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[2024] [½ºÆäÀÎ] ½ºÆäÀÎ ´ã¼öÈ­Çùȸ, ¡°´ã¼öÈ­¿¡ ´ëÇÑ È®½Å 10°¡Áö¡± ¹ßÇ¥
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[½ºÆäÀÎ] ½ºÆäÀÎ ´ã¼öÈ­Çùȸ, ¡°´ã¼öÈ­¿¡ ´ëÇÑ È®½Å 10°¡Áö¡± ¹ßÇ¥

´ã¼ö 1§© »ý»êºñ¿ë 0.5¡­1.0À¯·Î¡¦½Ä¼ö¡¤»ê¾÷¡¤³ó¾÷¿ë¼ö »ç¿ë¿¡ ÀûÇÕÇÑ ¼öÀÚ¿ø 

´ã¼öÈ­µÈ ¹°, ¸Àµµ ÁÁ°í Ç°Áúµµ ¿ì¼ö¡¦´ã¼öÈ­ Ç÷£Æ® ³óÃà¾×¿¡´Â µ¶¼º ¼ººÐ ¾ø¾î

´ã¼öÈ­ Ç÷£Æ®, ¿¡³ÊÁö ¼Òºñ·® Àû°í CO2µµ ¹èÃâÇÏÁö ¾Ê¾Æ¡¦±âÈĺ¯È­ ¿µÇâ ÇØ°áÃ¥ Áß Çϳª



½ºÆäÀÎ ´ã¼öÈ­Çùȸ(TAEDyR)´Â ´ã¼öÈ­µÈ ¹°ÀÇ »ý»ê¿¡ ´ëÇØ ¿À·£ ½Ã°£ µ¿¾È À¯ÁöµÇ¾î ¿Â À߸øµÈ ¼Ó¼³ 10°¡Áö¸¦ ¹àÈù ¡®´ã¼öÈ­¿¡ ´ëÇÑ 10°¡Áö È®½Å(10 Certainties About Water Desalination)¡¯À̶ó´Â º¸°í¼­¸¦ 4¿ù 10ÀÏ ¹ßÇ¥Çß´Ù. [»çÁøÃâó(Photo source) = ¾Ç½Ã¿À³ª(acciona)]

½ºÆäÀÎ ´ã¼öÈ­Çùȸ(TAEDyR)´Â ´ã¼öÈ­µÈ ¹°ÀÇ »ý»ê¿¡ ´ëÇØ ¿À·£ ½Ã°£ µ¿¾È À¯ÁöµÇ¾î ¿Â À߸øµÈ ¼Ó¼³ 10°¡Áö¸¦ ¹àÈù ¡®´ã¼öÈ­¿¡ ´ëÇÑ 10°¡Áö È®½Å(10 Certainties About Water Desalination)¡¯À̶ó´Â º¸°í¼­¸¦ 4¿ù 10ÀÏ ¹ßÇ¥Çß´Ù. [»çÁøÃâó(Photo source) = ¾Ç½Ã¿À³ª(acciona)]


½ºÆäÀÎ ´ã¼öÈ­ ¹× Àç»ç¿ëÇùȸ(The Spanish Association of Desalination and Reuse, AEDyR, ÀÌÇÏ ¡®½ºÆäÀÎ ´ã¼öÈ­Çùȸ¡¯)´Â ´ã¼öÈ­µÈ ¹°ÀÇ »ý»ê¿¡ ´ëÇØ ¿À·£ ½Ã°£ µ¿¾È À¯ÁöµÇ¾î ¿Â À߸øµÈ ¼Ó¼³ 10°¡Áö¸¦ ¹àÈù º¸°í¼­¸¦ 4¿ù 10ÀÏ ¹ßÇ¥Çß´Ù. 


½ºÆäÀÎ ´ã¼öÈ­Çùȸ(TAEDyR)¿¡´Â ¾Ç½Ã¿À³ª(acciona), ¾ÆÄí¾Æ¸Þµå(acuaMed), ¾ÆµðÅ°¹ÌÄ«(adiquimica), ¾Æ±×¹Ù¸£(Agbar), ¾Æ±×·çÄÉ·Î(agruquero), ¾ÆÄí¾Ë¸®¾Æ(aqualia), µàÆù(Dupont), H2O ÀÌ¿Àº£À̼Ç(h2oinnovation), ÇØÄ¡(HACH), GS À̴ϸ¶(GS Inima), ÀÚÀÏ·³(Xylem), º£¿Ã¸®¾Æ(Veolia), µµ·¹ÀÌ(Toray), ¼ö¿¡Áî(Suez), NXÇÊÆ®·¹À̼Ç(NX Filtration), Å×´Ù±¸¾Æ(tedagua), ½¶Àú(SULZER) µî 74°³ ±Û·Î¹ú ¹°±â¾÷µéÀÌ È¸¿ø»ç·Î °¡ÀԵŠÀÖ´Ù.


½ºÆäÀÎ ´ã¼öÈ­Çùȸ(TAEDyR) ¹ßÇ¥ÇÑ ¡®´ã¼öÈ­¿¡ ´ëÇÑ 10°¡Áö È®½Å(10 Certainties About Water Desalination)¡¯ º¸°í¼­ÀÇ ³»¿ëÀº ´ÙÀ½°ú °°´Ù.


½ºÆäÀÎ ´ã¼öÈ­Çùȸ(TAEDyR)¿¡´Â 74°³ ±Û·Î¹ú ¹°±â¾÷µéÀÌ È¸¿ø»ç·Î °¡ÀԵŠÀÖ´Ù.  »çÁøÀº ½ºÆäÀÎ ´ã¼öÈ­Çùȸ ·Î°í. [»çÁøÃâó(Photo source) = ½ºÆäÀÎ ´ã¼öÈ­ ¹× Àç»ç¿ëÇùȸ(AEDyR)]

½ºÆäÀÎ ´ã¼öÈ­Çùȸ(TAEDyR)¿¡´Â 74°³ ±Û·Î¹ú ¹°±â¾÷µéÀÌ È¸¿ø»ç·Î °¡ÀԵŠÀÖ´Ù.  »çÁøÀº ½ºÆäÀÎ ´ã¼öÈ­Çùȸ ·Î°í. [»çÁøÃâó(Photo source) = ½ºÆäÀÎ ´ã¼öÈ­ ¹× Àç»ç¿ëÇùȸ(AEDyR)]

 

1. ´ã¼öÈ­µÈ ¹°Àº ºñ½ÎÁö ¾Ê´Ù.


ÇöÀç Çؼö¸¦ ÀÌ¿ë ´ã¼ö¸¦ »ý»êÇÏ´Â µ¥ µå´Â ºñ¿ëÀº ÀÔ¹æ¹ÌÅÍ(§©, 1õL)´ç 0.5¡­1.0À¯·Î(¾à 737¡­1¸¸ 4õ740¿ø)ÀÌ´Ù. ±×¸®°í ±â¼ö(brackish water)¸¦ ´ã¼öÈ­ÇÏ´Â µ¥ µå´Â ºñ¿ëÀº 0.3À¯·Î(442¿ø)¿Í 0.5À¯·Î(737¿ø)·Î ÈξÀ ´õ ³·´Ù.


¿©±â¿¡´Â ºñ¿ëÀÇ °¡Àå Å« ºñÀ²À» Â÷ÁöÇÏ´Â ÀÎÇÁ¶ó °¨°¡»ó°¢ºñ(infrastructure depreciation), ¿î¿µºñ(operation), À¯Áöº¸¼ö(maintenance) ¹× ¿¡³ÊÁö°¡ Æ÷ÇԵȴÙ. ¸®ÅÍ(L)·Î ȯ»êÇϸé 1LÀÇ Çؼö´ã¼öÈ­ ºñ¿ëÀº 0.0003À¯·Î(0.44¿ø)¿¡¼­ 0.0010À¯·Î(1.47¿ø) »çÀÌ´Ù. ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ ºñ¿ëÀ¸·Î ÀÎÇØ °ø±Þ¿ë ¹°, ³ó¾÷¿ë °ü°³¿ë¼ö, ´Ù¾çÇÑ »ê¾÷¿ëµµ(¿ë¼ö ¶Ç´Â ¿ø·á)·Î »ç¿ëÇϱ⿡ ÀûÇÕÇÑ ¼öÀÚ¿øÀÌ µÈ´Ù.


2. ´ã¼öÈ­´Â ¸¹Àº ¿¡³ÊÁö¸¦ ¼ÒºñÇÏÁö ¾Ê´Â´Ù.


Çؼö´ã¼öÈ­ ½Ã¼³ÀÇ ¿¡³ÊÁö ¼Òºñ·®Àº ÇöÀç ¾à 3kWh/§©ÀÌ´Ù. Áï, ´ã¼ö 1L¸¦ »ý»êÇÏ´Â µ¥  0.003kW°¡ ÇÊ¿äÇÏ´Ù. ÀÌ´Â 4ÀÎ °¡Á·ÀÌ 1³â µ¿¾È ´ã¼öÈ­µÈ Çؼö¸¦ »ý»êÇÏ´Â µ¥ ÇÊ¿äÇÑ ¿¡³ÊÁö ¼Òºñ·®ÀÌ 4ÀÎ °¡Á·ÀÇ ³ÃÀå°í Àü±â¼Òºñ·®°ú °°´Ù´Â °ÍÀ» ÀǹÌÇÑ´Ù.


¶Ç´Â 4ÀÎ °¡Á·ÀÇ ÇÏ·ç Æò±Õ ¼Òºñ·®ÀÌ 600LÀÓÀ» °í·ÁÇÒ ¶§ °¡Á¤¿¡ ÇÊ¿äÇÑ ¸ðµç ¹°ÀÌ Çؼö¿¡¼­ ´ã¼öÈ­µÈ ¹°À̶ó¸é °ü·Ã ÇÏ·ç Àü·Â ¼Òºñ·®Àº ½Ã°£´ç 1.8kW·Î, ³Ã³­¹æ ÀåÄ¡°¡ ¹æÀ» 1¡­2½Ã°£ µ¿¾È ³Ã°¢Çϰųª °¡¿­ÇÏ´Â µ¥ »ç¿ëÇÏ´Â Àü·Â ¼Òºñ·®°ú ¸Â¸Ô´Â´Ù.


3. Çؼö´ã¼öÈ­´Â Çؾçȯ°æ¿¡ Å« ¿µÇâÀ» ¹ÌÄ¡Áö ¾Ê´Â´Ù.


Áõ°Å¿Í °úÇÐÀû ¿¬±¸¿¡ µû¸£¸é ¿°¼ö·Î ³Î¸® ¾Ë·ÁÁø ´ã¼öÈ­ Ç÷£Æ® ³óÃà¾×(concentrate)ÀÇ ¹èÃâÀº Çؾçȯ°æ¿¡ Å« ¿µÇâÀ» ¹ÌÄ¡Áö ¾Ê´Â °ÍÀ¸·Î ³ªÅ¸³µ´Ù. ´ã¼öÈ­ ½Ã¼³¿¡¼­ »ç¿ëÇÏ´Â Èñ¼® ¹× ¿¹»ó È®»ê ½Ã½ºÅÛÀº ¹æ·ù ÁöÁ¡¿¡¼­ ¸î ¹ÌÅÍ(m) À̳»¿¡¼­ ¿°µµ ¹× ¼öÁú Ãø¸é¿¡¼­ ³óÃà¼ö°¡ Çؼö¿Í ±¸º°µÇÁö ¾Êµµ·Ï ÇÑ´Ù.


¿©±â¿¡ ½ºÆäÀÎÀÇ ¸ðµç ´ëÇü ´ã¼öÈ­ Ç÷£Æ®¿¡´Â ¾ö°ÝÇÑ ÅëÁ¦°¡ Àû¿ëµÈ´Ù. ȯ°æ¿µÇâÆò°¡¼­(environmental impact statement)¸¦ ½ÂÀÎ¹Þ¾Æ¾ß °ø»ç¸¦ Âø°øÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù.


ÀÌ ¼±¾ðÀº ³óÃà¼ö ¹èÃâ Àå¼Ò¿Í ¹æ½ÄÀ» °áÁ¤ÇÑ´Ù. ¹Î°¨ÇÑ ÇØ¾ç µ¿½Ä¹° Á¾¿¡ ¿µÇâÀ» ¹ÌÄ¡Áö ¾Êµµ·Ï ÀÌ ¹èÃâÀ» ¼öÇàÇÏ´Â ¿©·¯ °¡Áö ¹æ¹ýÀÌ ÀÖ´Ù. °¡Àå ÀûÀýÇÑ Áö¿ªÀÇ ¼±ÅÃ, È®»ê±â(diffuser, ¾×üÀÇ À¯¼ÓÀ» ¿øÈ°ÇÏ°Ô ÁÙÀÌ°í Á¤¾ÐÀ» »ó½Â½ÃÅ°±â À§ÇØ »ç¿ëµÇ´Â È®´ë°ü)ÀÇ ¼ö¿Í À¯Çü, È®»ê±â¸¦ ÅëÇÑ ¹èÃâ ¼Óµµ¿Í °¢µµ ¶Ç´Â Çؼö·Î ÀÌÀü Èñ¼®°ú °°Àº °ÍÀÌ´Ù.


¸¶Âù°¡Áö·Î, ¸ðµç Çؼö´ã¼öÈ­ ½Ã¼³Àº Çؾçȯ°æ¿¡ ¿µÇâÀÌ ¾ø´ÂÁö È®ÀÎÇϱâ À§ÇØ ´ëÇÐ ¹× µ¶¸³±â°ü µî¿¡¼­ ¼öÇàÇÏ´Â ¾ö°ÝÇÑ È¯°æ ¸ð´ÏÅ͸µ °èȹÀ» °¡Áö°í ÀÖ´Ù. ½ÉÁö¾î ´ã¼öÈ­ ½Ã¼³¿¡¼­ ¹æ·ù¿¡¼­ ¼öÁú¿¡ ¹Î°¨ÇÑ ÇØ¾ç µ¿½Ä¹° Á¾µéÀÇ ¼ö¸íÀÌ Áõ°¡ÇÑ Áõ°Åµµ Àִµ¥, ÀÌ´Â ¿ª¼³ÀûÀ¸·Î ¹æ·ù ÁöÁ¡ÀÇ ¾î¾÷À» Áõ°¡½ÃÅ°´Â ¿øÀÎÀÌ µÈ´Ù.


´ã¼öÈ­µÈ ¹°Àº ½Ä¼ö µî »ýÈ°¿ë¼ö, ³ó¾÷¿ë °ü°³¿ë¼ö, °ø¾÷¿ë¼ö µîÀ¸·Î »ç¿ëµÈ ÈÄ ³óÃà¾×°ú °°Àº ¹æ½ÄÀ¸·Î ¹Ù´Ù·Î ´Ù½Ã Èê·¯ µé¾î°¡°Ô µÇ¹Ç·Î Æó¼âÀûÀÎ ¼øȯÀ̶ó´Â Á¡µµ ¿°µÎ¿¡ µÑ ÇÊ¿ä°¡ ÀÖ´Ù.


´ã¼öÈ­µÈ ¹°Àº ½Ä¼ö µî »ýÈ°¿ë¼ö, ³ó¾÷¿ë °ü°³¿ë¼ö, °ø¾÷¿ë¼ö µîÀ¸·Î »ç¿ëµÈ ÈÄ ³óÃà¾×°ú °°Àº ¹æ½ÄÀ¸·Î ¹Ù´Ù·Î ´Ù½Ã Èê·¯ µé¾î°¡°Ô µÇ¹Ç·Î Æó¼âÀûÀÎ ¼øȯÀ̶ó´Â Á¡µµ ¿°µÎ¿¡ µÑ ÇÊ¿ä°¡ ÀÖ´Ù.  [»çÁøÃâó(Photo source) = GS À̴ϸ¶(GS Inima)]

´ã¼öÈ­µÈ ¹°Àº ½Ä¼ö µî »ýÈ°¿ë¼ö, ³ó¾÷¿ë °ü°³¿ë¼ö, °ø¾÷¿ë¼ö µîÀ¸·Î »ç¿ëµÈ ÈÄ ³óÃà¾×°ú °°Àº ¹æ½ÄÀ¸·Î ¹Ù´Ù·Î ´Ù½Ã Èê·¯ µé¾î°¡°Ô µÇ¹Ç·Î Æó¼âÀûÀÎ ¼øȯÀ̶ó´Â Á¡µµ ¿°µÎ¿¡ µÑ ÇÊ¿ä°¡ ÀÖ´Ù. [»çÁøÃâó(Photo source) = GS À̴ϸ¶(GS Inima)]

 

4. ½ºÆäÀÎÀº Çؼö´ã¼öÈ­ ¼±±¸Àڷμ­ ½Ã¼³ °Ç¼³¡¤°ü¸®¿¡ ´ëÇÑ Ç³ºÎÇÑ °æÇè°ú Áö½ÄÀ» °¡Áö°í ÀÖ´Ù.


½ºÆäÀÎÀº 60³â µ¿¾È Çؼö´ã¼öÈ­ Ç÷£Æ®¸¦ °Ç¼³ÇØ ¿Ô´Ù. °Ç¼³°ú °ü¸®¿¡ ´ëÇÑ °æÇè°ú Áö½Ä, ±×¸®°í ±¹Á¦ ÀÔÂû¿¡ Âü¿©ÇÏ´Â ¼º°øÀûÀÎ Á¤Ã¥À¸·Î ½ºÆäÀÎ ±â¾÷µéÀº Àü ¼¼°è Ç÷£Æ® °Ç¼³°ú ¿î¿µ¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ÀÔÂûÀ» µû³»¸é¼­ Àü ¼¼°è ´ã¼öÈ­ÀÇ ¼±µÎ¿¡ ¼­°Ô µÇ¾ú´Ù.


½ºÆäÀÎ ´ã¼öÈ­Çùȸ(TAEDyR)ÀÇ È¸¿ø»çµéÀº È£ÁÖ, Ä¥·¹, ¾ËÁ¦¸®, »ç¿ìµð¾Æ¶óºñ¾Æ, À̽º¶ó¿¤, ¹Ì±¹, ¿À¸¸, ¿µ±¹, Áß±¹ µî 5°³ ´ë·ú ±¹°¡¿¡ Çؼö´ã¼öÈ­ Ç÷£Æ® °Ç¼³, °ø±Þ ¹× ¿î¿µ°ü¸®¸¦ ÇÏ°í ÀÖ´Ù.


¸¹Àº ½ºÆäÀÎÀÇ ´ëÇü Çؼö´ã¼öÈ­ ½Ã¼³µéÀº È¿À²Àû ¿î¿µÀ» À§ÇÑ °¡Àå Çõ½ÅÀûÀÎ ±â¼úÀ» º¸À¯ÇÏ°í ÀÖÀ¸¸ç, À̵éÀÇ ½Ã¼³°ú °æÇè¿¡ ´ëÇØ ¾Ë°í ½Í¾îÇÏ´Â ´Ù¸¥ ³ª¶óÀÇ ´ëÇ¥´ÜµéÀÌ ÀÚÁÖ ´ã¼öÈ­ ½Ã¼³À» ¹æ¹®ÇÏ°í ÀÖ´Ù.


5. ´ã¼öÈ­µÈ ¹°Àº ÁÖ·Î ½Ä¼ö·Î »ç¿ëµÉ »Ó¸¸ ¾Æ´Ï¶ó ³ó¾÷¡¤»ê¾÷¿ë¼ö¿¡¼­ »ç¿ëµÈ´Ù.


½ºÆäÀο¡¼­ »ý»êµÇ´Â ´ã¼öÀÇ 21% ÀÌ»óÀÌ ³ó¾÷¿¡ »ç¿ëµÇ¾î ±â¼úÀû, °æÁ¦Àû Ÿ´ç¼ºÀÌ ÀÔÁõµÇ¾ú´Ù. ½ÇÁ¦·Î ½ºÆäÀÎ ³²µ¿ºÎ¿Í ¼¶ÀÇ ´ëºÎºÐÀº °ü°³ °øµ¿Ã¼¿Í ³ó¾÷ »ê¾÷¿¡¼­ ¼ÒºñµÈ´Ù.


±×¸®°í ´ã¼öÈ­µÈ ¹°À» »ç¿ëÇÑ ¿À·£ ¿ª»ç¸¦ °¡Áø °ü°³ °øµ¿Ã¼¿¡¼­ ¼öÇàµÈ ¼ö¸¹Àº °úÇÐÀû ¿¬±¸¸¦ ÅëÇØ ´ã¼öÈ­µÈ ¹°À» °ü°³Çϸé ÀÛ¹°ÀÇ »ý»ê¼º°ú Ç°ÁúÀÌ Çâ»óµÈ´Ù´Â °ÍÀÌ ÀÔÁõµÇ¾ú´Ù.


ƯÈ÷, ¡°ÀϺΠ³óÀÛ¹°¿¡ ´ëÇØ ÀáÀçÀûÀ¸·Î ¹Î°¨ÇÑ ÀÌ¿ÂÀÇ Á¸Àç ¶Ç´Â ¹°ÀÇ ÀÌ¿Â ºÒ±ÕÇüÀÌ ¹ß»ýÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù¡±¶ó´Â ¸ðµç ÀáÀçÀûÀÎ ±â¼úÀû ¹®Á¦´Â ÇöÀç ÃÖÁ¾ °¡°Ý¿¡ ½ÇÁúÀûÀ¸·Î ¿µÇâÀ» ¹ÌÄ¡Áö ¾Ê´Â ±â¼úÀûÀÌ°í °æÁ¦ÀûÀ¸·Î ½ÇÇà °¡´ÉÇÑ ¼Ö·ç¼ÇÀ» °¡Áö°í ÀÖ´Ù.


ÀϹÝÀûÀ¸·Î ³ó¾÷¿ë¼ö »ç¿ëÀÚ´Â ´ã¼öÈ­µÈ ¹°°ú ´Ù¸¥ °ø±Þ¿øÀÇ ¹°À» È¥ÇÕÇÏ¿© °¡°ÝÀ» ³·Ãß°í È­ÇÐÀûÀ¸·Î ±ÕÇüÀ» ¸ÂÃß°í ÀÖ´Ù.


±×·¯³ª °íºÎ°¡°¡Ä¡ ¿Â½ÇÀÛ¹°ÀÇ °æ¿ì ¹° ºñ¿ëÀÌ »ý»êºñ¿ëÀÇ 5% ÀÌÇϸ¦ Â÷ÁöÇϸç, ÇØ´ç ¹°ÀÇ °æÁ¦Àû »ý»ê¼ºÀº §©´ç 5À¯·Î(7õ369¿ø)¿¡¼­ 7À¯·Î(1¸¸317¿ø) »çÀÌÀ̹ǷΠÀÌ·¯ÇÑ ³óÀÛ¹°¿¡ ¼ø¼ö ´ã¼öÈ­µÈ ¹°·Î °ü°³ÇÏ´Â °Íµµ °¡´ÉÇÏ´Ù´Â °ÍÀ» º¸¿©ÁØ´Ù. ´ã¼öÈ­¸¦ ÅëÇØ ³óºÎµéÀÌ ³¯¾¾¿¡ ÀÇÁ¸ÇÏÁö ¾Ê°í ¹°À» °¡Áú ¼ö ÀÖ¾î »ý»êÀÌ º¸ÀåµÇ°í °èȹÀ» ¼¼¿ï ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù´Â °ÍÀÌ Å« ÀåÁ¡ÀÌ´Ù.


»ê¾÷¿¡¼­ ´ã¼öÈ­µÈ ¹°Àº ¿©·¯ °øÁ¤¿¡¼­ ¼­ºñ½º ¿ë¼ö·Î, º¸ÀÏ·¯ ¶Ç´Â Áõ±â·Î, ¼®À¯ È­ÇÐ »ê¾÷ ¶Ç´Â ¹ÝµµÃ¼ ¸¶ÀÌÅ©·ÎĨ Á¦Á¶¿¡ »ç¿ëµÇ¸ç, ¶ÇÇÑ À½·á, ÁÖ½º, ºñ±¤¹° »ý¼ö(non-mineral bottled water), ¸ÆÁÖ µîÀÇ »ý»êÀ» À§ÇÑ ¿ø·á·Îµµ »ç¿ëµÈ´Ù.


6. ´ã¼öÈ­µÈ ¹°Àº ¸Àµµ ÁÁ°í Ç°Áúµµ ¿ì¼öÇÏ´Ù.


ÇöÀç »ç¿ëµÇ°í ÀÖ´Â ´ã¼öÈ­ ±â¼úÀ» ÅëÇØ ¾òÀº ¹°Àº ¡¸½Ä¼ö¿¡ °üÇÑ ½ºÆäÀÎ ¿Õ½Ç ¹ý·É(Spanish Royal Decree on Drinking Water, RD: 2023³â 3¿ù)¡¹°ú ¡¸À¯·´Áöħ(European Directive : 2020/2184, Àΰ£¿¡°Ô ¼Òºñ¸¦ ¸ñÀûÀ¸·Î ÇÏ´Â ¼öÁú¿¡ °üÇÑ Áöħ)¡¹À» ¾ö°ÝÈ÷ ÁؼöÇϹǷΠ½Ä¼ö¿Í µ¿ÀÏÇÑ ¿°ºÐ ÇÔ·®À» °®´Â´Ù.


±×¸®°í ÀÌ ¿©°ú À庮(filtration barrier)Àº ¸Ô´Â ¹°ÀÇ ¼öÁú±âÁØÀ» ÁؼöÇÒ »Ó¸¸ ¾Æ´Ï¶ó ¿°·ù Á¦°Å¸¦ À§ÇÑ ¿ª»ïÅõ¾Ð(reverse osmosis, RO) ±â¼ú·Î ó¸®ÇÒ °æ¿ì È­ÇÐÀû, »ý¹°ÇÐÀû(¹ÙÀÌ·¯½º, ¹ÚÅ׸®¾Æ)À» Æ÷ÇÔÇÑ ¸ðµç À¯ÇüÀÇ ¿À¿°¹°ÁúÀ» ó¸®ÇϹǷΠ¿ì¼öÇÑ Ç°Áú°ú ¾ÈÀü¼ºÀ» º¸ÀåÇÑ´Ù.


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10 Certainties About Water Desalination

 


The Spanish Association of Desalination and Water Reuse (AEDyR) has released an article in which ten certainties about water desalination are argued and false myths about this process that have been maintained over time are dismantled.


The Spanish Desalination Association (TAEDyR) has acciona, acuaMed, adiquimica, Agbar, agruquero, aqualia, Dupont, H2O Innovation, HACH, GS Inima, Xylem, Veolia, Toray, Suez, NX Filtration, Tedagua and SULZER, 74 global water companies, including  are members.


The contents of the ¡®10 Certainties About Water Desalination¡¯ report published by The Spanish Association of Desalination and Water Reuse (AEDyR) are as follows.


1. Desalinated water is NOT expensive.


Currently, the cost of producing desalinated water from the sea ranges from ¢æ0.5 to ¢æ1.0 per cubic meter (1,000 liters). And the cost of desalinating brackish water is even lower: ¢æ0.3 and ¢æ0.5. 


These include infrastructure depreciation, operation, maintenance and energy, which account for the largest percentage of costs. If translated into liters, a liter of desalinated water costs between ¢æ0.0003 and ¢æ0.0010. This cost makes it a suitable water resource for use as water for supply, for agricultural irrigation and for various industrial uses, either as service water or as a raw material.


2. Desalination does NOT consume a lot of energy.


The energy consumption of a desalination plant is currently around 3 kWh/m3, i.e. 0.003 kW is needed to produce one litre of fresh water. That means that the energy consumption needed to produce the desalinated seawater for a family of four for a year is equal to the consumption during that time of that family's refrigerator. 


Or, taking into account that the average daily consumption of that family would be 600 liters, if all the water needed in their home were desalinated water from the sea, the associated daily electricity consumption would be 1.8 kWh, which is equivalent to that consumed by an air conditioning unit to heat or cool a room for 1-2 hours.


3. Desalination does NOT have a significant impact on the marine environment.


Evidence and scientific studies show that the discharge of desalination plant concentrate, popularly known as brine, does not have a significant impact on the marine environment. The dilution and projected diffusion systems used by desalination plants ensure that within a few metres of the discharge point the concentrate is indistinguishable from seawater in terms of salinity and water quality.


Added to this is the strict control to which all large desalination plants in Spain are subject. Before their construction, they must have an Environmental Impact Statement authorized in order to operate. 


This declaration establishes the place and manner of discharge of the concentrate. There are multiple ways to carry out this discharge so as not to affect sensitive species, such as the selection of the most appropriate area, the number and type of diffusers, the speed and angle of exit through the diffuser, or the previous dilution with seawater.


Likewise, all seawater desalination plants have strict environmental monitoring plans carried out by universities and independent bodies to ensure the absence of impacts on the marine environment. 


There is even evidence of an increase in the life of species sensitive to water quality in desalination plant discharges, due to the increase in oxygen in the area, which paradoxically increases fishing at the discharge point.


It is also necessary to bear in mind that desalinated water, after its different uses (human consumption, irrigation, industrial), ends up in the sea in the same way as concentrate, so it is a closed cycle.


4. Spain is a pioneer and has extensive experience and knowledge in the construction and management of desalination plants.


Spain has been building desalination plants for 60 years. The experience and knowledge acquired about its construction and management, and the successful policy of association and participation in international tenders, have led Spanish companies to be at the forefront of desalination worldwide, winning tenders for the construction and operation of plants all over the world. 


Our companies build, supply equipment and operate plants in countries on five continents, such as Australia, Chile, Algeria, Saudi Arabia, Israel, the United States, Oman, the United Kingdom and China.


Many large Spanish desalination plants have the most innovative technologies for their operation and are frequently visited by delegations from other countries who want to know about their facilities and experience.


5. Desalinated water is used in agriculture and industry, in addition to its majority use as drinking water.


More than 21% of the desalinated water produced in Spain is used for agriculture, demonstrating its technical and economic feasibility. In fact, it is consumed by most of the irrigation communities and agricultural industries in southeastern Spain and the islands. 


And it has been demonstrated, through numerous scientific studies carried out in irrigation communities with a long history in the use of desalinated water, that irrigating with it increases the productivity and quality of crops. 


All the potential technical problems that could occur (the presence of some potentially sensitive ions for some crops or the ionic imbalance of the water) currently have technically and economically viable solutions that have practically no impact on the final price.


In general, the agricultural user mixes desalinated water with water from other sources to reduce its price and chemically balance it. 


But in high value-added greenhouse crops, the cost of water accounts for no more than 5% of production costs, and the economic productivity of that water is between ¢æ5 and ¢æ7 per m3, demonstrating that even irrigating these crops with pure desalinated water would be viable. 


The great advantage is that desalination allows farmers to have water without depending on the weather, which ensures production and makes it possible to plan it.


In industry, desalinated water is used in multiple processes, as service water, in boilers or steam, in the petrochemical industry or in the manufacture of microchips, and also as a raw material, for example, for the production of beverages, juices, non-mineral bottled waters, beers, etc.


6. Desalinated water has good taste and excellent quality.


With the desalination technologies currently in use, the water obtained has the same salt content as drinking water, as it strictly complies with the Spanish Royal Decree on Drinking Water (RD 3/2023), as well as European Directive 2020/2184, origin of the former.


And not only does it comply with drinking water quality standards, but additionally, when treated with reverse osmosis technology for the removal of salts, this filtration barrier discards any type of contaminant, both chemical and biological (viruses and bacteria), and also emerging contaminants, thus guaranteeing extraordinary quality and safety. 


superior, in fact, to that obtained in water treatment plants with conventional treatment technologies, which are likely to require additional treatments to comply with the current regulations in reference to the latter.


After passing through the reverse osmosis membranes, the water is so pure that water can be produced "a la carte" during remineralization, adding those nutrients that are necessary according to the recommendations of the Spanish and European health authorities and the World Health Organization. 


Even given the palatability of the water mainly due to its carbonate content, during this last step, waters with different nuances of flavor can be created.


7. Desalination plant concentrate has NO toxic components.


The concentrate from desalination plants is simply seawater that has not passed through the reverse osmosis membranes.


Seawater desalination plants produce approximately 40-45 litres of fresh water for every 100 litres of seawater collected. The 55-60 liters that do not pass through the reverse osmosis membranes contain the same amount of salts as there were in the starting 100 liters of seawater. 


The salt content is the same, but its concentration increases because the volume of water is smaller. Therefore, if the seawater contains about 38 grams of salt in each liter of water, the concentrate will go to 70 grams of salt per liter. About two tablespoons of salt per liter of water.


The concentrate does not contain any components that do not already exist in seawater and, in addition, it cannot contain any toxic elements that can be added during the process. 


This is because the regulations prevent the addition of any unauthorised substance in water treatment treatments, such as desalination plants or any other water treatment plant (DWTP).


Currently, there are studies and projects that consider that concentrate can become an economic opportunity for the desalination sector and contribute to the circular economy, since it can be used for the development of other economic activities, such as electricity generation or aquaculture. 


There are projects aimed at the recovery of osmotic energy from brine and the production of what is known as Blue Energy, as well as projects whose objective is the economic valorisation of this concentrate through the recovery of certain high-value compounds (brine mining) for industrial use.


8. Desalination plants do NOT emit CO2.


Desalination plants do not have any direct emission of gases into the atmosphere. They do consume electricity from the national electricity grid and therefore CO2 emissions that could be indirectly associated with desalination will be those that come from the energy production systems of the grid and the component that they have of fossil and renewable energies, as well as any other industry or economic activity.


Therefore, if the share of renewable energy in the national electricity grid increases, CO emissions2 that could be indirectly associated with desalination, will decrease.


9. Desalination IS one of the solutions to the fight against drought and the effects of climate change.


Water desalination is one more solution and a complement to solve the problems generated by drought and water stress, along with measures such as saving water, reducing losses in networks and the reuse of reclaimed wastewater and the transfers that can be technically and socially made. 


Desalination has the advantages that it does not depend on the weather, as it is fed by an inexhaustible source of water, that of the seas and oceans, and can be installed where the deficit occurs.


In addition, desalination plants fulfill the function of being facilities that ensure the supply to the population, although they may be stopped or with a percentage of use less than 100% in periods in which water from natural sources is used, if any.


10. Desalination IS a sustainable activity.


The Earth's water is neither created nor destroyed, it is only transformed, polluted and decontaminated during the hydrological cycle. The water molecules we consume today were created millions of years ago.


The production of freshwater from seawater mitigates the effects of climate change without depleting inland water resources, both surface and groundwater. This is recognised by the European Union, which has included desalination within the activities aligned with the European Green Taxonomy.


Desalination also aligns with the goal of adaptation to climate change and contributes directly or indirectly to the achievement of most of the Sustainable Development Goals of the 2030 Agenda.


In addition, the sector is committed to the continuous improvement of the sustainability of this technology. This is achieved through the increasing use of renewable energies, the optimisation of the seawater concentrate return process to minimise any environmental impact, the significant reduction of energy consumption and the search for ways to revalue the concentrate, among other initiatives.


[Ãâó = ½ºÆäÀÎ ´ã¼öÈ­ ¹× ÀçÀÌ¿ëÇùȸ(TAEDyR)(http://10 Certezas Sobre Desalación de Agua - AEDyR) /  2024³â 4¿ù 10ÀÏ] 


[º¸°í¼­ Ãâó = ½ºÆäÀÎ ´ã¼öÈ­ ¹× ÀçÀÌ¿ëÇùȸ(TAEDyR)(https://aedyr.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/10-Certezas-Desalacion-Agua-AEDyR.pdf) / 2024³â 4¿ù 10ÀÏ] 

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