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[2014] [¹Ì±¹] Àú·ÅÇÏ°í ûÁ¤ÇÑ ¹ÙÀÌ¿À¿¬·á¸¦ À§ÇÑ ´Ù±â´É ³ª³ëÀÔÀÚÀÇ »ý¼º
À̸§ °ü¸®ÀÚ waterindustry@hanmail.net ÀÛ¼ºÀÏ 2014.05.16 Á¶È¸¼ö 163
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[¹Ì±¹] Àú·ÅÇÏ°í ûÁ¤ÇÑ ¹ÙÀÌ¿À¿¬·á¸¦ À§ÇÑ ´Ù±â´É ³ª³ëÀÔÀÚÀÇ »ý¼º

¹Ì±¹ ¿¡³ÊÁöºÎ(DOE; Department of Energy) »êÇÏ ¿¡ÀÓÁî ¿¬±¸¼Ò(Ames Laboratory) ¼Ò¼ÓÀÇ ¿¬±¸ÁøÀº °øÁ¤À» º´ÇÕÇÒ »Ó ¾Æ´Ï¶ó ºñ¿ëÀ» ÁÙÀ̱â À§ÇÏ¿© Æø³Ð°Ô ÀÌ¿ëÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Â Àç·á¸¦ »ç¿ëÇÏ´Â º¸´Ù ´õ ½Å¼ÓÇÏ°í, ûÁ¤ÇÑ ¹ÙÀÌ¿À¿¬·á Á¤Á¦ ±â¼ú(biofuel refining technology)À» âÃâÇß´Ù.

¿¡ÀÓÁî ¿¬±¸¼Ò ¼Ò¼ÓÀÇ ¿¬±¸ÁøÀº Á¶·ù¿Í °°Àº Àç»ý °ø±Þ ¿ø·á·ÎºÎÅÍ ¿ÀÀÏÀÇ ¼ö¼Ò ÷°¡ ¹ÝÀÀ(hydrogenation)À¸·Î »ý¼ºµÇ´Â ´ëü ¿¬·áÀÎ ³ì»ö µðÁ©(green diesel)ÀÇ »ý¼ºÀ» À§ÇÏ¿© ÇÑ ¹ø¿¡ µÎ °¡Áö °øÁ¤ ±â´ÉÀ» ¼öÇàÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Â ³ª³ëÀÔÀÚ¸¦ °³¹ßÇß´Ù.

¿¬±¸ÁøÀÌ °³¹ßÇÑ ¹æ¹ýÀº ¾ËÄڿðú Áö¹æ ¹× ¿ÀÀÏÀÇ ¹ÝÀÀÀ» ¼öÇàÇÔÀ¸·Î½á ¹ÙÀÌ¿ÀµðÁ©(biodiesel)À» Á¦Á¶ÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Â °øÁ¤À» ¼ö¸³ÇÏ´Â °Í¿¡¼­ Ãâ¹ßÇß´Ù.

°ü½ÀÀûÀ¸·Î ´ç½ÅÀÌ ¹Ì¼¼Á¶·ù ¿ÀÀÏ °°Àº Áö¹æ»êÀÌ Ç³ºÎÇÑ °ø±Þ ¿ø·á·ÎºÎÅÍ ¹ÙÀÌ¿ÀµðÁ©À» Á¦Á¶ÇÏ°íÀÚ ÇÒ ¶§, ´ç½ÅÀº ¸ÕÁö Ã˸ÅÀÇ È¿°ú¸¦ ¸ÁÄ¥ ¼ö ÀÖ´Â Áö¹æ»ê(fatty acid)À» ºÐ¸®Çؾ߸¸ ÇÏ°í, ÀÌÈÄ ¿¬·á¸¦ »ý»êÇÏ´Â Ã˸Š¹ÝÀÀÀ» ¼öÇàÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù°í ¿¡ÀÓÁî ¿¬±¸¼Ò ¼Ò¼ÓÀÇ °úÇÐÀÚÀÎ Igor SlowingÀº ¹àÇû´Ù.

´Ù±â´É¼º ³ª³ëÀÔÀÚ¸¦ °í¾ÈÇÏ°í ¹ÙÀÌ¿ÀµðÁ©º¸´Ù´Â ³ì»ö µðÁ©¿¡ ÃÊÁ¡À» ¸ÂÃãÀ¸·Î½á, ¿ì¸®´Â ´Ù¼öÀÇ °øÁ¤À» º¸´Ù ´õ ½Å¼ÓÇÏ°í ûÁ¤ÇÑ ÇϳªÀÇ °øÁ¤À¸·Î º´ÇÕÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ¾ú´Ù°í SlowingÀº ¹àÇû´Ù. ¹ÙÀÌ¿ÀµðÁ©°ú ¹Ý´ë·Î, ³ì»ö µðÁ©Àº Áö¹æ°ú ¿ÀÀÏÀÇ ¼ö¼Ò ÷°¡ ¹ÝÀÀ¿¡ ÀÇÇØ »ý¼ºµÇ°í, ³ì»ö µðÁ©ÀÇ È­ÇÐÀû Á¶¼ºÀº ¼®À¯¸¦ ±â¹ÝÀ¸·Î ÇÏ´Â µðÁ©ÀÇ È­ÇÐÀû Á¶¼º°ú ¸Å¿ì À¯»çÇÏ´Ù. ³ì»ö µðÁ©Àº º¸´Ù ´õ ³ôÀº ¿¡³ÊÁö ¹Ðµµ¸¦ °¡Áú »Ó ¾Æ´Ï¶ó, ´õ ¾ÈÁ¤ÀûÀΠƯ¡À» °¡Áö´Â µî ¹ÙÀÌ¿ÀµðÁ©À» ´É°¡ÇÏ´Â ¸¹Àº ÀåÁ¡À» °¡Áö°í ÀÖ´Ù.

Slowing, Kapil Kandel, Conerd Frederickson, Erica A. Smith ¹× Young-Jin Lee µîÀ» Æ÷ÇÔÇÑ ¿¡ÀÓÁî ¿¬±¸¼Ò ¼Ò¼ÓÀÇ ¿¬±¸ÁøÀº ¸ÕÀú µÎ °³ÀÇ ±â´ÉÀ» °¡Áö´Â ¸ÞÁ¶±¸Á¶ÀÇ ³ª³ëÀÔÀÚ(bi-functionalized mesostructured nanoparticle)¸¦ ÀÌ¿ëÇϴµ¥ ¼º°øÇß´Ù. ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ Áú¼­ Á¤¿¬ÇÑ ´Ù°ø¼º ÀÔÀÚ´Â À¯¸®Áö¹æ»ê(free fatty acid)À» Æ÷ȹÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Â ¾Æ¹Î±â(amine group)¿Í »êÀ» ³ì»ö µðÁ©·Î Àüȯ½ÃÅ°´Â ¹ÝÀÀÀ» Ã˸ÅÈ­ÇÏ´Â ´ÏÄÌ ³ª³ëÀÔÀÚ(nickel nanoparticle)¸¦ Æ÷ÇÔÇÑ´Ù. ´ÏÄÌÀº ¹é±Ý°ú Æȶóµã°ú °°Àº Áö¹æ»ê ¼ö¼Ò Ã˸Š¹ÝÀÀ¿¡¼­ ÀüÅëÀûÀ¸·Î »ç¿ëµÇ°í ÀÖ´Â ±Í±Ý¼Ó¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ¾à 200¹è ´õ Àú·ÅÇÑ ´ë¾ÈÀ̱⠶§¹®¿¡, °úÇÐÀÚ Áý´Ü¿¡¼­ Æø³Ð°Ô ¿¬±¸µÇ¾î ¿Ô´Ù.

¶Ç µÎ °³ÀÇ ±â´ÉÀ» °¡Áö´Â ³ª³ëÀÔÀÚ(bi-functional nanoparticle)ÀÇ »ý¼ºÀº °á°úÀûÀ¸·Î ¾ò¾îÁö´Â ³ì»ö µðÁ©À» °³¼±Çß´Ù. ¿¬·á Àüȯ ÀÚü¿¡ ´ëÇÏ¿©¸¸ ´ÏÄÌÀ» ÀÌ¿ëÇÏ¿©, °øÁ¤Àº ºÐÇصǾî¾ß Çϴ źȭ¼ö¼Ò °í¸®¸¦ °¡Áö´Â ¸Å¿ì °­·ÂÇÑ ¹ÝÀÀÀ» ÃÊ·¡Çß´Ù. ¿­ºÐÇØ(cracking)¶ó°í ¸í¸íÇÏ´Â °øÁ¤Àº ¿¬·á·Î ´õ ÀûÀº °¡´É¼ºÀ» °¡Áö´Â ¹°ÁúÀ» »ý¼ºÇß´Ù.

¿¬±¸ÁøÀÌ Áö¹æ»êÀÇ °Ý¸®¿¡ Ã¥ÀÓÀÌ ÀÖ´Â ±¸¼º ¿ø¼Ò¸¦ ÷°¡ÇßÀ» ¶§, ¸Å¿ì Èï¹Ì·Î¿î ÀÏÀÌ ÀϾ´Ù°í SlowingÀº ¹àÇû´Ù. ¿¬±¸ÁøÀº ´õ ÀÌ»ó ºÐÀÚÀÇ ¿­ºÐÇظ¦ °üÂûÇÒ ¼ö ¾ø¾ú´Ù. µû¶ó¼­ ÀüüÀûÀÎ °á°ú´Â µðÁ©°ú ÈξÀ ´õ À¯»çÇÏ°Ô º¸À̴ źȭ¼ö¼Ò¸¦ »ý¼ºÇÏ´Â º¸´Ù ´õ ¿ì¼öÇÑ Ã˸ŷΠÀ̾îÁ³´Ù°í SlowingÀº ¼³¸íÇß´Ù.

¶Ç ÀÌ°ÍÀº ¿ÀÀÏÀ» »ý¼ºÇÏ°í ³­ µÚ¿¡ ¾àÇ°°ú ½ÄÇ° »ê¾÷¿¡¼­ À¯¿ëÇÒ °¡´É¼ºÀÌ ÀÖ´Â ±ÍÁßÇÑ ºÐÀÚÀÎ ´Ù¸¥ ±¸¼º ¿ø¼Ò¸¦ ³²°å´Ù°í SlowingÀº µ¡ºÙ¿´´Ù.

±×·¯³ª Kapil Kandel, James W. Anderegg, Nicholas C. Nelson ¹× Umesh Chaudhary µî°ú ÇÔ²² SlowingÀº Ã˸ŷΠöÀ» ÀÌ¿ëÇÏ¿© Ãß°¡ÀûÀÎ °øÁ¤À» ¼öÇàÇß´Ù. ö(iron)Àº ´ÏÄ̺¸´Ù 100¹è ´õ Àú·ÅÇÏ´Ù. °øÁ¤¿¡¼­ öÀ» ÀÌ¿ëÇÏ¿© ÀÌ»êȭź¼Ò ¼Ò½ÇÀ» ÁÙÀÌ°í º¸´Ù ´õ ½Å¼ÓÇÑ ÀüȯÀ» ¼öÇàÇÏ´Â µî ÃÖÁ¾ »ý¼º¹°À» Ãß°¡·Î °³¼±Çß´Ù.

DOEÀÇ ÀÓ¹«ÀÇ ÀÏȯÀ¸·Î, ¿¬±¸ÁøÀº °øÁ¤À» »ý¼ºÇϱâ À§ÇÏ¿© ÇÊ¿äÇÑ ±âÃÊ °úÇÐÀÇ ¿¬±¸¿¡ ÃÊÁ¡À» ¸ÂÃß¾ú´Ù. ±×·¯³ª °á°úÀûÀ¸·Î ¾ò¾îÁø ±â¼úÀº »ê¾÷¿¡¼­ ±Ô¸ð¸¦ È®´ëÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Â ¿ø¸®°¡ µÇ¾î¾ß¸¸ ÇÑ´Ù°í ±×´Â ¹àÇû´Ù.

°ü·Ã °øÁ¤À» ±â¼úÇÑ ³í¹®ÀÇ Á¦¸ñÀº ¡°Àç»ý °¡´ÉÇÑ °ø±Þ ¿ø·áÀÇ Á¤Á¦¸¦ À§ÇÑ µÎ °¡Áö ±â´ÉÀ» °¡Áø ÈíÂøÁ¦-Ã˸Š³ª³ëÀÔÀÚ(Bifunctional Adsorbent-Catalytic Nanoparticles for the Refining of Renewable Feedstocks)¡±·Î 2013³â ACS Àú³ÎÀÎ Catalysis¿¡ ¹ßÇ¥µÆÀ¸¸ç, "¹Ì¼¼Á¶·ù ¿ÀÀÏÀÇ ¼ö¼Ò ÷°¡ ¹ÝÀÀ¿¡ ÀÇÇÑ ³ì»ö µðÁ© »ý¼ºÀ» Áö¿øÇϴ ö ³ª³ëÀÔÀÚ(Supported Iron Nanoparticles for the Hydrodeoxygenation of Microalgal Oil to Green Diesel)"¶ó´Â Á¦¸ñÀÇ ³í¹®Àº 2014³â 5¿ù Catalysis Àú³Î¿¡ ¹ßÇ¥µÆ´Ù.
 
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[¿ø¹®º¸±â]

Researchers create multifunctional nanoparticles for cheaper, cleaner biofuel

The U.S. Department of Energy¡¯s Ames Laboratory has created a faster, cleaner biofuel refining technology that not only combines processes, it uses widely available materials to reduce costs.

Ames Laboratory scientists have developed a nanoparticle that is able to perform two processing functions at once for the production of green diesel, an alternative fuel created from the hydrogenation of oils from renewable feedstocks like algae.

The method is a departure from the established process of producing biodiesel, which is accomplished by reacting fats and oils with alcohols.

¡°Conventionally, when you are producing biodiesel from a feedstock that is rich in free fatty acids like microalgae oil, you must first separate the fatty acids that can ruin the effectiveness of the catalyst, and then you can perform the catalytic reactions that produce the fuel,¡± said Ames Lab scientist Igor Slowing. ¡°By designing multifunctional nanoparticles and focusing on green diesel rather than biodiesel, we can combine multiple processes into one that is faster and cleaner.¡±

Contrary to biodiesel, green diesel is produced by hydrogenation of fats and oils, and its chemical composition is very similar to that of petroleum-based diesel. Green diesel has many advantages over biodiesel, like being more stable and having a higher energy density.

An Ames Lab research group, which included Slowing, Kapil Kandel, Conerd Frederickson, Erica A. Smith, and Young-Jin Lee, first saw success using bi-functionalized mesostructured nanoparticles. These ordered porous particles contain amine groups that capture free fatty acids and nickel nanoparticles that catalyze the conversion of the acids into green diesel. Nickel has been researched widely in the scientific community because it is approximately 2000 times less expensive as an alternative to noble metals traditionally used in fatty acid hydrogenation, like platinum or palladium.

Creating a bi-functional nanoparticle also improved the resulting green diesel. Using nickel for the fuel conversion alone, the process resulted in too strong of a reaction, with hydrocarbon chains that had broken down. The process, called ¡°cracking,¡± created a product that held less potential as a fuel.

¡°A very interesting thing happened when we added the component responsible for the sequestration of the fatty acids,¡± said Slowing. ¡°We no longer saw the cracking of molecules. So the result is a better catalyst that produces a hydrocarbon that looks much more like diesel.¡°

¡°It also leaves the other components of the oil behind, valuable molecules that have potential uses for the pharmaceutical and food industries,¡± said Slowing.

But Slowing, along with Kapil Kandel, James W. Anderegg, Nicholas C. Nelson, and Umesh Chaudhary, took the process further by using iron as the catalyst. Iron is 100 times cheaper than nickel. Using iron improved the end product even further, giving a faster conversion and also reducing the loss of CO2 in the process.

¡°As part of the mission of the DOE, we are focused on researching the fundamental science necessary to create the process; but the resulting technology should in principle be scalable for industry,¡± he said.
The process is discussed in a paper, ¡°Bifunctional Adsorbent-Catalytic Nanoparticles for the Refining of Renewable Feedstocks¡± published in 2013 in ACS Catalysis, and also in ¡°Supported Iron Nanoparticles for the Hydrodeoxygenationof Microalgal Oil to Green Diesel¡± published in May 2014 in the Journal of Catalysis.
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