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À̸§ °ü¸®ÀÚ waterindustry@hanmail.net ÀÛ¼ºÀÏ 2014.07.01 Á¶È¸¼ö 354
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[¹Ì±¹] ±âÈÄ º¯È­ ¿¹Ãø¿¡ µµ¿òÀ» ÁÙ Çؾç Åë·Î¿¡ ´ëÇÑ °³¼±µÈ ÀÌÇØ : Æ®·çÇ÷οì

ÅÂÆò¾ç(Pacific Ocean)°ú Àεµ¾ç(Indian Ocean)À» ÀÕ´Â Åë·Î°¡ ±âÈÄ º¯È­(climate change)¸¦ ÀÌÀ¯·Î ´Ù¸£°Ô ÇൿÇϸç, ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ »õ·Î¿î Çൿ ¾ç½ÄÀÌ °á°úÀûÀ¸·Î »õ·Î¿î ¹æ½ÄÀ¸·Î µÎ Çؾç À¯¿ªÀÇ ±âÈÄ¿¡ ¿µÇâÀ» ³¢Ä£´Ù°í »õ·Î¿î ¿¬±¸´Â Á¦¾ÈÇß´Ù.

¹Ì±¹ ÇÏ¿ÍÀÌ ´ëÇÐ ¸¶³ë¾Æ Ä·ÆÛ½º(University of Hawaii at Manoa) ¼Ò¼ÓÀÇ ¹°¸® ÇؾçÇÐÀÚÀÎ James Potemra´Â Ķ¸®Æ÷´Ï¾Æ´ëÇб³ »÷µð¿¡ÀÌ°íÄ·ÆÛ½º(UC San Diego; University of California, San Diego) »êÇÏ ½ºÅ©¸³½º ÇØ¾ç ¿¬±¸¼Ò(Scripps Institution of Oceanography) ¼Ò¼ÓÀÇ Janet SprintallÀÌ ÁÖµµÇÑ ÀÌ ¿¬±¸ÀÇ °øµ¿ ÀúÀÚ·Î Âü¿©Çß´Ù. ¿¬±¸ÁøÀº Àεµ³×½Ã¾ÆÀÇ ¼¶À» Åë°úÇÏ´Â ÇØÇù ³×Æ®¿öÅ©ÀÎ Àεµ³×½Ã¾Æ Æ®·çÇ÷οì(Indonesian Throughflow)¿¡¼­ ¹°ÀÇ È帧ÀÌ ¿ì¼¼ÇÑ ¶ó´Ï´¢(La Niña) Á¶°ÇÀÇ ¿µÇâ ÇÏ¿¡¼­ 2000³â´ë ÀÌÈÄ º¯°æµÆ´Ù´Â »ç½ÇÀ» ¹ß°ßÇß´Ù. Æ®·çÇ÷οì È帧Àº ±¼°îÀÌ Àִ ȣ½º¸¦ ¹°ÀÌ Åë°úÇÏ´Â ¹æ½ÄÀ¸·Î ´õ ¾è°í °­·ÂÇØÁ³´Ù. µ¿ ¿¬±¸´Â Àΰ£ÀÌ À¯¹ßÇÑ ±âÈÄ º¯È­°¡ ¿¤´Ï´¢(El Niño) Á¶°ÇÀÌ µ¹¾Æ¿Ã ¶§Á¶Â÷ ´õ ¿ì¼¼ÇÑ Æ®·çÇ÷οì Ư¡À» ¸¸µé °ÍÀ̶ó°í Á¦¾ÈÇß´Ù.

Sprintall°ú µ¿·á ¿¬±¸ÁøÀº µÎ °³ÀÇ ÀüÀÚ ÀåÄ¡ »çÀÌ¿¡ Á¤º¸¸¦ º¸³»ÁÖ´Â ÄÉÀ̺í°ú °°ÀÌ ÇൿÇÏ´Â Çؾç Áö¿ªÀÎ Æ®·çÇ÷οìÀÇ ¿ªÇÐÀ» ÀÌÇØÇϱâ À§ÇÏ¿© 10³â ÀÌ»óÀÇ ½Ã°£À» ÅõÀÚÇß´Ù. Àεµ³×½Ã¾Æ ¹Ù´Ù(Indonesian Seas)´Â ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ ¹æ½ÄÀ¸·Î µÎ ÇؾçÀÌ »óÈ£ÀÛ¿ëÇÏ´Â Àü ¼¼°è À¯ÀÏÇÑ ¿­´ë Áö¿ªÀÌ´Ù. Æ®·çÇ÷οì´Â Àεµ³×½Ã¾Æ ¸ó¼ø¿¡¼­ Ķ¸®Æ÷´Ï¾Æ ÁÖ°¡ °æÇèÇÑ ¿¤´Ï´¢ Çö»ó¿¡ À̸£´Â ¸ðµç Çö»ó¿¡¼­ Áß¿äÇÑ ¿ªÇÒÀ» ÇÏ°í, °æ°è¸¦ ÈξÀ ÃÊ¿ùÇÏ¿© ±âÈÄ¿¡ ¿µÇâÀ» ³¢Ä£´Ù.

ÀÌ ³í¹®ÀÌ À̹ø ¼¼±â¿¡ ±âÈÄ ¿¬±¸¿¡¼­ Å« µµ¿òÀ» ÁÙ ¼ö ÀÖ´Â ÇÙ½ÉÀûÀÎ Çؾç Ư¼º¿¡ ´ëÇÑ µ¶Ã¢ÀûÀÎ ³í¹®À̶ó°í SprintallÀÇ ¿¬±¸¸¦ ÈÄ¿øÇÏ°í ÀÖ´Â ³ª»ç GOOS(Global Ocean Observing System) ¿î¿µ À§¿øȸ °øµ¿ ÀÇÀåÀ» ¿ªÀÓÇÏ°í ÀÖ´Â ¹°¸® ÇؾçÇÐ ÇÁ·Î±×·¥ °úÇÐÀÚÀÎ Eric LindstromÀº ¹àÇû´Ù. Àεµ³×½Ã¾Æ ¹Ù´Ù¸¦ ÅëÇÑ ÅÂÆò¾ç°ú Àεµ¾çÀÇ °ü·Ã¼ºÀº º¹ÀâÇÑ ¼øȯ, ±âÈÄ º¯µ¿ ¹× ¹Î°¨ÇÑ Çؾç-´ë±â Çǵå¹é µî¿¡ ÀÇÇØ Á¶ÀýµÈ´Ù. ÀÌ°÷Àº ¿ì¸®°¡ º¯È­ÇÏ´Â ±âÈÄ Á¶°Ç ÇÏ¿¡¼­ ÇؾçÀÇ ÀϹÝÀûÀÎ ¼øȯ¿¡¼­ °¡´ÉÇÑ º¯È­¸¦ ¸ð´ÏÅ͸µÇϱâ À§ÇÏ¿© ÇØ¾ç °üÃøÀ» Áö¼ÓÀûÀ¸·Î ¼öÇàÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ°Ô ÇØÁÖ´Â ÃÖÀûÀÇ Àå¼Ò¶ó°í LindstromÀº ¹àÇû´Ù.

¹°¸® ÇؾçÇÐÀÚÀÎ SprintallÀº ÀÌ ¿¬±¸°¡ Áö±¸ ¿Â³­È­¿¡ ÀÇÇØ »ý¼ºµÈ º¯È­µÈ º¯¼ö¿¡ ÀÇÇØ Æ¯¼ºÈ­µÈ Æ®·çÇ÷οìÀÇ ¿ª»ç¿¡ »õ·Î¿î ÀåÀ» ¿­±â ½ÃÀÛÇß´Ù°í ¹àÇû´Ù.

ÇöÀç ¿ì¸®´Â Àεµ³×½Ã¾ÆÀÇ Æ®·çÇ÷ο찡 ¿¤´Ï´¢¿Í ¶ó´Ï´¢ÀÇ °¡º¯¼º¿¡ ¾î¶»°Ô ´ëÀÀÇÒ °ÍÀΰ¡¿¡ ´ëÇÑ °³¼±µÈ ÀÌÇظ¦ È®º¸ÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖÀ¸¸ç, ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ ÇØ·ù°¡ ÀÎÀ§ÀûÀÎ ±âÈÄ º¯È­·Î ÃÊ·¡µÉ ¹«¿ªÇ³ ½Ã½ºÅÛ¿¡¼­ º¯È­¿¡ ´ëÀÀÇÏ¿© ¾î¶»°Ô °Åµ¿ÇÒ °ÍÀÎÁö¸¦ ÀÌÇØÇϱ⠽ÃÀÛÇß´Ù°í SprintallÀº ¹àÇû´Ù. Æ®·çÇ÷ο쿡 ÀÇÇØ À̵¿µÇ´Â ¿Â³­ÇÑ ÇؼöÀÇ ¾ç¿¡¼­ º¯È­´Â Çؼö Ç¥¸é ¿Âµµ(sea surface temperature)¿¡ ÈļÓÀûÀÎ ¿µÇâÀ» ³¢Ä¡°í, µû¶ó¼­ Àüü ¾Æ½Ã¾Æ Áö¿ª¿¡¼­ °­¿ì À¯ÇüÀ» º¯°æ½Ãų °ÍÀ̶ó°í SprintallÀº ÁöÀûÇß´Ù.

¡°Àεµ³×½Ã¾Æ ¹Ù´Ù¿Í ÀÌ¿Í °áÇÕµÈ Çؾç-±âÈÄ ½Ã½ºÅÛ¿¡¼­ Àεµ³×½Ã¾Æ ¹Ù´ÙÀÇ ¿ªÇÒ(The Indonesian seas and their role in the coupled ocean-climate system)¡±À̶ó´Â Á¦¸ñÀÇ °ü·Ã ³í¹®Àº 2014³â 6¿ù 22ÀÏ Nature Geoscience Àú³Î ¿Â¶óÀÎ ÆÇ¿¡ °ÔÀçµÆ´Ù.

°ú°Å 10³â¿¡ °ÉÄ£ ÀÌÀü ¿¬±¸¿¡¼­ Sprintall°ú ¸î¸î ±¹°¡ Ãâ½ÅÀÇ µ¿·á ¿¬±¸ÁøÀº Æ®·çÇ÷ο쿡¼­ Çൿ ¾ç½ÄÀÇ ´ëºÎºÐÀÌ ¹Ù¶÷°ú Æĵµ°¡ »óÈ£ÀÛ¿ëÇϴ ǥ¸é¿¡¼­ ÀϾ´Â °ÍÀ¸·Î ÃßÁ¤Çß´ø °ú°ÅÀÇ »ý°¢À» ¼öÁ¤Çß´Ù. ½ÇÁ¦·Î, Æ®·çÇ÷οì È帧Àº Á¾Á¾ Ç¥¸é ¾Æ·¡ 100 ¹ÌÅÍ ±íÀÌ¿¡¼­ ¿î¿µµÇ¸ç, ¿ë½Â(upwelling)°ú ¹°ÀÇ ´Ù¸¥ °­·ÂÇÑ ¼öÁ÷ È帧(vertical flow) Ư¡À» º¸¿©ÁØ´Ù. ¸ðµ¨ ½Ã¹Ä·¹À̼ÇÀº ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ È帧ÀÌ ¾ø´Ù¸é, Àεµ¾çÀº Ç¥¸é¿¡¼­ ÀϹÝÀûÀ¸·Î ´õ Â÷°©°í, ÅÂÆò¾çÀº È¿°úÀûÀ¸·Î ¿Â³­ÇÑ Çؼö¸¦ º¸³¾ ¼ö ¾øÀ» °ÍÀ̶ó°í ¹àÇû´Ù.

ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ ÄÄÇ»ÅÍ·Î »ý¼ºµÈ ½Ã³ª¸®¿À´Â °úÇÐÀÚµéÀÌ Àΰ£ÀÌ À¯¹ßÇÑ ±âÈÄ º¯È­ÀÇ °á°ú·Î ¾î¶² ÀÏÀÌ ÀϾ °ÍÀΰ¡¸¦ ¿¹ÃøÇϴµ¥ µµ¿òÀ» ÁØ´Ù. 20 ¼¼±â Áß¹Ý ÀÌÈÄ °úÇÐÀÚµéÀº ÅÂÆò¾ç ¹«¿ªÇ³ÀÌ ¾àÈ­µÇ°í ÀÖ´Ù´Â »ç½ÇÀ» ÀνÄÇß´Ù. ¹«¿ªÇ³(tradewinds)Àº ÅÂÆò¾ç Çؼö¸¦ Æ®·çÇÃ·Î¿ì ¹æÇâÀ¸·Î. ±Ã±ØÀûÀ¸·Î´Â Àεµ¾çÂÊÀ¸·Î ÃßÁøÇϴµ¥ µµ¿òÀ» ÁØ´Ù. ÀÌ°ÍÀº ¿¹ÃøµÈ Àü ¼¼°è Çؾç ÁÖº¯ÀÇ ¿­°ú ¿°ÀÇ È帧ÀÎ Áö±¸ ¿­¿°ºÐ ¼øȯ(global thermohaline circulation)ÀÇ ÀϹÝÀûÀÎ Áöü¿Í ÀϸƻóÅëÇÑ´Ù.

¿¬±¸ÁøÀº 1990³â´ë ÈĹݿ¡ °­·ÂÇÑ ¿¤´Ï´¢ üÁ¦°¡ ½ÃÀÛµÆÀ» ¶§ Æ®·çÇ÷οìÀÇ º¯È­µÈ Ư¼ºÀÌ À̾îÁö´Â 10³â Áß Áß°£ ½Ã±â¿¡ ¶ó´Ï´¢ Á¶°ÇÀ» ´À¸®°Ô »ý¼ºÇß´Ù´Â °ÍÀ» È®ÀÎÇß´Ù. °¡Àå °­·ÂÇÑ ÇØ·ù´Â Æ®·çÇ÷οìÀÇ ÁÖ¿ä ±¸¼º ¿äÀÎÀÎ ¸¶Ä«»ç¸£ ÇØÇù(Makassar Strait)À» ÅëÇÏ¿© ´õ Á¼¾ÆÁö°í »¡¶óÁ³´Ù. ¸¶Ä«»ç¸£ ÇØÇùÀº Àεµ³×½Ã¾Æ Ä®¸®¸¸Åº ¼¶(Kalimantan)°ú ¼ú¶ó¿þ½Ã ¼¶(Sulawesi)À» È帣°í ÀÖ´Ù.

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New understanding of ocean passageway could aid climate change forecasts

The passageway that links the Pacific Ocean to the Indian Ocean is acting differently because of climate change, and now its new behavior could, in turn, affect climate in both ocean basins in new ways.

UH Mānoa physical oceanographer James Potemra is co-author of a study led by Janet Sprintall of Scripps Institution of Oceanography at UC San Diego. The scientists have found that the flow of water in the Indonesian Throughflow – the network of straits that pass Indonesia's islands – has changed since the late 2000s under the influence of dominant La Niña conditions. The flow has become more shallow and intense in the manner that water flows through a hose that has become kinked. The study suggests that human-caused climate change might make this characteristic a more dominant feature of the throughflow, even when El Niño conditions return.

Sprintall and colleagues have spent more than a decade understanding the dynamics of the throughflow, an ocean region that acts like a cable sending information between two electronic devices. The Indonesian seas are the only tropical location in the world where two oceans interact in this manner. The throughflow has an effect on the climate well beyond its boundaries, playing a role in everything from Indian monsoons to the El Niño phenomena experienced by California.

"This is a seminal paper on a key oceanographic feature that may have great utility in climate research in this century," said Eric Lindstrom, a physical oceanography program scientist who co-chairs the Global Ocean Observing System Steering Committee at NASA, which funded Sprintall's portion of the study. "The connection of the Pacific and Indian oceans through the Indonesian Seas is modulated by a complex circulation, climate variations, and sensitive ocean-atmosphere feedbacks. It's a great place for us to sustain ocean observations to monitor potential changes in the ocean's general circulation under a changing climate."

Sprintall, a physical oceanographer at Scripps Oceanography, said this new research starts a new chapter in the history of the throughflow, one characterized by the changed variables created by global warming.

"Now that we have a better understanding of how the Indonesian Throughflow responds to El Niño and La Niña variability, we can begin to understand how this current behaves in response to changes in the trade wind system that are brought on through anthropogenic climate change," Sprintall said. "Changes in the amount of warm water that is carried by the throughflow will have a subsequent impact on the sea surface temperature and so shift the patterns of rainfall in the whole Asian region."
The study, "The Indonesian seas and their role in the coupled ocean-climate system," appeared in the June 22 advance online publication of the journal Nature Geoscience.

In previous work over the past decade, Sprintall and colleagues from several countries have revised earlier thinking that most of the action in the throughflow was just at the surface where winds and waves interact. In fact, the flow often runs as much as 100 meters (328 feet) below the surface and features upwellings and other strong vertical flows of water. Model simulations have suggested that without this flow, the Indian Ocean would be generally colder at the surface as the Pacific would not be able to route warm water to it as efficiently.

These computer-generated scenarios have helped researchers forecast what could be happening as a consequence of human-caused climate change. Since the mid-twentieth century, scientists have noticed that Pacific Ocean tradewinds are weakening. The tradewinds help push Pacific Ocean water toward the throughflow and ultimately to the Indian Ocean. This corresponds to a predicted general slowdown of global thermohaline circulation – the flow of heat and salt around the world's oceans.

The researchers found that as a strong El Niño regime begun in the late 1990s slowly yielded to La Niña conditions in the middle of the following decade, the nature of the throughflow changed. The strongest currents became shallower and faster through the main component of the throughflow, the Makassar Strait that runs between the Indonesian islands of Kalimantan and Sulawesi.

La Niña and El Niño are characterized in part by the location of a warm pool of surface water in the Pacific Ocean. Warm water in the western Pacific near Indonesia is usually associated with La Niña and warm water in the eastern equatorial Pacific with El Niño.

The researchers said the study provides an important consideration that should guide the intense marine conservation efforts that are underway in Indonesia and neighboring countries. The nature of the throughflow has a direct influence on what nutrients get delivered to marine organisms in the region and in what quantity. The work also suggests that ongoing regular observations of what is happening in the throughflow are a necessity going forward.
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