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À̸§ °ü¸®ÀÚ waterindustry@hanmail.net ÀÛ¼ºÀÏ 2014.08.06 Á¶È¸¼ö 137
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»õ·Î¿î ¿¬±¸´Â Æä·ç Àü¿ªÀÇ Åä¾ç¿¡ ÀúÀåµÈ ź¼Ò ºñÃà(carbon stocks)¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ÃÖÃÊÀÇ °íºÐÇØ´É Áöµµ¸¦ Á¦¾ÈÇß´Ù. »õ·Ó°í °³¼±µÈ ¹æ¹ý·ÐÀÌ Å©°Ô º¯È­µÉ ¹Ì·¡ ½ÃÀå ±â¹ÝÀ¸·Î Çϴ ź¼Ò °æÁ¦¸¦ Ç¥½ÃÇÏ´Â Áöµµ¸¦ Á¦ÀÛÇÏ´Â µ¥ »ç¿ëµÆ´Ù. »õ·Î¿î ź¼Ò Áöµµ(carbon map)´Â Æä·çÀÇ ¸Å¿ì ³ôÀº »ýÅÂÇÐÀû ´Ù¾ç¼ºÀ» ¹àÇô³ÂÀ¸¸ç, º¸Á¸, ÅäÁö »ç¿ë ¹× °­È­ ¸ñÀûÀ» À§ÇÑ »ï¸² °¨¼Õ(forest degradation)°ú »ï¸² ¹úä(deforestation)ÀÇ ¿¬±¸¿¡ Áß¿äÇÑ ÅõÀÔ ÀڷḦ Á¦°øÇÑ´Ù. ÀÌ ±â¼úÀº ÀÇ»ç °áÁ¤ÀÚ¿¡°Ô ÇʼöÀûÀÎ Æä·ç Àü¿ª¿¡ ´ëÇÑ Åº¼Ò ÀúÀåÀÇ ºÒÈ®½Ç¼º °áÁ¤À» Æ÷ÇÔÇÏ°í ÀÖ´Ù. Áöµµ Á¦ÀÛ ÇÁ·ÎÁ§Æ®´Â CAO(Carnegie Airborne Observatory) ¼Ò¼ÓÀÇ Greg Asner°¡ ÁÖµµÇÏ°í, Æä·ç ȯ°æºÎ(Ministry of Environment of Perú)¿Í ¹Ì±¹ ¿þÀÌÅ© Æ÷·¹½ºÆ® ´ëÇÐ(Wake Forest University) ¼Ò¼Ó ¿¬±¸ÁøÀÇ °øµ¿ ¿¬±¸·Î ¼öÇàµÆ´Ù.

¿ª»çÀûÀ¸·Î µÎ °¡Áö Àå¾Ö°¡ Àü±¹ÀûÀÎ ±Ô¸ð¿¡¼­ Á¤È®ÇÑ Åº¼Ò ¸ñ·Ï(carbon inventory)ÀÇ ±¸ÇöÀ» Áö¿¬½ÃÄ×´Ù. ù°´Â ÀΰøÀ§¼º Áöµµ Á¦ÀÛ ÀÚ·áÀÇ ºÒÃæºÐÇÑ ºÐÇØ´ÉÀÌ°í, µÑ°´Â Áö»ó ±â¹Ý Á¶»çÀÇ ºÎÁ¤È®¼ºÀÌ´Ù. ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ Àå¾Ö´Â ź¼Ò°¡ Åä¾ç¿¡ ÀúÀåµÇ¾î ÀÖ´Ù´Â ½ÃÀÇÀûÀýÇÑ Áö½Ä¿¡ ÀÇÁ¸ÇÏ´Â Á¤Ã¥°ú ½ÃÀåÀ» ÁöÁöÇÔÀ¸·Î½á ±Øº¹µÉ ÇÊ¿ä°¡ ÀÖ´Ù. Ãß¿î ¾Èµ¥½º »ç¸·(Andean deserts)¿¡¼­ ¶ß°Å¿î ¾Æ¸¶Á¸ °­ À¯¿ªÀÇ ¿­´ë ¿ì¸²(Amazonian rainforest)¿¡ À̸£´Â ¾öû³­ ¹üÀ§ÀÇ Æä·ç ȯ°æÀ» ÀÌÀ¯·Î, Æä·ç´Â ÷´Ü ź¼Ò ¸ñ·ÏÀ» °³¹ßÇÏ´Â µ¥ ÀÌ»óÀûÀÎ ±¹°¡ÀÌ´Ù.

±¹Á¦´ÜüµéÀº ź¼Ò °Ý¸®¿Í ±âÈÄ º¯È­¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ÅõÀïÀ» ¼öÇàÇϱâ À§ÇÏ¿© ¹è±â°¡½º °¨ÃàÀÇ °áÇÕÀ» Àû¿ëÇϱ⸦ ¹Ù¶ó°í ÀÖ´Ù. Àü ¼¼°è ź¼Ò ¹èÃâÀÇ ¾à 15 %´Â »ï¸² ¹úä¿Í »ï¸² °¨¼ÕÀÇ °á°ú·Î À¯¹ßµÇ¸ç, ³ª¹«°¡ Æı«µÉ ¶§ »ï¸²À¸·ÎºÎÅÍ ´ë±â·Î ÀÌ»êȭź¼Ò°¡ ¹èÃâµÈ´Ù. ¿¬±¸ÁøÀÌ Á¦¾ÈÇÑ ºñ¿ë È¿À²ÀûÀÎ Á¢±ÙÀº ¿¬±¸ÁøÀ¸·Î ÇÏ¿©±Ý ÃÖÃÊ·Î ¹ÏÀ» ¼ö ¾ø´Â Á¤µµ·Î ´Ù¾çÇÑ Æä·ç¿Í °°Àº ±¹°¡¿¡¼­ Á¤È®ÇÏ°Ô Åº¼Ò Áöµµ¸¦ Á¦ÀÛÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ°Ô ÇØÁØ´Ù. ÀÌ·¸°Ô »ý¼ºµÈ ź¼Ò Áöµµ´Â ź¼Ò °Ý¸® ÇÕÀÇ¿¡ ´ëÇÑ »õ·Î¿î ÀåÀ» ¿­¾úÀ¸¸ç, Àå±âÀûÀÎ Ãø¸é¿¡¼­ ±¤È°ÇÑ Áö¿ª¿¡ ´ëÇÑ º¸Á¸ ¹× ¸ð´ÏÅ͸µ ³ë·ÂÀ» Ã˹ßÇÒ °ÍÀ̶ó°í Asner´Â ¹àÇû´Ù.

ź¼Ò ¸ð´ÏÅ͸µÀ» À§ÇÑ ÀÓ°è ºÐÇØ´É(critical resolution)Àº Çퟸ£(2.5 ¿¡ÀÌÄ¿)ÀÌ´Ù. ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ ºÐÇØ´É ¼öÁØÀº Àü ¼¼°è ´ëºÎºÐ¿¡¼­ ÀϹÝÀû ÅäÁö º¸À¯°Ç À¯´Ö°ú Á¤Ã¥ °­È­ÀÌÁö¸¸, ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ ³ôÀº ºÐÇØ´É¿¡¼­ ź¼Ò¸¦ ¸ð´ÏÅ͸µÇÏ·Á´Â ³ë·ÂÀ» ¼öÇàÇÑ ¼±Áø ±¹°¡´Â °ÅÀÇ ¾ø´Ù. ¿¬±¸ÆÀÀº ÇöÀå ÀڷḦ °®Ãá CAO¸¦ ÀÌ¿ëÇÏ¿© ´ë±â Áß ·¹ÀÌÀú Áöµµ Á¦ÀÛ ±â¼úÀ» ÅëÇÕÇßÀ¸¸ç, ±¹°¡ ¼öÁرîÁö ź¼Ò ¸ñ·ÏÀÇ ±Ô¸ð¸¦ È®´ëÇϱâ À§ÇÏ¿© °ø°³ÀûÀ¸·Î ÀÌ¿ëÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Â ÀΰøÀ§¼º À̹ÌÁö¿Í °áÇÕ½ÃÄ×´Ù. CAO´Â 3.5 ÇÇÆ®(1.1 ¹ÌÅÍ)ÀÇ ºÐÇØ´É¿¡¼­ °¢ ³ª¹«ÀÇ Å©±â¿Í À§Ä¡¸¦ °áÁ¤ÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ°Ô ÇØÁÖ´Â 3-D¿¡ ź¼Ò¸¦ À̹ÌÁöÈ­Çϱâ À§ÇÏ¿© ½Ä»ý ij³ëÇÇ Àü¿ª¿¡ ·¹ÀÌÀú ±¤¿øÀ» Á¶»çÇß´Ù. Æä·ç ȯ°æºÎ »êÇÏ ÅäÁö °ü¸®ºÎ¼­(Directorate of Land Management)°¡ »ý¼ºÇÑ ´Ù¸¥ ȯ°æ º¯¼ö¿Í »ï¸² ¹üÀ§ÀÇ ÀΰøÀ§¼º Áöµµ¸¦ CAO ·¹ÀÌÀú Á¤º¸¿Í °áÇÕÇÔÀ¸·Î½á, ¹Ì·¡ Æä·ç¸¦ ¸ð´ÏÅ͸µÇϱâ À§ÇÑ ºñ¿ë È¿À²ÀûÀÎ ¹æ¾ÈÀÌ ¼ö¸³µÆ´Ù.

»õ·Î¿î Áöµµ´Â ±¹°¡ÀÇ Àüü Áö»ó ź¼Ò ºñÃàÀÌ ÇöÀç 69¾ï ¹ÌÅÍÅæ¿¡ À̸¥´Ù´Â »ç½ÇÀ» ±Ô¸íÇß´Ù. ±×·¯³ª ź¼Ò ºñÃàÀº Áö¿ª°ú ÅäÁö ¼ÒÀ¯¿¡ µû¶ó ´Ù¾çÇß´Ù. Æä·ç ¿­´ë ¿ì¸²¿¡ ´ëÇÑ Æò±Õ ź¼Ò ¹Ðµµ(average carbon density)´Â Çퟸ£´ç 99¹ÌÅÍÅæÀÇ Åº¼Ò·Î ³ªÅ¸³µÀ¸¸ç, ÃÖ´ë ¹Ðµµ´Â Çퟸ£´ç 168 ¹ÌÅÍÅæÀ¸·Î Á¶»çµÆ´Ù. °¡Àå Å« ź¼Ò ÀúÀåÀº ºÏºÎ Æä·çÀÇ ¾Æ¸¶Á¸°ú ºê¶óÁú-Æä·ç ±¹°æÀ» µû¶ó ºÐÆ÷µÈ Áö¿ªÀ̾ú´Ù. ȲÆóÈ­µÈ ±Ý±¤ÀÌ ÀÖ´Â Áö¿ªÀΠǪ¿¡¸£Å主µµ³ªµµ(Puerto Maldonado) °°Àº »ï¸² ¹úä Áö¿ªÀº ź¼Ò ÀúÀåÀÌ ³·°Å³ª °üÂûµÇÁö ¾Ê¾Ò´Ù. ¶Ç ¿¬±¸ÆÀÀº 174°÷ÀÇ º¸È£Áö±¸¸¦ Æò°¡ÇÏ¿© Åä¾ç Ç¥¸é ¾Æ·¡ °Ý¸®µÈ ´õ ¸¹Àº ź¼ÒÀÇ º¸À¯¿Í ÇÔ²², º¸È£ÇØ¾ß ÇÏ´Â »ï¸² 1Çퟸ£¸¶´Ù Æò±Õ 95 ¹ÌÅÍÅæÀÇ Åº¼Ò°¡ Åä¾ç¿¡ ÀúÀåµÇ¾î ÀÖ´Ù´Â »ç½ÇÀ» È®ÀÎÇß´Ù.

¿þÀÌÅ© Æ÷·¹½ºÆ® ´ëÇÐ ¼Ò¼ÓÀÇ °øµ¿ ÀúÀÚÀÎ Miles SilmanÀº Ä«³×±â Áöµµ°¡ Àü»êÀ» ÀÌ¿ëÇÏ¿© ÇöÀå¿¡¼­ ¿ø°Å¸® °¨Áö¿¡ À̸£´Â ¾öû³­ ³ë·ÂÀÌ ÅõÀÔµÈ Æä·ç¿¡¼­ Çퟸ£´ç ½Å·Ú¼ºÀ» °®Ãá ¿¹Ãø ¹æ¾ÈÀ̶ó°í µ¡ºÙ¿´´Ù. Áö¿ª°ú ±¹°¡ Á¤ºÎÀÇ °³ÀÎ ±â¾÷°ú ÀÇ»ç °áÁ¤ÀÚ´Â Æä·ç ¸ðµç Àå¼Ò¿¡ ´ëÇÑ Åº¼Ò ÇÔ·®À» ÃßÁ¤Çß´Ù. ÀÌ°ÍÀº »ýÅÂÇÐÀÚ¿Í Áö±¸ °úÇÐÀÚÀÇ »ó»ó·Â¿¡ ºÒÀ» ÁöÆñÀ¸¸ç, ÀÇ»ç °áÁ¤ÀÚ¸¦ À§ÇÑ µµ·Î Áöµµ¸¦ Á¦°øÇß´Ù. ¶Ç º¸°í¼­´Â º¸È£ Áö¿ªÀÇ °¡Ä¡¿¡ ´Ù¸¥ ±â´ÉÀ» Ãß°¡Çß´Ù. ¸¸¾à ´ç½ÅÀÌ ÅëÈ­·Î¼­ ź¼Ò¸¦ ¼±ÅÃÇÑ´Ù¸é, Æä·çÀÇ ¾Æ¸¶Á¸ Áö¿ª¿¡ ÀÖ´Â °ø¿øÀº ÀºÇàÀÌ µÉ °ÍÀ̸ç, Áö¿ªÀÌ ´õ ³ÐÀ»¼ö·Ï Æä·çÀÇ ¾Æ¸¶Á¸ Áö¿ªÀº Æ÷Æ® ³ì½º(Fort Knox, KentuckyÁÖÀÇ ¿¬¹æ ±Ý±« ÀúÀå¼Ò ¼ÒÀçÁö)¿¡ °¡±õ°Ô µÉ °ÍÀ̶ó°í SilmanÀº ¹àÇû´Ù.

±×¸²1> Ä«³×±â ¿¬±¸¼Ò¿Í Æä·ç ¿¬±¸ÁøÀº Æä·ç Àü¿ªÀÇ Åº¼Ò ºñÃàÀ» Á¤·®È­ÇÏ¿© º¸¿©ÁÖ°í ÀÖ´Ù. ºÓÀº»öÀº °¡Àå ³ôÀº ź¼Ò ÀúÀåÀ» ³ªÅ¸³»°í ÀÖÀ¸¸ç, ¾îµÎ¿î ÆĶõ»öÀº °¡Àå ³·Àº ź¼Ò ÀúÀåÀ» ³ªÅ¸³½´Ù.

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Peru's carbon quantified: Economic and conservation boon

Today scientists unveiled the first high-resolution map of the carbon stocks stored on land throughout the entire country of Perú. The new and improved methodology used to make the map marks a sea change for future market-based carbon economies. The new carbon map also reveals Perú's extremely high ecological diversity and it provides the critical input to studies of deforestation and forest degradation for conservation, land use, and enforcement purposes. The technique includes the determination of uncertainty of carbon stores throughout the country, which is essential for decision makers. The mapping project is a joint effort among the Carnegie Airborne Observatory (CAO), led by Carnegie's Greg Asner, the Ministry of Environment of Perú, and Wake Forest University.

Historically two obstacles have slowed accurate carbon inventories at national scales. The first is the inadequate resolution of satellite mapping data and the second is the inaccuracy of on-the-ground surveys. These barriers must be overcome to support policies and markets that depend on timely knowledge of where carbon is stored on land. With its huge range of environments from cold Andean deserts to hot Amazonian rainforests, Perú is an ideal country for advancing high-tech carbon inventories.

Asner remarked: "The international community wants to use a combination of carbon sequestration and emissions reductions to combat climate change. Some 15% of global carbon emissions result from deforestation and forest degradation, which releases carbon dioxide to the atmosphere as trees are destroyed. Our cost-effective approach allows us to accurately map the carbon in this incredibly diverse country for the first time. It opens Perú's door to carbon sequestration agreements and is an enormous boon to conservation and monitoring efforts over vast areas for the long term."

The critical resolution for carbon monitoring is the hectare (2.5 acres). It is the world's most common unit of land tenure and policy enforcement, yet very few countries have advanced their carbon monitoring efforts at such high resolution. The team integrated airborne laser mapping technology using the Carnegie Airborne Observatory with field data, and coupled them with publicly available satellite imagery to scale carbon inventories up to the national level. The CAO sweeps laser light across the vegetation canopy to image it in 3-D, enabling the determination of the location and size of each tree at a resolution of 3.5 feet (1.1 meter). By combining the CAO laser information with satellite maps of forest cover, deforestation, and other environmental variables generated by the Peruvian Environment Ministry's Directorate of Land Management, a cost-effective means to monitor the country into the future has been established.

The new map reveals that the total aboveground carbon stock of the country is currently 6.9 billion metric tons. But the carbon stocks vary by region and land ownership. The average carbon density for Peruvian rainforests is 99 metric tons of carbon per hectare, with the maximum density of 168 metric tons of carbon per hectare. The largest stocks are in the northern Peruvian Amazon and along the Brazil-Perú border. Regions of deforestation, such as Puerto Maldonado where gold mining has ravaged the area, had low to no carbon storage. The team also assessed 174 protected areas, finding that for every hectare of forest put into protection, an average 95 metric tons of carbon are stored on land, with even more carbon sequestered below the soil surface.

Miles Silman, report coauthor from Wake Forest University, added: "The Carnegie map is a monumental effort—from field to remote sensing to computation—that honestly lays out the methods, predictions, and their reliability for each hectare in Perú. Now every person in private enterprise and decision makers in regional, local, and national government has an estimate of carbon content for every place in Perú. It should ignite the imaginations of ecologists and earth scientists, and provide a road map for decision makers. The report also adds another exclamation point to the value of protected areas. If you choose carbon as your currency, parks in Amazonian Perú are the banks, and the bigger the area, the closer it gets to being Fort Knox."
 
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