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Sweco: Europe's critical infrastructure cannot cope with flooding caused by rain


A series of floods as a result of extreme rainfall in recent years have had a devastating economic impact in Europe. At the same time, the new Critical Entities Resilience Directive (CER) highlights the need for resilient urban infrastructure. 


A study by Sweco maps the vulnerability of critical infrastructure in 26 European cities, including Stockholm. In Stockholm, the road network is considered to be the most vulnerable infrastructure, followed by the railway in second place.


Torrential rainfall is increasing in Europe, and climate change is expected further increase in frequency and intensity. Sweco's report Expect the Unexpected: Floods and Critical Infrastructure  notes that factors such as urbanisation, outdated infrastructure and geographical location have a significant impact on the exposure of European cities to climate risks.


The cost of direct and indirect damage due to floods caused by rain in 2021 exceeds ¢æ38 billion in the Netherlands, Belgium and Germany. In Sweden, the 2014 floods in Malmo cost taxpayers over ¢æ50 million (see Annex B). 


According to the European Environment Agency, the average annual weather- and climate-related damage across the EU amounted to ¢æ15.9 billion in the period 2011-2020, and is expected to increase.


"It's important to adapt to climate change at the object level. If, for example, a municipality constructs a new football pitch, adaptations need to be controlled according to the current needs of the site," says Mattias Salomonsson, expert on flooding and climate adaptation at Sweco Sweden.


The report highlights the importance of resilience for social infrastructure, such as hospitals, kindergartens and elderly care. It recommends that policymakers combine measures that reduce exposure, vulnerability and knock-on effects, with a focus on timing and cost-effectiveness. The emotional and psychological effects of infrastructure breakdowns should also not be overlooked.


The upcoming CER Directive puts additional pressure on cities, which need to ensure the continuity of essential services in 11 critical sectors. The authors of the report have interviewed representatives of water and infrastructure administrations in 26 European cities, including the City of Stockholm. 


According to the survey, the road network is considered to be the most vulnerable infrastructure in Stockholm, followed by the railway in second place, while schools and preschools are ranked in fifth place.


"The most vulnerable infrastructure is the road network, transport and energy supply. If these fail, there will quickly be consequences for sensitive activities such as hospitals and schools," says Mattias Salomonsson. (Appendix C)


The report states that decision-makers should prioritise building in less vulnerable locations and, in some cases, even consider relocation. Avoiding exposure is often the most robust solution.


Seven recommendations for more secure infrastructure


Assess vulnerability and impact: In addition to exposure, risk assessments should delve into asset-level vulnerability, taking into account location, construction, and design.


Study cascading effects: There is often interdependence between infrastructure systems and therefore cooperation between managing entities is paramount. For example, a flooded substation can lead to a halt in the subway and a hospital being forced to switch to emergency shutting down.


Include social infrastructure: Hospitals, kindergartens and elderly care need to be more protected. In addition, one needs to look at the emotional and psychological effects such as stress and fear among the affected population.


Set clear goals: Establish action-oriented goals and determine what levels of risk are acceptable and which investments are cost-effective. There is no such thing as 100% protection against flooding, and sometimes it is a better strategy to have the capacity to quickly repair and replace components.


Create synergies at the asset level: Take the opportunity to adapt to climate change when infrastructure renovations still need to be carried out.


Choose the right location: Prioritize construction in less hazardous areas and consider relocation while buildings are secured. It is better to build a substation as a high ground than to build it where it needs to be secured against flooding.


Set functional requirements: Develop sector-specific standards for climate-resilient infrastructure.


[Ãâó = ½º¿þÄÚ(Sweco)(https://www.sweco.se/aktuellt/pressmeddelanden/sweco-europas-kritiska-infrastruktur-klarar-inte-oversvamningar-orsakade-av-regn/) / 2023³â 11¿ù 28ÀÏ]


[º¸°í¼­ Ãâó = ½º¿þÄÚ(Sweco)(https://www.sweco.se/wp-content/uploads/sites/3/2023/11/Report-Floods-and-critical-infrastructure.pdf)/ 2023³â 11¿ù 28ÀÏ]

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