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[2023] [ÇØ¿ÜÁ¶»çº¸°í¼­] UN, ¡°»ý¼ö»ê¾÷, SDG ÇٽɸñÇ¥ÀÎ ¡®¸ðµÎ¸¦ À§ÇÑ ¾ÈÀüÇÑ ¹°¡¯ ¹ßÀü ÀúÇØ¡±
À̸§ °ü¸®ÀÚ waterindustry@hanmail.net ÀÛ¼ºÀÏ 2023.03.21 Á¶È¸¼ö 621
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[¼¼°è ¹°ÀÇ ³¯ ƯÁý] UN, ¡°»ý¼ö»ê¾÷, SDG ÇٽɸñÇ¥ÀÎ ¡®¸ðµÎ¸¦ À§ÇÑ ¾ÈÀüÇÑ ¹°¡¯ ¹ßÀü ÀúÇØ¡±

UNU-INWEH, ¡°Àü¼¼°è ¿¬°£ »ý¼ö ¼Òºñ·® 3õ500¾ï ¸®ÅÍ¡¦»ý¼ö¿¡ ¸Å³â 2,700¾ï ´Þ·¯ ÁöÃ⡱

2030³â±îÁö »ý¼ö ¸ÅÃâ 5õ¾ï ´Þ·¯·Î °ÅÀÇ µÎ ¹è ¼ºÀå ¿¹»ó¡¦»ý¼öȸ»ç´Â ºñ¿ë ÅõÀÚ¿¡ Àλö

PETº´ 35%°¡ »ý¼ö ºÎ¹®¼­ »ç¿ë¡¦¿¬°£ 2õ500¸¸ ÅæÀÇ PETº´ Æó±â¹° 󸮵µ ¹®Á¦

UNU-INWEH, ¡°»ý¼ö»ê¾÷ÀÇ ¹«Á¦ÇÑ È®ÀåÀÌ ¡®º¸ÆíÀûÀÎ ¹° Á¦°ø¡¯À̶ó´Â ¸ñÇ¥¿Í Àü·«ÀûÀ¸·Î ÀÏÄ¡ÇÏÁö ¾Ê´Â´Ù¡±°í °á·ÐÁö¾î



ºü¸£°Ô ¼ºÀåÇÏ°í ÀÖ´Â »ý¼ö»ê¾÷ÀÌ ÇÙ½ÉÀûÀÎ Áö¼Ó °¡´ÉÇÑ °³¹ß ¸ñÇ¥ÀÎ ¡®¸ðµÎ¸¦ À§ÇÑ ¾ÈÀüÇÑ ¹°(safe water for all)¡¯À» ÇâÇÑ ¹ßÀüÀ» ÀúÇØÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù°í »õ·Î¿î À¯¿£ º¸°í¼­°¡ ¹àÇû´Ù.  [»çÁøÃâó(Photo source) = UNU-INWEH(UN´ëÇÐ ¹°¡¤È¯°æ¡¤°Ç°­¿¬±¸¼Ò)]

ºü¸£°Ô ¼ºÀåÇÏ°í ÀÖ´Â »ý¼ö»ê¾÷ÀÌ ÇÙ½ÉÀûÀÎ Áö¼Ó °¡´ÉÇÑ °³¹ß ¸ñÇ¥ÀÎ ¡®¸ðµÎ¸¦ À§ÇÑ ¾ÈÀüÇÑ ¹°(safe water for all)¡¯À» ÇâÇÑ ¹ßÀüÀ» ÀúÇØÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù°í »õ·Î¿î À¯¿£ º¸°í¼­°¡ ¹àÇû´Ù. [»çÁøÃâó(Photo source) = UNU-INWEH(UN´ëÇÐ ¹°¡¤È¯°æ¡¤°Ç°­¿¬±¸¼Ò)]

 

ºü¸£°Ô ¼ºÀåÇÏ°í ÀÖ´Â »ý¼ö»ê¾÷(bottled water industry)ÀÌ ÇÙ½ÉÀûÀÎ Áö¼Ó °¡´ÉÇÑ °³¹ß ¸ñÇ¥(SDG ; sustainable development goal)ÀÎ ¡®¸ðµÎ¸¦ À§ÇÑ ¾ÈÀüÇÑ ¹°(safe water for all)¡¯À» ÇâÇÑ ¹ßÀüÀ» ÀúÇØÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù°í »õ·Î¿î À¯¿£ º¸°í¼­(United Nations report)°¡ ¹àÇû´Ù.


ÀÌ º¸°í¼­´Â Àü¼¼°è 109°³±¹ÀÇ ÀÚ·á¿Í µ¥ÀÌÅ͸¦ ºÐ¼®ÇÑ °á°ú, ºÒ°ú 50³â ¸¸¿¡ »ý¼ö°¡ ¡®ÁÖ¿äÇÏ°í º»ÁúÀûÀ¸·Î µ¶¸³µÈ °æÁ¦ ºÐ¾ß(a major and essentially standalone economic sector)¡¯·Î ¹ßÀüÇØ Áö³­ 2010³âºÎÅÍ 2020³â±îÁö 73%ÀÇ ¼ºÀå·üÀ» ±â·ÏÇß´Ù°í ¹àÇû´Ù. ±×¸®°í 2030³â±îÁö ¸ÅÃâÀº 2õ700¾ï ´Þ·¯¿¡¼­ 5õ ¾ï ´Þ·¯·Î °ÅÀÇ µÎ ¹è¿¡ °¡±î¿î ¼ºÀåÀ» ±â·ÏÇÒ  °ÍÀ¸·Î ¿¹»óÇß´Ù.


¡®¼¼°è ¹°ÀÇ ³¯(World Water Day, 3¿ù 22ÀÏ)À» ¸Â¾Æ, 3¿ù 16ÀÏ ¹ßÇ¥µÈ UN ´ëÇÐÀÇ Ä³³ª´Ù¿¡ º»ºÎ¸¦ µÐ ¹°¡¤È¯°æ¡¤°Ç°­¿¬±¸¼Ò(UN University¡¯s Canadian-based Institute for Water, Environment and Health ; UNU-INWEH)ÀÇ º¸°í¼­¿¡ µû¸£¸é, »ý¼ö»ê¾÷ÀÇ ¹«Á¦ÇÑ È®ÀåÀÌ ¡°º¸ÆíÀûÀÎ ¹° Á¦°øÀ̶ó´Â ¸ñÇ¥¿Í Àü·«ÀûÀ¸·Î ÀÏÄ¡ÇÏÁö ¾Ê´Â´Ù¡±°í °á·ÐÁö¾ú´Ù. 


º¸°í¼­´Â ¶Ç ¡°½Ä¼ö¿¡ ´ëÇÑ Á¢±ÙÀÌ ¾î·Æ°Å³ª Àû¾îµµ ÀÌ¿Í °ü·ÃÇÏ¿© Àü ¼¼°èÀû ¹ßÀüÀÌ µÐÈ­µÇ¾î °³¹ß ³ë·ÂÀÌ »ê¸¸ÇØÁö°í ¸¹Àº »ç¶÷µé¿¡°Ô ´ú ¾ÈÁ¤ÀûÀÌ°í Àú·ÅÇÑ ¿É¼ÇÀ¸·Î ÁÖÀǸ¦ µ¹¸®´Â ¹Ý¸é »ý»êÀÚ¿¡°Ô´Â ³ôÀº ¼öÀͼºÀ» À¯ÁöÇÑ´Ù¡±°í ¹àÇû´Ù.


UNU-INWEHÀÇ ½ÅÀÓ ÀÌ»çÀÎ Ä«º£ ¸¶´Ù´Ï(Kaveh Madani)´Â ¡°º´¿¡ µç ¹° ¼ÒºñÀÇ Áõ°¡´Â ¼ö½Ê ³â°£ Á¦ÇÑµÈ ¹ßÀü°ú °ø°ø ±Þ¼ö ½Ã½ºÅÛÀÇ ¸¹Àº ½ÇÆи¦ ¹Ý¿µÇÑ´Ù¡±¶ó¸é¼­ ¡°2015³â Áö¼Ó °¡´ÉÇÑ °³¹ß ¸ñÇ¥°¡ ÇÕÀǵǾúÀ» ¶§, ´Ù¸¥ °÷ÀÇ Àü¹®°¡µéÀº ÇÙ½É ¸ñÇ¥ÀÎ º¸ÆíÀûÀÎ ¾ÈÀüÇÑ ½Ä¼ö¸¦ ´Þ¼ºÇϱâ À§ÇØ 2015³âºÎÅÍ 2030³â±îÁö ¿¬°£ 1õ140¾ï ´Þ·¯ÀÇ ÅõÀÚ°¡ ÇÊ¿äÇÏ´Ù°í ÃßÁ¤Çß´Ù¡±°í ÁöÀûÇß´Ù.


Ä«º£ ¸¶´Ù´Ï ÀÌ»ç´Â ƯÈ÷ ¡°º¸°í¼­´Â ¾à 20¾ï ¸íÀÇ »ç¶÷µé¿¡°Ô ¾ÈÀüÇÑ ¹°À» Á¦°øÇÏÁö ¾ÊÀ¸¸é ¸Å³â »ý¼ö¿¡ »ç¿ëµÇ´Â 2õ700¾ï ´Þ·¯ÀÇ Àý¹Ý ÀÌÇÏÀÇ ÅõÀÚ°¡ ÇÊ¿äÇÒ °Í¡±À̶ó¸é¼­ ¡°ÀÌ°ÍÀº Àü¼¼°è ¼ö½Ê¾ï ¸íÀÇ »ç¶÷µéÀÌ ¹ÏÀ» ¼ö ÀÖ´Â ¹° ¼­ºñ½º¸¦ ÀÌ¿ëÇÏÁö ¸øÇÏ´Â ¹Ý¸é, ´Ù¸¥ »ç¶÷µéÀº ¹° »çÄ¡¸¦ Áñ±â´Â ±Ø´ÜÀûÀÎ »çȸÀû ºÒ°øÆòÀÇ ¼¼°èÀûÀÎ »ç·Ê¸¦ ÁöÀûÇÑ´Ù¡±°í °­Á¶Çß´Ù.


¼öµ¾¹° ÀνÄ(Tap water perceptions)


ÀÌ ¿¬±¸´Â ±Û·Î¹ú ³ë½º(Global North ; Áö±¸ÃÌ ºÏºÎ)¿¡¼­ »ý¼ö°¡ ¼öµ¾¹°º¸´Ù ´õ °Ç°­ÇÏ°í ¸ÀÀÖ´Â Á¦Ç°À¸·Î Àνĵȴٴ Á¶»ç °á°ú¸¦ ÀοëÇÑ´Ù. ±Û·Î¹ú »ç¿ì½º(Global South ; Áö±¸ÃÌ ³²ºÎ)ÀÇ °æ¿ì ±Þ¼ÓÇÑ µµ½ÃÈ­·Î ÀÎÇØ ½Å·ÚÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Â °ø°ø¿ë¼ö °ø±Þ°ú ¹° Àü´Þ ÀÎÇÁ¶óÀÇ ÇÑ°è°¡ ºÎÁ·Çϰųª ºÎÁ·ÇØ ¸ÅÃâÀÌ °ßÀεȴÙ.


Áß°£ ¹× Àú¼Òµæ ±¹°¡¿¡¼­ »ý¼ö ¼Òºñ´Â ¿­¾ÇÇÑ ¼öµ¾¹° Ç°Áú°ú Á¾Á¾ ½Å·ÚÇÒ ¼ö ¾ø´Â °ø°ø ±Þ¼ö ½Ã½ºÅÛ°ú ¿¬°áµÇ¾î ÀÖ´Ù. ÀÌ ¹®Á¦´Â Á¾Á¾ ½Ä¼ö·Î¼­ÀÇ ºÎÀûÇÕ°ú ¼öµ¾¹° ÀÎÇÁ¶ó¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ¸¸¼ºÀûÀÎ °ú¼Ò ÅõÀÚ·Î ÀÎÇØ ¹ß»ýÇÑ´Ù.


UNU-INWEHÀÇ ¿¬±¸¿øÀÌÀÚ ÁÖ¿ä ÀúÀÚÀÎ ÀÚÀÌ³×ºê ºÒ·¼(Zeineb Bouhlel) ¹Ú»ç´Â ¡°À½·áȸ»çµéÀº ºÐ¸®µÈ °ø°ø ¼öµµ ½Ã½ºÅÛÀÇ °íÀå¿¡ °ü½ÉÀ» ²ø¸é¼­ ¼öµ¾¹°ÀÇ ¾ÈÀüÇÑ ´ë¾ÈÀ¸·Î »ý¼ö¸¦ ¸¶ÄÉÆÃÇÏ´Â µ¥ ´É¼÷ÇÏ´Ù¡±¸ç ¡°ÀϺΠ±¹°¡¿¡¼­´Â ÆÄÀÌÇÁ·Î µÈ ¹°ÀÌ ÁÁÀº Ç°ÁúÀ̰ųª µÉ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù ÇÏ´õ¶óµµ ¼öµ¾¹°¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ´ëÁßÀÇ ½Å·Ú¸¦ ȸº¹Çϱâ À§Çؼ­´Â »ó´çÇÑ ¸¶ÄÉÆðú ¿ËÈ£ ³ë·ÂÀÌ ÇÊ¿äÇÒ °Í¡±À̶ó°í ¸»Çß´Ù.


»ý¼ö, ¹Ýµå½Ã ¾ÈÀüÇÑ °ÍÀº ¾Æ´Ï´Ù(Not necessarily safe)


ÀÚÀÌ³×ºê ºÒ·¼ ¹Ú»ç´Â º´¿¡ µç »ý¼öÀÇ °ø±Þ¿ø(½ÃÁ¤ ½Ã½ºÅÛ, Ç¥¸é µî), »ç¿ëµÇ´Â ó¸® °úÁ¤(¿¹: ¿°¼Òó¸®, Àڿܼ± ¼Òµ¶, ¿ÀÁ¸Ã³¸®, ¿ª»ïÅõó¸®), º¸°ü Á¶°Ç(±â°£, ÇÞºû ³ëÃâ, ¿Âµµ), Æ÷Àå(Çöó½ºÆ½, À¯¸®)ÀÌ ¸ðµÎ ÀáÀçÀûÀ¸·Î ¼öÁúÀ» º¯È­½Ãų ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù°í ÁöÀûÇÑ´Ù. ÀÌ´Â ¹«±â¹°(¿¹ : Á߱ݼÓ, pH, Źµµ µî), À¯±â¹°Áú(º¥Á¨, »ìÃæÁ¦, ¹Ì¼¼Çöó½ºÆ½ µî) ¹× ¹Ì»ý¹°(º´¿ø¼º ¹ÚÅ׸®¾Æ, ¹ÙÀÌ·¯½º, °õÆÎÀÌ ¹× ±â»ý ¿ø»ýµ¿¹°)ÀÏ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù.


ÀÌ º¸°í¼­¿¡ µû¸£¸é, º´¿¡ µç »ý¼öÀÇ ¹Ì³×¶ö ¼ººÐÀº ºê·£µå³ª ±¹°¡¸¶´Ù °°Àº ºê·£µå ³»¿¡¼­½ÉÁö¾î °°Àº ¹­À½ÀÇ ´Ù¸¥ º´µé »çÀÌ¿¡¼­µµ »ó´çÈ÷ ´Ù¸¦ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù.


ÀÌ º¸°í¼­¿¡´Â ¼ö¹é °³ÀÇ »ý¼ö ºê·£µå¿Í ¸ðµç Á¾·ùÀÇ º´¿¡ µç »ý¼öÀÇ ¿À¿°ÀÌ Àü ¼¼°èÀûÀ¸·Î 40°³ ÀÌ»óÀÇ ±¹°¡¿¡¼­ ¹ß»ýÇÑ »ç·ÊµéÀ» ³ª¿­ÇÏ°í ÀÖ´Ù.


ÀÚÀÌ³×ºê ºÒ·¼ ¹Ú»ç´Â ¡°ÀÌ °ËÅä´Â º´¿¡ µç ¹°ÀÌ ÀǽÉÇÒ ¿©Áö¾øÀÌ ¾ÈÀüÇÑ ½Ä¼ö °ø±Þ¿øÀ̶ó´Â ¿ÀÇØÀÇ ¼ÒÁö°¡ ÀÖ´Â ÀνĿ¡ ´ëÇÑ °­·ÂÇÑ Áõ°Å¸¦ ±¸¼ºÇÑ´Ù¡±¶ó°í ¸»Çß´Ù. 


±¹°¡º°·Î´Â ¹Ì±¹ÀÌ ¾à 640¾ï ´Þ·¯ÀÇ ¸ÅÃâÀ» ¿Ã·Á °¡Àå Å« ½ÃÀåÀ̸ç, Áß±¹(¾à 450¾ï ´Þ·¯)°ú Àεµ³×½Ã¾Æ(220¾ï ´Þ·¯)°¡ ±× µÚ¸¦ ÀÕ°í ÀÖ´Ù. ÀÌ ¼¼ ³ª¶ó´Â ¸ðµÎ ¼¼°è ½ÃÀåÀÇ °ÅÀÇ Àý¹ÝÀ» Â÷ÁöÇÑ´Ù. ±âŸ ¸ÅÃâ »óÀ§ ±¹°¡´Â ij³ª´Ù, È£ÁÖ, ½Ì°¡Æ÷¸£, µ¶ÀÏ, ű¹, ¸ß½ÃÄÚ, ű¹, ÀÌÅ»¸®¾Æ, ÀϺ» µîÀÌ´Ù. [»çÁøÃâó(Photo source) = UNU-INWEH(UN´ëÇÐ ¹°¡¤È¯°æ¡¤°Ç°­¿¬±¸¼Ò)]

±¹°¡º°·Î´Â ¹Ì±¹ÀÌ ¾à 640¾ï ´Þ·¯ÀÇ ¸ÅÃâÀ» ¿Ã·Á °¡Àå Å« ½ÃÀåÀ̸ç, Áß±¹(¾à 450¾ï ´Þ·¯)°ú Àεµ³×½Ã¾Æ(220¾ï ´Þ·¯)°¡ ±× µÚ¸¦ ÀÕ°í ÀÖ´Ù. ÀÌ ¼¼ ³ª¶ó´Â ¸ðµÎ ¼¼°è ½ÃÀåÀÇ °ÅÀÇ Àý¹ÝÀ» Â÷ÁöÇÑ´Ù. ±âŸ ¸ÅÃâ »óÀ§ ±¹°¡´Â ij³ª´Ù, È£ÁÖ, ½Ì°¡Æ÷¸£, µ¶ÀÏ, ű¹, ¸ß½ÃÄÚ, ű¹, ÀÌÅ»¸®¾Æ, ÀϺ» µîÀÌ´Ù. [»çÁøÃâó(Photo source) = UNU-INWEH(UN´ëÇÐ ¹°¡¤È¯°æ¡¤°Ç°­¿¬±¸¼Ò)]

 

»ý¼ö°ø±Þ¾÷ü´Â ÀϹÝÀûÀ¸·Î °ø°ø »ó¼öµµ ½Ã¼³º¸´Ù Á¤¹Ð Á¶»ç¸¦ ´ú ¹Þ´Â´Ù(Water bottlers generally face less scrutiny than public water utilities)


°øµ¿ ÀúÀÚÀÎ ºí¶óµð¹Ì¸£ ½º¸¶Èåƾ(Vladimir Smakhtin) Àü UNU-INWEH ÀÌ»ç´Â ¡°º´¿¡ µç »ý¼ö´Â ÀϹÝÀûÀ¸·Î ±ÔÁ¦°¡ Àß µÇ¾î ÀÖÁö ¾Ê°í ´õ ÀûÀº ºóµµ·Î ´õ ÀûÀº ¸Å°³º¯¼ö¿¡ ´ëÇØ °Ë»çµÈ´Ù¡±¸é¼­ ¡°¼öµ¾¹°¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ¾ö°ÝÇÑ ¼öÁú±âÁØÀÌ »ý¼ö¿¡ Àû¿ëµÇ´Â °æ¿ì´Â µå¹°°í, ÀÌ·± ºÐ¼®À» ½Ç½ÃÇصµ °ø°ø¿µ¿ª¿¡ µµ´ÞÇÏ´Â °æ¿ì´Â °ÅÀÇ ¾ø´Ù¡±´Â º¸°í¼­ÀÇ °á°ú¸¦ °­Á¶Çß´Ù. 


±×´Â »ý¼ö »ý»ê¾÷üµéÀº Á¤ºÎ°¡ °ø°ø ¼öµµ»ç¾÷¿¡ ºÎ°úÇÏ´Â Á¤¹Ð Á¶»ç¸¦ ´ëºÎºÐ ÇÇÇßÀ¸¸ç, ½ÃÀåÀÌ ºü¸£°Ô ¼ºÀåÇÏ´Â °¡¿îµ¥ ¡°¾Æ¸¶µµ »ê¾÷ Àü¹Ý°ú ƯÈ÷ ¼öÁú ±âÁØÀ» ±ÔÁ¦ÇÏ´Â ¹ý·üÀ» °­È­ÇÏ´Â °ÍÀÌ ±× ¾î´À ¶§º¸´Ù Áß¿äÇÒ °Í¡±À̶ó°í ¸»Çß´Ù.


»ê¾÷ÀÇ È¯°æÀû ¿µÇâ°ú °ü·ÃÇÏ¿©, º¸°í¼­´Â ¡°ÃßÃâµÈ ¼ö·®¿¡ ´ëÇØ ÀÌ¿ë °¡´ÉÇÑ µ¥ÀÌÅÍ°¡ °ÅÀÇ ¾ø´Ù"°í ¸»Çϴµ¥, ÀÌ´Â ÁÖ·Î º´ÀÔ È¸»çµéÀÌ ±× Á¤º¸¸¦ °ø°³ÇÏ°í ȯ°æÀû °á°ú¸¦ Æò°¡Çϵµ·Ï °­¿äÇßÀ» Åõ¸í¼º°ú ¹ýÀû ±Ù°ÅÀÇ ºÎÁ· ¶§¹®¡±ÀÌ·¯°í ¹àÇû´Ù.


º¸°í¼­´Â ƯÈ÷, ¡°¼öÀÚ¿ø¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ±¹ÁöÀûÀÎ ¿µÇâÀº »ó´çÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù¡±¶ó°í ¹àÇû´Âµ¥, ¿¹¸¦ µé¾î ¹Ì±¹¿¡¼­´Â ³×½½·¹ ¿öÅͽº(Nestle Waters)°¡ Ç÷θ®´Ù ½ºÇÁ¸µ½º(Florida Springs)¿¡¼­ ÇÏ·ç¿¡ 300¸¸ ¸®ÅÍ(3õ§©)¸¦ ÃßÃâÇÏ°í, ÇÁ¶û½º¿¡¼­´Â ´Ù³ó(Danone)ÀÌ ÇÁ¶û½º ¾ËÇÁ½ºÀÇ ¿¡ºñ¾Ó ¸£¹ð½º(Evian-les-Bains)¿¡¼­ ÇÏ·ç¿¡ 1õ¸¸ ¸®ÅÍ(1¸¸§©)±îÁö ÃßÃâÇÏ°í, Áß±¹¿¡¼­´Â Ç×Àú¿ì ¿ÍÇÏ ±×·ì(Hangzhou Wahaha Group)ÀÌ Ã¢¹ÙÀÌ »ê¸Æ ½ºÇÁ¸µ½º(Changbai Mountains springs)¿¡¼­ ¸ÅÀÏ 1õ200¸¸ ¸®ÅÍ(1¸¸2õ§©)±îÁö ÃßÃâÇÑ´Ù.


Çöó½ºÆ½ ¿À¿°°ú °ü·ÃÇÏ¿©, UNU-INWEH ¿¬±¸¿øµéÀº 2021³â¿¡ »ý¼ö»ê¾÷ÀÌ ¾à 6õ¾ï °³ÀÇ Çöó½ºÆ½ º´°ú ¿ë±â¸¦ »ý»êÇÑ °ÍÀ¸·Î ÃßÁ¤Çϸç, ÀÌ´Â ¾à 2õ500¸¸ ÅæÀÇ ÆäÆ®º´(PET)ÀÌ Æó±â¹°(´ëºÎºÐ ÀçÈ°¿ëµÇÁö ¾Ê°í ¸Å¸³Áö·Î ¿¹Á¤µÇ¾î ÀÖÀ½)·Î 󸮵ȴÙ. ÀÌ´Â 40Åæ Æ®·° 62¸¸5õ´ëÀÇ ¹«°Ô´Â ´º¿å¿¡¼­ ¹æÄÛ±îÁö ¹üÆÛ Åõ ¹üÆÛ ¶óÀÎ(bumper-to-bumper line)À» Çü¼ºÇϱ⿡ ÃæºÐÇÏ´Ù.


º¸°í¼­¿¡ µû¸£¸é 2019³â Àü ¼¼°èÀûÀ¸·Î »ý»êµÈ ÆäÆ®º´ÀÇ 35%°¡ »ý¼ö ºÎ¹®¿¡¼­ »ç¿ëµÇ¾úÀ¸¸ç 85%´Â ¸Å¸³Áö ¶Ç´Â ±ÔÁ¦µÇÁö ¾ÊÀº Æó±â¹°·Î 󸮵Ǿú´Ù.


2021³â¿¡ »ý¼ö»ê¾÷ÀÌ ¾à 6õ¾ï °³ÀÇ Çöó½ºÆ½ º´°ú ¿ë±â¸¦ »ý»êÇÑ °ÍÀ¸·Î ÃßÁ¤Çϸç, ÀÌ´Â ¾à 2õ500¸¸ ÅæÀÇ ÆäÆ®º´(PET)ÀÌ Æó±â¹°(´ëºÎºÐ ÀçÈ°¿ëµÇÁö ¾Ê°í ¸Å¸³Áö·Î ¿¹Á¤µÇ¾î ÀÖÀ½)·Î 󸮵ȴÙ.

2021³â¿¡ »ý¼ö»ê¾÷ÀÌ ¾à 6õ¾ï °³ÀÇ Çöó½ºÆ½ º´°ú ¿ë±â¸¦ »ý»êÇÑ °ÍÀ¸·Î ÃßÁ¤Çϸç, ÀÌ´Â ¾à 2õ500¸¸ ÅæÀÇ ÆäÆ®º´(PET)ÀÌ Æó±â¹°(´ëºÎºÐ ÀçÈ°¿ëµÇÁö ¾Ê°í ¸Å¸³Áö·Î ¿¹Á¤µÇ¾î ÀÖÀ½)·Î 󸮵ȴÙ.

 

»ý¼ö °ü·Ã Åë°è(By the numbers)


µ¥ÀÌÅÍ ºÐ¼® ¹× ±Û·Î¹ú ¿¬±¸¿Í ¹®Çå¿¡¼­ ¼öÁýµÈ ±âŸ Á¤º¸¿¡¼­ µµÃâµÈ º¸°í¼­ÀÇ ¸¹Àº ÅëÂû·Â Áß ´ÙÀ½°ú °°´Ù.


- 1ºÐ¸¶´Ù Àü ¼¼°èÀûÀ¸·Î 100¸¸ º´ ÀÌ»óÀÇ ¹°ÀÌ Æȸ°´Ù.


- Àü ¼¼°èÀûÀ¸·Î 1ÀÎ´ç ¿¬°£ ÁöÃâÀº 34´Þ·¯(US$)ÀÌ´Ù.


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Bottled Water Masks World¡¯s Failure to Supply Safe Water for All, Can Slow Sustainable Development

Needed to provide safe water to roughly 2 billion people without it: an annual investment less than half the US$ 270 billion now spent each year on bottled water

Read the report here: Global Bottled Water Industry: A Review of Impacts and Trends

* The bottled water industry is helping to mask a crippling world problem: the failure of public systems to supply reliable drinking water for all, a key SDG target.

* Some private firms take a public good at little cost, treat it, and sell it back to those who can afford it. Ironically, many cases from 40 countries show the product is not always safe, with companies largely scrutinized far less than public utilities

* The fast-growing problem of water bottle plastic waste is already enough every year to fill a line of 40-ton trucks from New York to Bangkok

* With global sales of bottled water expected to almost double to half a trillion dollars by 2030, it is more important than ever to strengthen regulation of the overall industry

* The industry¡¯s growth further underlines global inequities and the need for universal access to safe, sufficient, and affordable water as a basic human right

 

 

HAMILTON, Canada - The rapidly-growing bottled water industry can undermine progress towards a key sustainable development goal: safe water for all, says a new United Nations report.


Based on an analysis of literature and data from 109 countries, the report says that in just five decades bottled water has developed into ¡°a major and essentially standalone economic sector,¡± experiencing 73% growth from 2010 to 2020. And sales are expected to almost double by 2030, from US$ 270 billion to $500 billion.


Released a few days prior to World Water Day (March 22), the report by UN University¡¯s Canadian-based Institute for Water, Environment and Health concludes that the unrestricted expansion of the bottled water industry ¡°is not aligned strategically with the goal of providing universal access to drinking water or at least slows global progress in this regard, distracting development efforts and redirecting attention to a less reliable and less affordable option for many, while remaining highly profitable for producers.¡±


Says Kaveh Madani, UNU-INWEH¡¯s new Director: ¡°The rise in bottled water consumption reflects decades of limited progress in and many failures of public water supply systems.¡±


When the Sustainable Development Goals were agreed in 2015, he notes, experts elsewhere estimated an annual investment of US$ 114 billion was needed from 2015 to 2030 to achieve a key target: universal safe drinking water.


The report says providing safe water to the roughly 2 billion people without it woulds require an annual investment of less than half the US$ 270 billion now spent every year on bottled water.


¡°This points to a global case of extreme social injustice, whereby billions of people worldwide do not have access to reliable water services while others enjoy water luxury.¡±


Tap water perceptions


The study quotes surveys showing bottled water is often perceived in the Global North as a healthier and tastier product than tap water - more a luxury good than a necessity. In the Global South, sales are driven by the lack or absence of reliable public water supplies and water delivery infrastructure limitations due to rapid urbanization.


In mid- and low-income countries, bottled water consumption is linked to poor tap water quality and often unreliable public water supply systems - problems often caused by corruption and chronic underinvestment in piped water infrastructure.


Beverage corporations are adept at marketing bottled water as a safe alternative to tap water by drawing attention to isolated public water system failures, says UNU-INWEH researcher and lead author Zeineb Bouhlel, adding that ¡°even if in certain countries piped water is or can be of good quality, restoring public trust in tap water is likely to require substantial marketing and advocacy efforts.¡±


Not necessarily safe


Dr. Bouhlel notes that the source of bottled water (municipal system, surface, etc.) the treatment processes used (e.g. chlorination, ultraviolet disinfection, ozonation, reverse osmosis), the storage conditions (duration, light exposure, temperature), and packaging (plastic, glass), can all potentially alter water quality. This may be inorganic (e.g. heavy metals, pH, turbidity etc.), organic (benzene, pesticides, microplastics, etc.) and microbiological (pathogenic bacteria, viruses, fungus and parasitic protozoa).


According to the report, ¡°the mineral composition of bottled water can vary significantly between different brands, within the same brand in different countries, and even between different bottles of the same batch.¡±


The report lists examples from over 40 countries in every world region of contamination of hundreds of bottled water brands and all bottled water types.


¡°This review constitutes strong evidence against the misleading perception that bottled water is an unquestionably safe drinking water source,¡± says Dr. Bouhlel.


Water bottlers generally face less scrutiny than public water utilities


Co-author Vladimir Smakhtin, past Director of UNU-INWEH, underscores the report¡¯s finding that ¡°bottled water is generally not nearly as well-regulated and is tested less frequently and for fewer parameters. Strict water quality standards for tap water are rarely applied to bottled water, and even if such analyses are carried out, the results seldom make it to the public domain.¡±


Bottled water producers, he says, have largely avoided the scrutiny governments impose on public water utilities, and amid the market¡¯s rapid growth, it is ¡°probably more important than ever to strengthen legislation that regulates the industry overall, and its water quality standards in particular.¡±


With respect to the industry¡¯s environmental impacts, the report says there is ¡°little data available on water volumes extracted,¡± largely due to the lack of transparency and legal foundation that would have forced bottling companies to disclose that information publicly and assess the environmental consequences.¡±


¡°Local impacts on water resources may be significant,¡± the report says. In the USA, for example, Nestle Waters extracts 3 million litres a day from Florida Springs; in France, Danone extracts up to 10 million litres a day from Evian-les-Bains in the French Alps; and in China, the Hangzhou Wahaha Group extracts up to 12 million litres daily from Changbai Mountains springs.


Regarding plastic pollution, the researchers cite estimates that the industry produced around 600 billion plastic bottles and containers in 2021, which converts to some 25 million tonnes of PET waste - most of it not recycled and destined for landfills - a mass of plastic equal to the weight of 625,000 40-ton trucks, enough to form a bumper-to-bumper line from New York to Bangkok.


According to the report, the bottled water sector used 35% of the PET bottles produced globally in 2019; 85% wind up in landfills or unregulated waste.


By the numbers


- Among the report¡¯s many insights, derived from data analysis and other information assembled from global studies and literature:


- Over 1 million bottles of water are sold worldwide every minute


- Annual spending per capita worldwide is US$ 34


- Worldwide annual consumption of the three main bottled water types - treated, mineral, and natural - is estimated at 350 billion litres


- The biggest market segment (with 47% of global sales) is treated bottled water, which could originate from public water systems or surface water, and that undergoes a disinfection treatment such as chlorination


- Citizens of Asia-Pacific are the biggest bottled water consumers, followed by North Americans and Europeans


- 60% of global sales are in the ¡°Global South¡± (Asia-Pacific, Africa, Latin America and the Caribbean)


- By country, the USA is the largest market, with around US$ 64 billion in sales, followed by China (almost US$ 45 billion) and Indonesia (US$ 22 billion). Together, these three countries constitute almost half of the world market. Other top countries by sales: Canada, Australia, Singapore, Germany, Thailand, Mexico, Thailand, Italy, Japan


- The average cost of a bottle of water in North America and Europe is around US$ 2.50, more than double the price in Asia, Africa and LAC ($0.80, $0.90 and $1, respectively). Australia, the fifth largest market, has the highest average price: $3.57 per unit.


- Bottled water per litre can cost 150 to 1,000 times more than the price a municipality charges for tap water.


- Biggest per capita consumers: Singapore and Australia. Citizens of Singapore spent $1,348 per capita on bottled water in 2021, Australians $386


- According to previous studies, about 31% of Canadians, 38% of Americans, and 60% of Italians use bottled water as their primary drinking source. In the Dominican Republic, 60% of households use bottled water as their primary water source, with a strong correlation between income and bottled water consumption. About 80% of Mexicans use bottled water, and 10% use home-purified water as their primary drinking water source; roughly 90% cite health concerns for doing so


- Egypt is the fastest-growing market for treated bottled water (40% per year). Seven other countries from the Global South are among the top 10 fastest-growing markets: Algeria, Brazil, Indonesia, United Arab Emirates, India, Morocco, and Saudi Arabia.


- In Europe, Germany is the biggest bottled water market; in Latin America and the Caribbean, Mexico is the biggest market; in Africa, it¡¯s South Africa.


- Treated water appears to be the market¡¯s largest component by volume, while natural waters appear to generate the most profit.


- Treated and mineral waters have been the fastest-growing markets since 2018 (10% and 12%, respectively); the other natural water market is growing at around 5%


- Five companies - PepsiCo, Coca-Cola, Nestle S.A., Danone S.A, and Primo Corporation have combined sales of $65 billion, over 25% of the global total


- Earlier studies of water withdrawals declared in India, Pakistan, Mexico and Nepal showed total estimated withdrawals by Coca-Cola and Nestle in 2021 at 300 and 100 billion litres, respectively


UNU-INWEH


The UNU Institute for Water, Environment and Health is a member of the United Nations University family of organizations. It is the UN Think Tank on Water created by the UNU Governing Council in 1996.


UNU-INWEH is hosted by the Government of Canada and McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario.


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