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À̸§ °ü¸®ÀÚ waterindustry@hanmail.net ÀÛ¼ºÀÏ 2014.06.03 Á¶È¸¼ö 480
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[¹Ì±¹] ž翭 ¹× dz·Â¹ßÀüÀÇ °æÁ¦¼ºÀ» Çâ»ó½ÃÅ°´Â ö·Î Á¦ÀÛµÈ ÃàÀüÁö

Ķ¸®Æ÷´Ï¾ÆÁÖ ¼¾Æ®·² ¹ë¸®(Central Valley) ¸ðµ¥½ºÅä(Modesto) ±Ùó¿¡ ÀÖ´Â ¼ÒÇü ž翭 ¹ßÀü¼Ò¿¡¼­, ¿¡³Êº¼Æ®(Enervault)¶ó°í ºÒ¸®´Â ÇÑ Ã¢¾÷ȸ»ç°¡ ÃÖ±Ù¿¡ Àç»ý¿¡³ÊÁö À¯Æ¿¸®Æ¼ ½Ã¼³ÀÌ »ç¿ëÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Â ¿¡³ÊÁö¾çÀ» Áõ°¡½Ãų ¼ö ÀÖ´Â »õ·Î¿î ÃàÀüÁö ±â¼úÀ» ¼±º¸¿´´Ù. ÀÌ ±â¼úÀº Àú·ÅÇÑ ¹°Áú¿¡ ±â¹ÝÀ» µÎ°í Àִµ¥, ÀÌ ¹°ÁúÀº ÀÌÀüÀÇ ¿¬±¸ÁøµéÀÌ ±×°ÍÀ¸·Î Á¦ÀÛµÈ ÃàÀüÁö°¡ ±ä ½Ã°£ Áö¼ÓÇÒ Á¤µµ·Î ½Ç¿ëÀûÀÌÁö ¾Ê±â ¶§¹®¿¡ ´ëºÎºÐ Æ÷±âÇÑ ¹°ÁúÀÌ´Ù. ±×·¸Áö¸¸, ÀÌ È¸»ç´Â ÃàÀüÁö¸¦ ¼ö½Ê ³â µ¿¾È Áö¼ÓÇÏ°Ô ÇÏ´Â ¹æ¹ýÀ» ã¾Æ³Â´Ù°í ¹àÇû´Ù. 

ÀÌ ±â¼úÀº 1½Ã°£ µ¿¾È 10,000°³ÀÇ 100WÂ¥¸® Á¶¸íµîÀ» ¿î¿µÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Â 1MWÀÇ Àü±â¸¦ ÀúÀåÇÏ´Â ´ëÇü ÃàÀüÁö¿¡ ½ÇÁõÈ­ ÀÛ¾÷ÀÌ ÁøÇàµÇ°í ÀÖ´Ù. ¿¡³Êº¼Æ®(Enervault)»ç¿¡ ÀÇÇϸé, ÀÌ ÃàÀüÁö´Â ƯÁ¤ Àå¼Ò¿¡¼­¸¸ Ÿ´ç¼ºÀÌ ÀÖ´Â ±â¼úÀÎ »ê²À´ë±â·Î ¹°À» ÆßÇÎÇÏ¿© ´Ù½Ã ¶³¾îÁú ¶§ ÅͺóÀ» µ¹·Á Àü±â¸¦ »ý»êÇÏ´Â °Íó·³ ¿À´Ã³¯ ÀÌ¿ë °¡´ÉÇÑ °¡Àå Àú·ÅÇÑ ÇüÅÂÀÇ Àü±â ÀúÀå½Ã½ºÅÛ°ú °æÀïÀ» ÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù. ÀÌ È¸»ç´Â ºñ½ÁÇÑ ½ÃÇèÀ» ÁøÇà ÁßÀε¥, Å©±â´Â ´õ ÀÛÁö¸¸ ¾à 2³â ÈÄ¿¡´Â ÁÁÀº °á°ú¸¦ µµÃâÇÒ °ÍÀ¸·Î º¸ÀδÙ. ÀÌ ±â¼ú ¿¬±¸´Â ¹Ì±¹ ¿¡³ÊÁöºÎÀÇ 5¹é¸¸ ´Þ·¯ ÀÚ±ÝÁö¿øÀ» Æ÷ÇÔÇÑ ÃÑ 30¹é¸¸ ´Þ·¯ÀÇ ¿¬±¸ÀÚ±ÝÀ» ¸ð¾Ò´Ù. 

ÃàÀüÁö´Â dz·Â¹ßÀüÀ̳ª ž翭 ¹ßÀüÀ¸·ÎºÎÅÍ ¼ö ½Ã°£ µ¿¾È Ãâ·ÂÀ» ¹ß»ý½ÃÅ°´Â ´ë·®ÀÇ ¿¡³ÊÁö¸¦ ÀúÀåÇϴµ¥ ƯÈ÷ ÀûÀýÇÑ ½Ã½ºÅÛÀÌ´Ù. ¿©±â¼­, ÃàÀüÁö ±â¼úÀº Àç»ý¿¡³ÊÁö°¡ °¡Áø Å« ¹®Á¦Á¡À» ÇØ°áÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù. Áï, ¶§¶§·Î ÀÌ ¹ßÀü½Ã½ºÅÛÀº À̸¥ ¾Æħ ½Ã°£À̳ª ½Ã¿øÇÏ°í žçÀÌ ºñÄ¡´Â ÁÖ¸»°ú °°Àº ½Ã°£°ú °°ÀÌ ÇÊ¿äÇÏÁö ¾ÊÀ» ¶§ Àü±â¸¦ »ý»êÇϱ⵵ ÇÑ´Ù. 

ÀÌ ±â¼úÀº Ç÷οì ÃàÀüÁö(flow battery) ÇüÅÂÀε¥, ¼ÒÀ§ ¿¡³ÊÁö ÀúÀå¹°ÁúÀÌ ¾×ü ÇüŸ¦ ¶ì±â ¶§¹®ÀÌ´Ù. ÀÌ°ÍÀº ÇÊ¿äÇÒ ¶§±îÁö ´ëÇü ÅÊÅ©¿¡ ÀúÀåµÈ ´ÙÀ½¿¡, ½ºÅÃ(stack)À̶ó°í ºÒ¸®´Â »ó´ëÀûÀ¸·Î ÀÛÀº ÀåÄ¡¸¦ ÅëÇØ ÆßÇÎµÇ¾î ±×°÷¿¡¼­ Àü±â »ý»êÀ» À§ÇØ »óÈ£ÀÛ¿ëÀ» ÇÏ°Ô µÈ´Ù. ´ëÇü ÅÊÅ©¸¦ Á¦ÀÛÇÏ´Â °ÍÀº »ó´ëÀûÀ¸·Î °ªÀÌ Àú·ÅÇϱ⠶§¹®¿¡, ´õ ¸¹Àº ¿¡³ÊÁö ÀúÀåÀÌ ÇÊ¿äÇÏ¸é °æÁ¦¼ºÀº ´õ ³ô¾ÆÁø´Ù. ÀÌ°ÍÀº ÃàÀüÁö°¡ ½Å¼ÓÇÑ Àü±â ¹æÃâÀÌ ÇÊ¿äÇÏÁö ¾ÊÁö¸¸, ³ªÁß¿¡ Àü±â¸¦ »ç¿ëÇϱâ À§ÇØ ÀúÀåÇÏ´Â ¿ëµµ·Î ÃÖÀûÀÇ »óȲÀÓÀ» ÀǹÌÇÑ´Ù. 

¿¡³Êº¼Æ®(Enervault)»ç°¡ °³¹ßÇÑ Æ¯¼öÇÑ ¹öÀüÀÇ ±â¼úÀº ¹°, Å©·Ò ±×¸®°í 1970³â´ë¿¡ ÃàÀüÁö¿¡ »ç¿ëÀÌ ½ÃµµµÇ¾ú´ø Àú·ÅÇÏ°í ¾ÈÀüÇÑ ¹°ÁúÀΠöÀ» »ç¿ëÇÑ´Ù. ±×·¸Áö¸¸, ¼ö¼ÒÀÇ ¹æÃâ°ú °°Àº ¿øÇÏÁö ¾Ê´Â È­ÇÐÀû ¹ÝÀÀÀÌ ¼º´ÉÀ» ÀúÇϽÃÄÑ ±×µéÀÌ ÀúÀåÇÏ´Â ¿¡³ÊÁöÀÇ ¾çÀ» °¨¼Ò½ÃÄ×´Ù. 

"¿øÇÏÁö ¾Ê´Â ¹ÝÀÀÀÌ °¡¿ªÀûÀ̶ó´Â °ÍÀ» Áõ¸íÇÔÀ¸·Î½á, ¿ì¸®´Â ö-Å©·ÒÀÇ È­ÇйÝÀÀÀÌ °¡Áø ¹®Á¦¸¦ ÇØ°áÇß´Ù"°í ÀÌ È¸»ç ÃÖ°í°æ¿µÀÚÀÎ Áü ÆÄÆä(Jim Pape)¾¾´Â ¸»Çß´Ù. ÀÌ È¸»ç¿¡ ÀÇÇϸé, ¿¡³ÊÁö ÀúÀå¹°ÁúÀº 20³â ÀÌ»ó Áö¼ÓµÉ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù. 

ÀÌ ±â¼úÀÌ °¡Áø ´Ü ÇϳªÀÇ Áß¿ä ´ÜÁ¡Àº È¿À²¼ºÀÌ 70% ¹Ì¸¸À̶ó´Â °ÍÀÌ´Ù. Áï, ÃàÀüÁö¸¦ ÃæÀüÇϴµ¥ »ç¿ëµÇ´Â Àü±âÀÇ 30%´Â ¼Ò½ÇµÈ´Ù´Â °ÍÀÌ´Ù. (¸¹Àº ÃàÀüÁöÀÇ È¿À²¼ºÀº 90% ÀÌ»óÀÌ´Ù.) ÀÌ È¸»ç¿¡ ÀÇÇϸé, °æÁ¦¼ºÀº ¿©ÀüÈ÷ Áß¿äÇÑ °ÍÀ¸·Î, ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ ¹ö·ÁÁö´Â ÃàÀüÁö´Â ´ë±Ô¸ð Àç»ý¿¡³ÊÁö¿¡´Â ºÎÀûÀýÇÑ °ÍÀÌ´Ù. ¹ö·ÁÁö´Â ¿¡³ÊÁö¸¦ º¸»óÇÏ·Á¸é ´õ ¸¹Àº žçÀüÁö°¡ ¼³Ä¡µÇ¾î¾ß ÇÒ °ÍÀÌ´Ù. 

ÀÌ È¸»ç¿¡ ÀÇÇϸé, ÃàÀüÁö°¡ ÇöÀçÀÇ ½ÇÁõÈ­ ¸ðµ¨º¸´Ù ´õ Å« ±Ô¸ð·Î »ó¾÷ÀûÀÎ »ý»êÀÌ °¡´ÉÇÒ ½ÃÁ¡À» À§ÇØ ´ë±Ô¸ð·Î ½ÇÁõÈ­ ½ÃÇèÀÌ ÁøÇàµÇ°í ÀÖ°í, Áö±Ý ÇöÀç ½ÃÀå¿¡ Ãâ½ÃµÈ °Í°ú °¡Àå ºñ½ÁÇÑ ·ùÀÇ ÃàÀüÁöÀÎ ¹Ù³ªµã ·¹µ¶½º Ç÷οì ÃàÀüÁö(vanadium redox flow batteries) ºñ¿ëÀÇ 1/5 Á¤µµ¿¡ ºÒ°úÇØÁú °ÍÀÌ´Ù. 

[Ãâó : KISTI ¹Ì¸®¾È ¡º±Û·Î¹úµ¿Çâºê¸®ÇΡ»/ 2014³â 6¿ù 3ÀÏ]

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Battery made of iron could improve economics of solar and wind power

At a small solar power plant near Modesto, in California's Central Valley, a startup called Enervault recently unveiled battery technology that could increase the amount of renewable energy utilities can use. The technology is based on inexpensive materials that researchers had largely given up on because batteries made from them didn't last long enough to be practical. But the company says it has figured out how to make the batteries last for decades.  

The technology is being demonstrated in a large battery that stores one megawatt-hour of electricity, enough to run 10,000 100-watt light bulbs for an hour. Enervault says its batteries could compete with the cheapest form of electricity storage available today—pumping water up a hill so that it can spin turbines as it flows back down, which is feasible only in certain locations.

The company has been testing a similar, though much smaller, version of the technology for about two years with good results. It has raised $30 million in funding, including a $5 million grant from the U.S. Department of Energy.   The batteries are particularly well suited to storing large amounts of energy, such as hours of output from a wind farm or solar plant. They could thereby help solve a big problem with renewables: sometimes they generate electricity when not much is needed, such as in the early morning hours or on cool, sunny weekend days.  

The technology is a type of flow battery, so called because the energy storage materials are in liquid form. They are stored in big tanks until they're needed; then they're pumped through a relatively small device, called a stack, where they interact to generate electricity. Building bigger tanks is relatively cheap, so the more energy storage is needed, the better the economics become. That means the batteries are best suited for storing hours' or days' worth of electricity, not delivering quick bursts.

Enervault's particular version of the technology uses water, chromium, and iron—cheap, safe materials that had been tried in batteries in the 1970s. But unwanted chemical reactions such as the release of hydrogen caused them to degrade, decreasing the amount of energy they could store.  

"By proving that the unwanted reactions are reversible, we've solved the problems with iron-chromium chemistry," says Enervault CEO Jim Pape. The company says the energy storage materials can last for more than 20 years.  

One significant drawback to the technology is that it's less than 70 percent efficient—30 percent of the electricity used to charge the battery is lost (many batteries are better than 90 percent efficient). The company says the economics still work out, but such a wasteful battery might not be ideal for large-scale renewable energy. More solar panels would have to be installed to make up for the waste.  

Enervault says that when the batteries are produced commercially at even larger sizes than the current demonstration model, they will cost just a fifth as much as vanadium redox flow batteries, which have been demonstrated at large scales and are probably the type of flow battery closest to market right now.

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