all of the standard sizes.

The strong support offered by the central core enables layers of comparatively weak fibres to be built up into a thick bonded element without risk of collapse under operating pressure drops, or loss of fibre fragments into the filtrate. This means that very fine fibres, including even the latest nanofibres, can now be employed, giving elements with very low cut points.
 
ÈíÂø´É·Â(dirt-holding capacity) Áõ°¡½ÃÄÑ
¡á ÁÖ¸§ ÇüÅÂÀÇ Ä«Æ®¸®Áö ºÀÇÕ ÇüÅÂÀÇ Ä«Æ®¸®Áö(bonded cartridge)´Â Àú³óµµ Èñ¼®»óÅ ºÎÀ¯¼º¹°ÁúÀÇ ¿©°ú ¿ëµµ·Î¸¸ ÀûÇÕÇÏ´Ù. Áï, ÃÖ´ë ÈíÂø´É·Â(dirt-holding capacity)ÀÌ ¸Å¿ì ³·¾Æ¼­ ¿ª¼¼Ã´(backflushing)ÀÌ ÀÌ·ç¾îÁø´Ù Çصµ ¹Ìµð¾î(media) ÀÚü´Â ¹Ì¼¼ÇÑ ÀÔÀÚ·Î ÀÎÇØ Ã¤³ÎÀÇ ºÀ¼â°¡ ÀÌ·ïÁö¸ç °á±¹ ¼¼Á¤¿¡ ÀÇÇØ Á¦°ÅµÇ°Å³ª ½ÉÁö¾î´Â ±³Ã¼¸ñÀûÀ¸·Î Æó±âóºÐµÈ´Ù.

Ç¥¸é¿©°ú(surface filtration) ȤÀº ÄÉÀÌÅ©¿©°ú(cake filtration)¿ø¸®¿¡ ÀÇÇØ ¿îÀüµÇ¸ç ¿ª¼¼Ã´ ¿îÀüÀÌ ¿ëÀÌÇÑ thin sheet media Á¦Ç°Àº ÄÚ¾î ÁÖÀ§¿¡ ÇϳªÀÇ single sheet·Î ±Ç¼±µÇ¾î Á¦À۵Ǵ °æ¿ì¿¡ ¿ª½Ã ³·Àº solids capacity¸¦ °¡Áö°Ô µÈ´Ù. ±×·¯³ª sheet media ÀçÁúÀÌ Äھ ÀåÂøµÇ±â Àü ÁÖ¸§Áø »óÅ·ΠµÇ¸é ¿©°ú¸éÀû(filter area), Áï ÈíÂø´É·Â(dirt holding capacity)Àº Å« ÆøÀ¸·Î Áõ°¡µÈ´Ù.

Ãʱ⠰³¹ß°úÁ¤¿¡¼­ÀÇ ÁÖ¸§ÇüÅ ¹Ìµð¾î(pleated media)¿¡¼­ ¹ß»ýµÈ ±â°èÀûÀÎ ¹®Á¦Á¡, Áï °³º° ÁÖ¸§Áø ¸éÀÇ ¾Æ·§¸é, ¡®pinch¡¯ ºÎºÐ¿¡¼­ÀÇ ¿©°ú¸éÀû ¼Õ½ÇºÐÀº ³»ºÎ fold ¿¡¼­ Ä¿´Ù¶õ ±¸°æÀÇ °¢µµ·Î ¼³°èÇÏ°í ÁÖ¸§Áø ºÎºÐµéÀÌ °³¹æ±¸Á¶¸¦ °®µµ·Ï spacer¸¦ ¼³Ä¡ÇØ ÇØ°áÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ¾ú´Ù.

ÀÌ Á¦Ç°ÀÇ °³¹ßÀº Porex»ç¡®Radial Cartridge Filter¡¯ºê·£µå·Î Á¦ÀÛµÈ rigid polyethylene elements¿¡¼­ º¼ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù. ÀÌ Á¦Ç°Àº ÁÖ¸§Áø ºÎºÐ ÀÚüÀÇ ¾çÂʹæÇâ ¸ðµÎ¿¡¼­ ¿øÇüÀÇ ±¸¹è¸¦ °®µµ·Ï ¼³°èµÇ¾î ¿©°ú ÃѸéÀûÀ» ´õ¿í Áõ°¡½ÃŲ °á°ú¸¦ °¡Á®¿Ô´Ù.

ÁÖ¸§ÇüÅ ¹Ìµð¾î(pleated media)´Â ÆļÕÀ̳ª Èì¾øÀÌ ÁÖ¸§À» ¸¸µé ¼ö ÀÖ´Â ¾î¶°ÇÑ Àç·á(thin material)·Îµµ Á¦ÀÛÀÌ °¡´ÉÇϸç paper, spunmelt polymers, wire mesh, sheet ¹× microfiltration ÀçÁú µîÀÌ ÀÖ´Ù. ÃÖ±Ù °¡Àå Áß¿äÇÑ °³¹ß Á¦Ç°À¸·Î´Â ¸Å¿ì Á¤¹ÐÇÑ ¼¶À¯»ç ¼ÒÀ縦 »ç¿ëÇÏ¿© spun bonded, metal blown ¹æ¹ýÀ¸·Î Á¦ÀÛµÈ °ÍÀÌ´Ù. ÇöÀç electrospun ¹æ¹ýÀ¸·Î´Â È¿À²ÀûÀÎ cut-points¸¦ 1§­ ÀÌÇϷεµ ÃëÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ°Ô µÇ¾ú´Ù.
 
The bonded cartridges just described are really only suitable for the clarification of quite dilute suspensions, since their dirt-holding capacity is quite low, and even with backflushing, the medium will become blocked with fine particles eventually, and need removal for thorough cleaning or disposal.

Thin sheet media, operating by surface and cake filtration, and easier to backflush, also have a low solids capacity, if they are made from a single sheet of material, wrapped around the core.

However, the filter area, and hence the dirt-holding capacity, is increased many times if the sheet of material is pleated before it is fitted to the core. The mechanical problem experienced with earlier pleated media, of loss of filter area in the ¡®pinch¡¯ at the bottom of each pleat, is now overcome by putting larger radius curves in the inner folds, together with spacers to hold the pleats open.

A further development of this can be seen in the rigid polyethylene elements made by Porex¢ç, under the Radial Cartridge Filter¢â brand name, in which the pleats, with rounded curves at each end, are themselves curved in a circumferential direction, resulting in higher filtration areas for a given housing volume.

Pleated media can be made from any thin material that can be folded without cracking: paper, spunmelt polymers, wire mesh, and nowadays sheet, microfiltration(and, increasingly, ultrafiltration) membranes.
The most important recent development has been the availability of the very finely fibrous spun bonded, melt blown and now electrospun materials, taking the effective cut-points of such media down to well under 1¥ìm.
 
 
¡ã Russel»çÀÇ EcoFilter Á¦Ç°Àº ÇÊÅ͸¦ ÅëÇØ ¿©°ú ÀÛ¿ëÀÌ ÀÌ·ç¾îÁö´Â µ¿¾È wiper blades¿¡ ÀÇÇØ ÃàÀûµÈ °íÇü¹°ÁúÀÌ Ç¥¸éÀ¸·ÎºÎÅÍ Á¦°ÅµÈ´Ù.
 

¿£Áø ºÐ¾ß¡¤Á¦¾à¿ë¡¤°Ç°­À§»ý¿ëÀ¸·Î °³¹ß
¡á Ä«Æ®¸®Áö ÇÊÅÍ ºÀÇÕ¹æ¹ý(bonded) ¹× ÁÖ¸§ÇüÅÂ(pleated) ±¸Á¶ÀÇ Ä«Æ®¸®Áö´Â ÇϳªÀÇ ÀåÄ¡(single element housing)¿¡ »ç¿ëµÇ°í ÀÖÀ¸³ª È¿°úÀûÀÎ ¿©°úÈ¿À²À» ¾ò°íÀÚ ÇÏ´Â ¸ñÀûÀ¸·Î´Â ´ÙÁßÇÊÅÍ(multi-element process filters)¿¡ Àû¿ëÇÏ¿© ¹é ÇÊÅÍ ´ë¿ëÀ¸·Î »ç¿ëÇÏ´Â ÀÏÀÌ Áõ°¡ÇÏ°í ÀÖ´Ù.

¸âºê·¹ÀÎ ¹Ì¼¼ÇÊÅÍ(membrane microfilter) Á¦Ç°ÀÌ ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ ¿ëµµ·Î ¸Å¿ì Å« °ü½ÉÀ» À̲ø¾î³»°í ÀÖ´Ù. Ä«Æ®¸®Áö ÇÊÅÍ Á¦Ç°Àº ¼ö·ÂÇÐ ÀåÄ¡¸¦ »ç¿ëÇÑ ´Ù¾çÇÑ À¯Æ¿¸®Æ¼ ¼­ºñ½º Àû¿ë ºÐ¾ß¿¡¼­ Åë»óÀûÀÎ ¿©°ú ±â´ÉÀÇ ÀϹÝÀûÀÎ ÇØ°áÃ¥ÀÌ µÇ°í ÀÖ´Ù. ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ ¼ö·ÂÇÐ ±â´ÉÀÇ ÀüÇüÀûÀÎ ÇÊÅÍ´Â Donaldson»ç Triboguard Á¦Ç°À¸·Î ¸Å¿ì Å« ¿À¿°¹° ÈíÂø´É·Â(dirt holding capacity)¸¦ °¡Áö°í ÀÖ´Ù.

ÀÚµ¿Â÷ ¿£Áø Á¦Á¶¾÷°è´Â ÇÊÅÍ °ø±Þ¾÷ü·ÎºÎÅÍ ¿£ÁøÀåÄ¡ÀÇ ´Ù¾çÇÑ Àû¿ë ºÐ¾ß(coolant, lubricant, fuel µî) ¹× Àü ¼¼°èÀûÀ¸·Î »ó´çÈ÷ ¸¹Àº Á¾·ùÀÇ ¿£Áø ¹ßÇ¥ µîÀ¸·Î ÀÎÇÏ¿© ÇÊÅÍÀåÄ¡¿¡ ¸¹Àº °ü½ÉÀ» °®°í ÀÖ´Ù. µû¶ó¼­ Mann+Hummel»ç´Â Europiclon ºê·£µåÀÇ ¿£Áø¿ë ÇÊÅ͸¦ »õ·Ó°Ô ¹ßÇ¥, º¸´Ù ¾ÈÁ¤¼º¡¤°íÈ¿À²¼ºÀ» º¸À¯ÇÑ Á¦Ç°À̶ó°í È«º¸ÇÏ°í ÀÖ´Ù.

ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ ÇÊÅÍÀÇ ¶Ç ´Ù¸¥ ±â´ÉÀº Á¦¾à¿ë ¿ø·áÀÇ »ý»ê¿¡ ±â¿©ÇÏ´Â °ÍÀ¸·Î ¹°ÀÇ Ã³¸®º¸´Ù À¯±â¼º solventÀÇ Ã³¸®¿¡ Àû¿ëµÈ´Ù. ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ ¸ñÀûÀÇ Ä«Æ®¸®Áö´Â Millipore»çÀÇ Solvex Á¦Ç°À¸·Î ÀÌ Á¦Ç°ÀÇ ¿¤¸®¸ÕÆ®´Â ÃßÃâ´É·ÂÀÌ ³·À¸¸ç ¿­Àû¡¤¼ö·ÂÇÐÀû ½ºÆ®·¹½º¿¡ ³»¼ºÀ» °®°í ÀÖ¾î ¼·¾¾ 135µµ ÀÌ»ó °í¿Â¿¡¼­µµ »ì±ÕÀÌ ÀÌ·ç¾îÁø´Ù.

Ä«Æ®¸®Áö ÇÊÅÍ°¡ ¼ö¿µÀåÀ̳ª ½ºÆÄ ½Ã¼³ µî ½Åü¿Í Á÷Á¢ Á¢Ã˵Ǵ ¹°À» ó¸®ÇÏ´Â °æ¿ì¿¡´Â ¹ÚÅ׸®¾Æ ¼ºÀåÀ» Á¶ÀýÇÏ´Â °ÍÀÌ ÇÊ¿äÇÏ´Ù. ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ ÇÊÅÍ´Â spunbonded polyester fibres ÀçÁú·Î ¸¸µé¾îÁø Fiberweb »çÀÇ Reemay Á¦Ç°ÀÌ Àû´çÇϸç, Microban Á¦Ç°ÀÇ Ç×¹ÚÅ׸®¾Æ ÀçÁú·Î ÄÚÆÃµÈ Á¦Ç°ÀÌ´Ù. Ä«Æ®¸®Áö ÇÊÅÍ´Â ÇâÈÄ ¼³°è»óÀÇ Ä¿´Ù¶õ º¯È­°¡ ÀÖÀ» °ÍÀ¸·Î º¸Áö ¾ÊÀ¸³ª Áö¼ÓÀûÀ¸·Î ¹Ì¼¼ÇÑ ºÐ¾ßÀÇ °³¼±Àº ÀÌ·ç¾îÁú °ÍÀÌ´Ù.
±×·¯³ª ¿£Áø¿ë ¿©°ú¿ë ÇÊÅÍ´Â ±Þ°ÝÇÑ º¯È­°¡ ÀÖÀ» °ÍÀ¸·Î ¿¹»óµÇ¸ç ±× ¿Ü ºÐ¾ßÀÇ ÇÊÅÍ ÀÀ¿ë ¸é¿¡¼­´Â »ç¿ëÀÚÀÇ º¸´Ù ¼¼¹ÐÇÑ ¿©°ú ¿ä±¸»çÇ׿¡ º¸Á¶¸¦ ¸ÂÃß´Â °³¹ß·Î À̾îÁú Àü¸ÁÀÌ´Ù.
 
¡ã Millipore»çÀÇ Solvex Á¦Ç°ÀÇ ¿¤¸®¸ÕÆ®´Â ÃßÃâ ´É·ÂÀÌ ³·À¸¸ç ¿­Àû¡¤¼ö·ÂÇÐÀû ½ºÆ®·¹½º¿¡ ³»¼ºÀ» °®°í ÀÖ¾î ¼·¾¾ 135µµ ÀÌ»ó °í¿Â¿¡¼­µµ »ì±ÕÀÌ ÀÌ·ç¾îÁø´Ù.
The cartridges described above, both bonded and pleated, can be used in the standard single element housings, but are increasingly being used in place of filter bags in the multielement process filters, to take advantage of their efficient filtration in the process industries.

Membrane microfilters are attracting considerable attention for this application. Cartridge filters of one kind or another are the normal solution to problems of filtration in the various service(or utility) applications such as hydraulic systems, or the various liquid filtration duties in heavy duty engines. A typical filter for hydraulic duties is the new Triboguard¢â series from Donaldson, claimed to offer significantly greater dirt-holding capacity.

Engines, meanwhile, continue to get serious attention from filter suppliers, because of both the number of applications in a single engine(coolant, lubricant and fuel) and the huge number of engines in the world. Thus a company such as Mann + Hummel can announce additions to its Europiclon range of engine filters, claiming reliability combined with high efficiency.

A very different kind of duty is that involved in the production of active pharmaceutical ingredients, often involving organic solvents rather than water. A new cartridge for this duty is offered by Millipore, in the form of its Solvex range. These elements are low in extractables, and resistant to thermal and hydraulic stresses, thus being steam sterilizable at temperatures up to 135¡Æ.

Where cartridge filters are used to clean water that comes into contact with human beings, such as the treatment of swimming pool and spa water, the need to control bacterial growth is vital. This demand can be met, for example, by Fiberweb¡¯s Reemay made from trilobal spunbonded polyester fibres, but where the fibres have a coating of Microban antibacterial material.

It is unlikely that the cartridge filter will see major changes in design in the future, but there will undoubtedly be a continuing series of minor improvements, except for the nature of the filter medium, where, in the case of engine filtration alone, a recent article in Filtration+Separation could state that ¡®the engine filter media industry is undergoing dramatic change¡¯.
As with any filter application, the cartridge filter will need to be able to keep up with its endusers¡¯ continual demands for finer and finer filtration.
 
 
 ¡Ø¿ø¹®Àº ÆÄÀÏ÷ºÎ¸¦ ÂüÁ¶ÇϽñ⠹ٶø´Ï´Ù.

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