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À̸§ °ü¸®ÀÚ waterindustry@hanmail.net ÀÛ¼ºÀÏ 2014.08.08 Á¶È¸¼ö 501
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¹Ì±¹ ·Î½º¾Ù·¯¸ð½º ±¹¸³ ¿¬±¸¼Ò(Los Alamos National Laboratory), Ä«³×±â ¸á·Ð ´ëÇÐ(Carnegie Mellon University) ¹× ¸óųª ´ëÇÐ(University of Montana) ¼Ò¼ÓÀÇ ¿¬±¸ÁøÀ¸·Î ±¸¼ºµÈ Çù·Â ¿¬±¸ÆÀÀº »êºÒ(wildfires)·ÎºÎÅÍ ¼ÒÀ§ ºê¶ó¿î Ä«º»(brown carbon)À̶ó°í ºÒ¸®´Â ´ë±â Áß ÀÔÀÚÀÇ Áß¿äÇÑ ¼Ó¼ºÀ» ±Ô¸íÇß´Ù. ºê¶ó¿î Ä«º»Àº ¹°ÁúÀÇ ¿Â³­È­ È¿°ú(warming effect)¸¦ °í·ÁÇϴµ¥ ½ÇÆÐÇÑ ÇöÀç ±âÈÄ ¸ðµ¨¿¡ ¿µÇâÀ» ³¢Ä¥ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù. ¿¬±¸ÁøÀÌ ¼öÇàÇÑ °ü·Ã ¿¬±¸´Â Nature Geosciences Àú³Î¿¡ °ÔÀçµÆ´Ù.

¹ÙÀÌ¿À¸Å½º ¿¬¼Ò¿Í »êºÒÀº Àΰ£¿¡ µ¶¼ºÀ» ÃÊ·¡ÇÏ°í, ±âÈĸ¦ ¿Â³­ÇÏ°Ô Çϰųª ³Ã°¢½Ãų ¼ö ÀÖ´Â ¹Ì¼¼ ÀÔÀÚ(fine particulate)¸¦ ¹èÃâÇÑ´Ù. ¹Ì¼¼ ÀÔÀÚÀÇ µ¶¼ºÀÌ È®½ÇÇÑ ¹Ý¸é, ¹Ì¼¼ ÀÔÀÚÀÇ Æ¯ÀÌÇÑ ±âÈÄ È¿°ú´Â ±Ô¸íµÇÁö ¾ÊÀº ä·Î ³²¾Æ ÀÖÀ¸¸ç, °ü½ÉÀÌ ÁýÁߵǴ ÁÖÁ¦ ºÐ¾ß¶ó°í ·Î½º¾Ù·¯¸ð½º ±¹¸³ ¿¬±¸¼Ò ¼Ò¼ÓÀÇ ±âÈÄ °úÇÐÀÚÀÎ Manvendra Dubey´Â ¹àÇû´Ù. »êºÒ¿¡¼­ ¹ß»ýÇÏ´Â ¿¬±â´Â Áö±¸ÀÇ ºí·¢ Ä«º»(black carbon)ÀÇ ¾à 1/3À» Â÷ÁöÇÏ´Â °ÍÀ¸·Î Ãß»êµÈ´Ù. ºí·¢ Ä«º»Àº °Å´ëÇÑ È­¿°À» µ¿¹ÝÇÑ È­Àç¿Í °ü·ÃÀÌ ÀÖ´Â À¯»çÇÑ ±î¸Ä°Ô ź ÀÔÀÚ(charred particle)¶ó ÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù. ºí·¢ Ä«º»ÀÌ Åº¼Ò·Î¸¸ ±¸¼ºµÇ¾î »ó´ëÀûÀ¸·Î ´Ü¼øÇÑ ¹Ý¸é, ºê¶ó¿î Ä«º»Àº º¹ÀâÇÑ À¯±â Àç·áÀÇ È¥ÇÕ¹°À» Æ÷ÇÔÇÏ°í ÀÖ¾î ±Ô¸í, Ư¼ºÈ­ ¹× ¸ðÇüÈ­ µîÀ» ¼öÇàÇϴµ¥ ¾î·Á¿òÀÌ µû¸¥´Ù.

¸ðµç ÆÄÀå¿¡¼­ Àϱ¤À» Èí¼öÇÏ´Â ºí·¢ Ä«º» ¶Ç´Â ¸Å¿¬(soot)Àº Àß ¾Ë·ÁÁø °­·ÂÇÑ ¿Â³­È­ ¿äÀÎÀÌ´Ù. ºí·¢ Ä«º»°ú ¦À» ÀÌ·ç´Â À¯±â ź¼Ò(organic carbon)´Â È­Àç·Î ºí·¢ Ä«º»°ú µ¿½Ã¿¡ ¹èÃâµÇ°í, Àϱ¤À» ¹Ý»çÇÏ¿© ±âÈĸ¦ ³Ã°¢½Ãų ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù. ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ µÎ °¡Áö »ó¹ÝµÇ´Â È¿°ú´Â »ó´ë È¿°ú¸¦ »ó¼â½ÃÄÑ, »êºÒÀÌ ±âÈÄ¿¡ ÀÛÀº ¼ø È¿°ú(net effect)¸¦ °¡Áö´Â °ÍÀ¸·Î ¿¹ÃøÇÏ´Â ÇöÀçÀÇ ±âÈÄ ¸ðµ¨ÀÌ »ý¼ºµÆ´Ù. ±×·¯³ª ºê¶ó¿î Ä«º»À̶ó°í ºÒ¸®´Â ¼¼ ¹ø° ÇüÅÂÀÇ ¹èÃâÀÌ È­Àç ¹è±â°¡½º È¥ÇÕ¹°¿¡ Á¸ÀçÇϸç, ºê¶ó¿î Ä«º»Àº ªÀº ÆĶõ»ö ÆÄÀå¿¡¼­ Àϱ¤À» Èí¼öÇÑ´Ù.

ÀÌ ¿¬±¸´Â ºê¶ó¿î Ä«º»ÀÌ ºí·¢ Ä«º»°ú ÀϹÝÀûÀÎ »ý¼º ¸ÞÄ¿´ÏÁòÀ» °øÀ¯ÇÑ´Ù´Â °ÍÀ» ¹ß°ßÇß´Ù. ºê¶ó¿î Ä«º»ÀÇ ±¤ÇÐÀû Ư¼º(optical property)°ú Èֹ߼º(volatility)Àº °¡º¯¼ºÀÌ ¸Å¿ì ³ôÀ¸¸ç º¹ÀâÇÏ°í, ÇöÀçÀÇ ¸ðµ¨¿¡¼­ ½ÇÇö °¡´ÉÇÑ Ã¼°èÀû 󸮰¡ ¾ø´Ù. ½ÇÁ¦·Î, ´õ¿í °ï¶õÇÑ °ÍÀº À¯±â ź¼Ò·Î ºê¶ó¿î Ä«º»À» ó¸®ÇÏ´Â ¼ö¸¹Àº ¸ðµ¨ÀÌ ÀÌÁß°í¸¦ °Þ°í ÀÖ´Ù´Â Á¡ÀÌ´Ù. ¿Ö³ÄÇϸé ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ ¸ðµ¨µéÀÌ ½ÇÁ¦·Î´Â ¿Â³­È­ ÀÔÀÚ¿¡ ´ëÇÏ¿© ³Ã°¢ È¿°ú¸¦ ÀÏÀ¸Å°´Â °ÍÀ¸·Î °è»êÇϱ⠶§¹®À̶ó°í Dubey´Â ¹àÇû´Ù. ºÐ¸íÇÑ °ÍÀº ¸ðµ¨ÀÌ ÇöÀç¿Í ¹Ì·¡¿¡ È­ÀçÀÇ ¿Â³­È­ È¿°ú(warming effect)¸¦ »ó´çÈ÷ °ú¼ÒÆò°¡ÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù´Â Á¡À̶ó°í Dubey´Â ÁöÀûÇß´Ù.

´ç½ÅÀº ºê¶ó¿î Ä«º»À» ³ª¹«°¡ ¸ðµç ¹æ¹ýÀ¸·Î ¿ÏÀüÈ÷ °¡¿­µÉ ¶§ ¸¸µé¾îÁö´Â ÆļâµÈ ºí·¢ Ä«º»À̶ó°í ºÎ¸¦ ¼ö ÀÖÀ» °ÍÀ̶ó°í Dubey´Â ¹àÇû´Ù. ºê¶ó¿î Ä«º»Àº ºí·¢ Ä«º»°ú À¯»çÇÏ°Ô ´ë±â¸¦ ¿Â³­È­½ÃŲ´Ù. ±×·¯³ª »êºÒ ¿¬±â¿¡¼­ ºê¶ó¿î Ä«º»ÀÇ ½ÇÁ¦ÀûÀÎ ¸¸¿¬Àº »ó´çÇÑ Àǹ®À¸·Î ³²´Â´Ù. ÀÌ ¿¬±¸´Â ¸ðµ¨¿¡¼­ ¸ðµç Èí¼öµÈ È­Àç ÀÔÀÚ¸¦ ´Ü¼øÇÏ°Ô Ã³¸®ÇÏ´Â ¹æ¾ÈÀ» Á¦°øÇÏ°í, ±âÈÄ ¿¹ÃøÀ» °³¼±ÇÔÀ¸·Î½á ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ Áú¹®¿¡ ÇØ´äÀ» ÁÙ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù.

Dubey, Allison Aiken ¹× Shang Liu µîÀ» Æ÷ÇÔÇÑ ·Î½º¾Ù·¯¸ð½º ¿¬±¸ÆÀÀº Àü ¼¼°èÀûÀ¸·Î Áß¿äÇÑ ¿¬·á¿¡ ÀÇÇØ ¹èÃâµÇ´Â ÀÔÀÚÀÇ ±¤ÇÐÀû Ư¼º¿¡ ´ëÇÑ Á¦¾îµÈ ½ÇÇè½Ç ½ÇÇèÀ» ¼öÇàÇß´Ù. ¿¬±¸ÆÀÀº Èֹ߼º ¼ººÐÀ» Á¦°ÅÇϱâ À§ÇÏ¿© °¡¿­ÇÏ¿© ÀÔÀÚ¸¦ ¼¼½ÉÇÏ°Ô Á¶ÀÛÇßÀ¸¸ç, ÀÌÈÄ ±¤ÇÐÀû Ư¼º¿¡¼­ÀÇ º¯È­¸¦ ¸ð´ÏÅ͸µÇß´Ù. ºÐ¼®Àº ´Ù·ç±â Èûµç ºí·¢ Ä«º»°ú À¯»çÇÏ°Ô Àü ¼¼°è·Î ¼ö¼ÛµÇ´Â ÃÖ¼ÒÀÇ Èֹ߼º ºÎºÐÀÌ Èֹ߼º ºÎºÐº¸´Ù ÈξÀ ´õ ¸¹Àº Àϱ¤À» Èí¼öÇÑ´Ù´Â °ÍÀ» ¹àÇô³Â´Ù.

ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ ¿¬±¸ °á°ú´Â ¹Ì±¹ ¿¡³ÊÁöºÎ(DOE; Department of Energy)ÀÇ ´ë±â ½Ã½ºÅÛ ¿¬±¸(ASR; Atmospheric System Research)¿¡ ÀÇÇØ ¿ì¼±ÀûÀ¸·Î 󸮵Ǿî¾ß ÇÒ ¿¬±¸ ºÐ¾ß·Î ºê¶ó¿î Ä«º» ¿¡¾î·ÎÁ¹ÀÇ ÀüüÀû Á߿伺À» ¼ö¸³Çß´Ù. ¿¬±¸ÆÀÀÇ ¹ß°ßÀº ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ À¯½ÇµÈ ¿Â³­È­ ½Ã¾àÀÎ ºê¶ó¿î Ä«º»ÀÌ ¿¡³ÊÁöºÎÀÇ ±âÈÄ ¸ðµ¨¿¡¼­ ¾ó¸¶³ª È¿°úÀûÀ¸·Î ó¸®µÉ ¼ö ÀÖ´ÂÁö¸¦ º¸¿©ÁÖ¾ú´Ù°í Dubey´Â ¹àÇû´Ù.

¼¼ °³ ±â°ü ¿¬±¸ÆÀÀº ½ÇÇè°¡, °¢°¢ ´Ù¸¥ ¾ð¾î¸¦ ÀÌÇØÇÏ´Â ¸ðµ¨ ±¸ÃàÀÚ µîÀÌ Æ÷ÇԵƴÙ. ½ÇÇè°¡´Â ¸ðµ¨ ±¸ÃàÀÚ°¡ ¹«¾ùÀ» ÇÊ¿ä·Î ÇÏ´ÂÁö ¾Ë°í ÀÖÀ¸¸ç, ½ÇÇèÀû µðÀÚÀÎÀ» ¿°µÎ¿¡ µÎ°í ÀÖ´Ù°í Ä«³×±â ¸á·Ð ´ëÇÐ ¹Ú»ç ÈÄ ¿¬±¸¿øÀ̸ç, ÀÌ ¿¬±¸¸¦ ÁÖµµÇÏ´Â »ç¶÷ Áß ÇÑ »ç¶÷ÀÎ Rawad Saleh´Â ÁöÀûÇß´Ù.

¹Ì±¹ ¿¡³ÊÁöºÎÀÇ ´ë±â ½Ã½ºÅÛ ¿¬±¸ ÇÁ·Î±×·¥ÀÌ ·Î½º¾Ù·¯¸ð½º ¿¬±¸¸¦ ÈÄ¿øÇß´Ù.
 
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Scientists uncover combustion mechanism to better predict warming by wildfires

Scientists have uncovered key attributes of so-called ¡°brown carbon¡± from wildfires, airborne atmospheric particles that may have influenced current climate models that failed to take the material¡¯s warming effects into account. The work was described by a collaborative team of researchers from Los Alamos National Laboratory, Carnegie Mellon University and the University of Montana in the journal Nature Geosciences this week.

¡°Biomass burning and wildfires emit fine particulates that are toxic to humans and can warm or cool climate. While their toxicity is certain, their specific climatic effects remain unclear and are a hot research topic,¡± said Manvendra Dubey, a senior Los Alamos climate scientist. ¡°Smoke from wildfires accounts for one-third of the Earth¡¯s ¡®black¡¯ carbon — the familiar charred particles that are associated with fires with large flames. While black carbon is relatively simple — solely consisting of carbon — brown carbon contains a complex soup of organic material, making it difficult to identify, characterize and model.¡±

Black carbon or soot that absorbs sunlight at all wavelengths is a well-known, potent warmer.  Its twin, organic carbon co-emitted by fires, reflects sunlight and so can cool the climate. These two opposing effects cancel each other out, causing current climate models to predict that wildfires have a small net effect on climate. However, there is a third form of emission, called brown carbon, that absorbs sunlight at short blue wavelengths that is also in the soup of fire emissions.

The study discovered that brown carbon shares a common production mechanism with black carbon. Brown carbon¡¯s optical properties and volatility are highly variable and complex and no systematic treatment has been feasible in current models.  In fact ¡°what makes matters worse is many models treat brown carbon as organic carbon, a double whammy since they are computing a cooling effect for what is actually a warming particle,¡± said Dubey.  Clearly, he said, models could be significantly under-estimating warming effect of fires both now and in the future.

¡°You might call brown carbon frustrated black carbon that is made when the wood isn¡¯t fully cooked all the way,¡± said Dubey. Brown carbon warms the atmosphere similarly to black carbon, but the actual prevalence of brown carbon in wildfire smoke has been a large question mark.  This study should answer this by providing a simple treatment of all absorbing fire particles in models and improve climate predictions.

The Los Alamos team of Dubey, Allison Aiken and Shang Liu performed controlled laboratory experiments of the optical properties of particles emitted by globally important fuels.  They carefully manipulated the particles by heating to remove the volatile components and then monitored changes in optical properties.  Analysis revealed that the least volatile fraction, that is most likely to be transported globally similar to refractory black carbon, is much more light absorbing than the volatile fraction.

This finding clearly establishes the ¡°global significance of brown carbon aerosol, a research area prioritized by DOE¡¯s Atmospheric System Research (ASR) program, and our discovery shows how this missing warming agent can be effectively treated in DOE¡¯s climate models¡± said Dubey.

The three-institution research team included both experimentalists and modelers who understand each other¡¯s languages and the experimentalists, know what the modelers need, and had this in mind for the experimental design, noted Rawad Saleh, a postdoctoral researcher at Carnegie Mellon and one of the leads on the study.

The U.S. Department of Energy¡¯s Atmospheric System Research Program funded the Los Alamos research.
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