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[2024] [¹Ì±¹] MIT ¿¬±¸ÆÀ, ¿Â³­È­ ±âÈÄ¿¡¼­ Ç㸮ÄÉÀÎÀ¸·Î ÀÎÇÑ È«¼ö À§Çè ¿¹Ãø
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[¹Ì±¹] MIT, ºÐÆ÷¿¡¼­ ¼ÕÇØ ÄÉÀÎÀ¸·Î ÀÎÇÑ »ç°Ç À§Çè ¿¹Ãø

°ú·Î±â ¶§¹®¿¡ Ç÷¯½º Áö¿ªÀÇ Àü¼³ÀûÀÎ Àü¼³ÀÌ ±Ý¼¼±â ¸»±îÁö 30³â Á¤µµ Áõ°¡Çß½À´Ï´Ù.

ÇØ´ç ¿¬±¸ ¡º¹Ì±¹ ±â»óÇÐȸ ȸº¸(American Meteorological Society)¡»¿¡ °ÔÀç



¹Ì½ºÅ͸®ÇÑ Á¸Àç´Â ±âÈÄ°¡ µû¶æÇØÁü¿¡ µû¶ó ÁöÄѺ¸´Â µ¿¾È ´õÅ·µð¿Í °°Àº ¹Ì½ºÅ͸®¸¦ °æÇèÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Â Àç¹ÌÀÖ´Â ÇöÀçÀÇ ±âÈÄ¿¡¼­ 150³â¿¡ ÇÑ ¹ø, 2050³â±îÁö 60³â¿¡ ÇÑ ¹ø, ±×¸®°í ¸¶´Ù 2099³â±îÁö 30³â ÇÑ ¹ø À¸·Î Å©°Ô Áõ°¡½ÃÅ°°Ú´Ù°í ¾Ë¸®·Á°í [»çÁøÃâó = Massachusetts Institute of Technology]

¹Ì½ºÅ͸®ÇÑ Á¸Àç´Â ±âÈÄ°¡ µû¶æÇØÁü¿¡ µû¶ó ÁöÄѺ¸´Â µ¿¾È ´õÅ·µð¿Í °°Àº ¹Ì½ºÅ͸®¸¦ °æÇèÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Â Àç¹ÌÀÖ´Â ÇöÀçÀÇ ±âÈÄ¿¡¼­ 150³â¿¡ ÇÑ ¹ø, 2050³â±îÁö 60³â¿¡ ÇÑ ¹ø, ±×¸®°í ¸¶´Ù 2099³â±îÁö 30³â ÇÑ ¹ø À¸·Î Å©°Ô Áõ°¡½ÃÅ°°Ú´Ù°í ¾Ë¸®·Á°í [»çÁøÃâó = Massachusetts Institute of Technology]


ÇØ¾È µµ½Ã¿Í Áö¿ª »çȸ´Â ±âÈÄ º¯È­·Î ÀÎÇØ ´õ ÀÚÁÖ ¹ß»ýÇÏ´Â °æÇâ¿¡ ÀÖÀ» °ÍÀÔ´Ï´Ù. MIT´Â Áö¿ªÀÇ ¹Ì·¡ÄÉÀο¡ Á÷¸éÇØ Àֱ⠶§¹®¿¡ Áö¿ª »çȸ°¡ ÁغñÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖµµ·Ï ¹è·ÁÇÏ°í, ÀÀ¿øÇϸ鼭 Ç㸮ÄÉÀÎÀ¸·Î ÀÎÇØ Çؾȿ¡ ÀÌ»óÇÑ ¸¹Àº À̾߱Ⱑ ³ª¿ÃÁö ¿¹ÃøÇÏ´Â µµ±¸¸¦ °³¹ßÇß½À´Ï´Ù. 


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MIT´Â Ãæµ¹ÇÏ´Â ¸ð½ÀÀÌ º¸À̵µ·Ï ³â µ¿¾È ´õÅ·µð¿Í °°Àº Ç㸮ÄÉÀÎÀ¸·Î °Å´ëÇÑ ºÎÇ°ÀÇ À§Çè¿¡ ¾î¶»°Ô ¿µÇâÀ» ¹ÌÄ¥Áö ¿¹ÃøÇϱâ À§ÇØ »õ·Î¿î ºÎÇ° ±¸¼º ¹æ¹ýÀ» ´º¿å¿¡ Àû¿ëÇß½À´Ï´Ù.  


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Äɸ® ¿¥¸¶´©¿¤(Kerry Emanuel) ¿¬±¸ÀÇ °øµ¿ ÀúÀÚÀÌÀÚ MIT ´ë±â°úÇÐ(atmospheric science at MIT) ¸í¿¹±³¼ö´Â ¡°±â»ó À§ÇèÀ¸·Î ÀÎÇÑ Àå±âÀûÀÎ Æò±Õ ÇÇÇØ´Â Ç㸮ÄÉÀÎ »÷µð¿Í °°Àº Èñ±ÍÇÏ°í °­·ÄÇÑ »ç°Ç¿¡ ÀÇÇØ Áö¹èµÈ´Ù¡°¸ç ¡±À̸¦ ¿Ã¹Ù¸£°Ô ÀÌÇØÇÏ´Â °ÍÀÌ Áß¿äÇÏ´Ù¡°°í ¸»Çß´Ù.


¿¬±¸ÆÀÀÇ À̹ø °ø°³ ¿¬±¸´Â Áö³­ 1¿ù 24ÀÏ(ÇöÁö ½Ã°£) ¡º¹Ì±¹ ±â»óÇÐȸ ȸº¸(American Meteorological Society)¡»¿¡ ¿Â¶óÀÎÀ¸·Î °ÔÀçµÆ´Ù. °øµ¿ ÀúÀڷδ MIT ·Î·»Ã÷ ¼¾ÅÍ(MIT¡¯s Lorenz Center)ÀÇ ¶óÆÄ¿¤ ·ç¼Ò-¸®Áö(Raphaël Rousseau-Rizzi), Ä÷³ºñ¾Æ ´ëÇÐ(Columbia University)ÀÇ Ä«ÀÏ ¸Çµé¸®(Kyle Mandli), ºê¸®½ºÅç ´ëÇÐ(University of Bristol)ÀÇ Á¦ÇÁ¸® ´Ò( Jeffrey Neal), ¸¶µå¸®µå Âû½º 3¼¼ ´ëÇÐ(Charles III University of Madrid)ÀÇ ¸¶ÀÌŬ ¿ÍÀÌÆÛ(Michael Wiper), ½ºÀ§½º ¿¬¹æ °ø°ú´ëÇÐ ·ÎÀÜ(Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Lausanne)ÀÇ ¸ð´ÏÄ« Æçµå¸¸(Monika Feldmann) µîÀÌ Âü¿©Çß´Ù.


±â»ó ¸ðµ¨Àº ÀϹÝÀûÀ¸·Î Áö¿ªÀÇ È«¼ö À§ÇèÀ» ¿¹ÃøÇϱâ À§ÇØ °ú°ÅÀÇ »ç°ÇÀ» ¿¬±¸ÇÑ´Ù. ¿ª»çÀû ±â·Ï¿¡´Â ÀÌÀü Ç㸮ÄÉÀÎÀÇ Ç³¼Ó, °­¿ì·®, °ø°£Àû ¹üÀ§¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ÃøÁ¤ °ªÀÌ Æ÷ÇԵǾî ÀÖÀ¸¸ç, °úÇÐÀÚµéÀº À̸¦ »ç¿ëÇØ ¹Ì·¡ ÆødzÀ¸·Î È«¼ö°¡ ¹ß»ýÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Â À§Ä¡¿Í Á¤µµ¸¦ ¿¹ÃøÇÑ´Ù. 


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New tool predicts flood risk from hurricanes in a warming climate


 

Using New York as a test case, the model predicts flooding at the level experienced during Hurricane Sandy will occur roughly every 30 years by the end of this century.


Coastal cities and communities will face more frequent major hurricanes with climate change in the coming years. To help prepare coastal cities against future storms, MIT scientists have developed a method to predict how much flooding a coastal community is likely to experience as hurricanes evolve over the next decades.


When hurricanes make landfall, strong winds whip up salty ocean waters that generate storm surge in coastal regions. As the storms move over land, torrential rainfall can induce further flooding inland. When multiple flood sources such as storm surge and rainfall interact, they can compound a hurricane¡¯s hazards, leading to significantly more flooding than would result from any one source alone. The new study introduces a physics-based method for predicting how the risk of such complex, compound flooding may evolve under a warming climate in coastal cities.


One example of compound flooding¡¯s impact is the aftermath from Hurricane Sandy in 2012. The storm made landfall on the East Coast of the United States as heavy winds whipped up a towering storm surge that combined with rainfall-driven flooding in some areas to cause historic and devastating floods across New York and New Jersey.


In their study, the MIT team applied the new compound flood-modeling method to New York City to predict how climate change may influence the risk of compound flooding from Sandy-like hurricanes over the next decades.  


They found that, in today¡¯s climate, a Sandy-level compound flooding event will likely hit New York City every 150 years. By midcentury, a warmer climate will drive up the frequency of such flooding, to every 60 years. At the end of the century, destructive Sandy-like floods will deluge the city every 30 years — a fivefold increase compared to the present climate.


¡°Long-term average damages from weather hazards are usually dominated by the rare, intense events like Hurricane Sandy,¡± says study co-author Kerry Emanuel, professor emeritus of atmospheric science at MIT. ¡°It is important to get these right.¡±


While these are sobering projections, the researchers hope the flood forecasts can help city planners prepare and protect against future disasters. ¡°Our methodology equips coastal city authorities and policymakers with essential tools to conduct compound flooding risk assessments from hurricanes in coastal cities at a detailed, granular level, extending to each street or building, in both current and future decades,¡± says study author Ali Sarhadi, a postdoc in MIT¡¯s Department of Earth, Atmospheric and Planetary Sciences.


The team¡¯s open-access study appears online today in the Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society. Co-authors include Raphaël Rousseau-Rizzi at MIT¡¯s Lorenz Center, Kyle Mandli at Columbia University, Jeffrey Neal at the University of Bristol, Michael Wiper at the Charles III University of Madrid, and Monika Feldmann at the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Lausanne.


The seeds of floods


To forecast a region¡¯s flood risk, weather modelers typically look to the past. Historical records contain measurements of previous hurricanes¡¯ wind speeds, rainfall, and spatial extent, which scientists use to predict where and how much flooding may occur with coming storms. But Sarhadi believes that the limitations and brevity of these historical records are insufficient for predicting future hurricanes¡¯ risks.


¡°Even if we had lengthy historical records, they wouldn¡¯t be a good guide for future risks because of climate change,¡± he says. ¡°Climate change is changing the structural characteristics, frequency, intensity, and movement of hurricanes, and we cannot rely on the past.¡±


Sarhadi and his colleagues instead looked to predict a region¡¯s risk of hurricane flooding in a changing climate using a physics-based risk assessment methodology. They first paired simulations of hurricane activity with coupled ocean and atmospheric models over time. With the hurricane simulations, developed originally by Emanuel, the researchers virtually scatter tens of thousands of ¡°seeds¡± of hurricanes into a simulated climate. Most seeds dissipate, while a few grow into category-level storms, depending on the conditions of the ocean and atmosphere.


When the team drives these hurricane simulations with climate models of ocean and atmospheric conditions under certain global temperature projections, they can see how hurricanes change, for instance in terms of intensity, frequency, and size, under past, current, and future climate conditions.


The team then sought to precisely predict the level and degree of compound flooding from future hurricanes in coastal cities. The researchers first used rainfall models to simulate rain intensity for a large number of simulated hurricanes, then applied numerical models to hydraulically translate that rainfall intensity into flooding on the ground during landfalling of hurricanes, given information about a region such as its surface and topography characteristics. They also simulated the same hurricanes¡¯ storm surges, using hydrodynamic models to translate hurricanes¡¯ maximum wind speed and sea level pressure into surge height in coastal areas. The simulation further assessed the propagation of ocean waters into coastal areas, causing coastal flooding.


±×·± ´ÙÀ½ ÆÀÀº ½Ã¹Ä·¹ÀÌ¼ÇµÈ Ç㸮ÄÉÀÎÀÌ ´º¿å°ú °°Àº ÇØ¾È Áö¿ª¿¡ »ó·úÇÒ ¶§ Æødz ÇØÀÏ°ú ºñ·Î ÀÎÇÑ È«¼ö¿Í °°Àº Ç㸮ÄÉÀÎÀ¸·Î ÀÎÇÑ È«¼öÀÇ µÎ °¡Áö ¿øÀÎÀÌ ½Ã°£°ú °ø°£À» ÅëÇØ µ¿½Ã¿¡ »óÈ£ ÀÛ¿ëÇÏ´Â ¹æ½ÄÀ» ¿¹ÃøÇϱâ À§ÇÑ ¼öÄ¡ À¯Ã¼ ¿ªÇÐ ¸ðµ¨À» °³¹ßÇß½À´Ï´Ù. ÇöÀç¿Í ¹Ì·¡ÀÇ ±âÈÄ ¸ðµÎ¿¡¼­ µµ½Ã.  


Sarhadi´Â ¡°Çؼö ±ÞÁõÀ¸·Î ÀÎÇÑ È«¼ö¿Í ´ã¼ö °­¿ì·Î ÀÎÇÑ È«¼ö »çÀÌ¿¡´Â º¹ÀâÇÏ°í ºñ¼±ÇüÀûÀÎ À¯Ã¼ ¿ªÇÐÀû »óÈ£ ÀÛ¿ëÀÌ ÀÖ¾î ±âÁ¸ÀÇ ¸¹Àº ¹æ¹ýÀÌ ¹«½ÃÇÏ´Â º¹ÇÕ È«¼ö¸¦ Çü¼ºÇÕ´Ï´Ù¡±¶ó°í Sarhadi´Â ¸»ÇÕ´Ï´Ù. "°á°úÀûÀ¸·Î ±×µéÀº º¹ÇÕ È«¼öÀÇ À§ÇèÀ» °ú¼ÒÆò°¡ÇÏ°í ÀÖ½À´Ï´Ù."


ÁõÆøµÈ À§Çè


È«¼ö ¿¹Ãø ¹æ¹ýÀ» ¸¶·ÃÇÑ ÈÄ ÆÀÀº À̸¦ ƯÁ¤ Å×½ºÆ® »ç·ÊÀÎ ´º¿å½Ã¿¡ Àû¿ëÇß½À´Ï´Ù. ±×µéÀº ÇöÀç¿Í ¹Ì·¡ÀÇ ±âÈÄ¿¡¼­ Ç㸮ÄÉÀÎ, ƯÈ÷ »÷µð¿Í °°Àº Ç㸮ÄÉÀÎÀ¸·Î ÀÎÇÑ µµ½ÃÀÇ º¹ÇÕ È«¼ö À§ÇèÀ» ¿¹ÃøÇϱâ À§ÇØ ´Ù°¢Àû ¹æ¹ýÀ» »ç¿ëÇß½À´Ï´Ù. ±×µéÀÇ ½Ã¹Ä·¹À̼ǿ¡ µû¸£¸é ±âÈÄ°¡ µû¶æÇØÁü¿¡ µû¶ó µµ½Ã¿¡¼­ »÷µð¿Í °°Àº È«¼ö¸¦ °æÇèÇÒ È®·üÀº ÇöÀç ±âÈÄ¿¡¼­´Â 150³â¸¶´Ù ÇÑ ¹ø¾¿, 2050³â¿¡´Â 60³â¸¶´Ù, 2099³â±îÁö´Â 30³â¸¶´Ù·Î Å©°Ô Áõ°¡ÇÒ °ÍÀ¸·Î ³ªÅ¸³µ½À´Ï´Ù.


Èï¹Ì·Ó°Ôµµ ±×µéÀº ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ À§Çè Áõ°¡ÀÇ ´ëºÎºÐÀÌ Ç㸮ÄÉÀÎ ÀÚü°¡ ±âÈÄ ¿Â³­È­¿¡ µû¶ó ¾î¶»°Ô º¯Çϴ°¡¿Í °ü·ÃÀÌ ÀÖ´Â °ÍÀÌ ¾Æ´Ï¶ó Àü ¼¼°èÀûÀ¸·Î Çؼö¸éÀÌ ¾î¶»°Ô »ó½ÂÇϴ°¡¿Í °ü·ÃÀÌ ÀÖ´Ù´Â °ÍÀ» ¹ß°ßÇß½À´Ï´Ù.


Sarhadi´Â ¡°ÇâÈÄ ¼ö½Ê ³â ¾È¿¡ ÇØ¾È Áö¿ª¿¡¼­ Çؼö¸é »ó½ÂÀ» °æÇèÇÒ °ÍÀ̸ç, º¹ÇÕ È«¼ö À§ÇèÀÌ ¾ó¸¶³ª Áõ°¡ÇÏ´ÂÁö È®ÀÎÇϱâ À§ÇØ ÇØ´ç È¿°ú¸¦ ¸ðµ¨¿¡ ÅëÇÕÇß½À´Ï´Ù¡±¶ó°í ¼³¸íÇÕ´Ï´Ù. "½ÇÁ¦·Î ¿ì¸®´Â Çؼö¸é »ó½ÂÀÌ ´º¿å½ÃÀÇ Ç㸮ÄÉÀÎÀ¸·Î ÀÎÇÑ º¹ÇÕ È«¼ö À§ÇèÀ» ÁõÆø½ÃÅ°´Â µ¥ Áß¿äÇÑ ¿ªÇÒÀ» ÇÑ´Ù´Â °ÍÀ» ¾Ë°í ÀÖ½À´Ï´Ù."


ÆÀÀÇ ¹æ¹ý·ÐÀº ¸ðµç ÇØ¾È µµ½Ã¿¡ Àû¿ëµÇ¾î Ç㸮ÄÉÀΰú ¿Â´ë ÆødzÀ¸·Î ÀÎÇÑ º¹ÇÕ È«¼ö À§ÇèÀ» Æò°¡ÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ½À´Ï´Ù. Sarhadi´Â ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ Á¢±Ù ¹æ½ÄÀ» ÅëÇØ ÀÇ»ç °áÁ¤ÀÚ°¡ ÀÎÇÁ¶ó ¹× Áö¿ª »çȸ ȸº¹·ÂÀ» °­È­Çϱâ À§ÇÑ ÇØ¾È ¹æ¾î °­È­¿Í °°Àº ÀûÀÀ Á¶Ä¡ ±¸Çö°ú °ü·ÃÇÏ¿© Á¤º¸¿¡ ÀÔ°¢ÇÑ °áÁ¤À» ³»¸± ¼ö Àֱ⸦ ¹Ù¶ø´Ï´Ù.


Sarhadi´Â "¿ì¸® ¿¬±¸ÀÇ ½Ã±Þ¼ºÀ» °­Á¶ÇÏ´Â ¶Ç ´Ù¸¥ Ãø¸éÀº ±Ý¼¼±â Á߹ݱîÁö ÇØ¾È Àα¸°¡ 25% Áõ°¡ÇÏ¿© Æı«ÀûÀÎ Æødz¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ³ëÃâÀÌ ³ô¾ÆÁú °ÍÀ¸·Î ¿¹»óµÈ´Ù´Â °ÍÀÔ´Ï´Ù."¶ó°í ¸»ÇÕ´Ï´Ù. "¶ÇÇÑ ¿ì¸®´Â ÇØ¾È È«¼ö°¡ ¹ß»ýÇϱ⠽¬¿î Áö¿ª¿¡ ¼öÁ¶ ´Þ·¯ÀÇ ÀÚ»êÀ» º¸À¯ÇÏ°í ÀÖÀ¸¹Ç·Î ¿Â³­È­ ±âÈÄ¿¡¼­ Ç㸮ÄÉÀÎÀ¸·Î ÀÎÇÑ º¹ÇÕ È«¼ö·Î ÀÎÇÑ ÇÇÇظ¦ ÁÙÀ̱â À§ÇÑ »çÀü Àü·«ÀÌ ÇÊ¿äÇÕ´Ï´Ù."


ÀÌ ¿¬±¸´Â ºÎºÐÀûÀ¸·Î Homesite InsuranceÀÇ Áö¿øÀ» ¹Þ¾Ò½À´Ï´Ù.


[Ãâó = Massachusetts Institute of Technology ( https://news.mit.edu/2024/new-tool-predicts-flood-risk-hurricanes-warming-climate-0124 ) / 2024³â 1¿ù 24ÀÏ]

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