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[2013] [¹Ì±¹] ³ó¾÷ Æó±â¹°¼­ ÃÖ÷´Ü ź¼Ò ³ª³ë¼ÒÀç ±â¼ú °³¹ß
À̸§ °ü¸®ÀÚ waterindustry@hanmail.net ÀÛ¼ºÀÏ 2013.05.20 Á¶È¸¼ö 987
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[¹Ì±¹] ³ó¾÷ Æó±â¹°¼­ ÃÖ÷´Ü ź¼Ò ³ª³ë¼ÒÀç ±â¼ú °³¹ß
¾Ù¹öŸ´ëÇÐ(University of Alberta) µ¥À̺ñµå ¹ÌÆ®¸°(David Mitlin) ¿¬±¸Áø
 
 
 
¹Ì±¹ ¿¬±¸ÁøÀÌ ¹ö·ÁÁö´Â ³ó¾÷ Æó±â¹°¿¡¼­ ±×·¡ÇÉ°ú À¯»çÇÑ ±¸Á¶¿Í ±â´ÉÀ» ³ªÅ¸³»´Â ź¼Ò ±â¹Ý ³ª³ë¼ÒÀç ÇÕ¼º±â¼ú °³¹ß¿¡ ¼º°øÇß´Ù. ¹Ì±¹ ¾Ù¹öŸ´ëÇÐ(University of Alberta) µ¥À̺ñµå ¹ÌÆ®¸°(David Mitlin) ¿¬±¸ÁøÀº ÀÌ ½Å±â¼úÀ» ÅëÇØ ³ó¾÷ Æó±â¹°ÀÌ Ã·´Ü¼ÒÀç °³¹ß¿¡ Áß¿äÇÑ ¿ø·á¹°Áú·Î »ç¿ëµÉ ¼ö ÀÖÀ¸¸ç Àúºñ¿ë ÷´Ü¼ÒÀç »ý»ê±â¼ú °³¹ß¿¡ ±â¿©ÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖÀ½À» ÀÔÁõÇØ º¸¿´´Ù.

±×·¡ÇÉ ¹ß°ßÀº ¸¹Àº °úÇÐÀÚµéÀ» ÈïºÐÀÇ µµ°¡´Ï·Î ¸ô¾Æ³Ö¾ú´Ù. ±×·¡ÇÉÀº ¾ðÁ¨°¡ ¹èÅ͸®, žçÀüÁö, Åõ¸íÀü±Ø(transparent electrodes) °°Àº ÷´ÜÀåÄ¡´Â ¹°·ÐÀÌ°í °¡Á¤¿ë ÀüÀÚÁ¦Ç°¿¡µµ Æø³Ð°Ô È°¿ëµÉ °ÍÀÌ ºÐ¸íÇÏ´Ù. ÇÏÁö¸¸ ±×·¡ÇÉ ±â¼úÀÇ ¹Ì·¡¸¦ ¸¶³É Àå¹ÔºûÀ¸·Î Àü¸ÁÇϱ⠾î·Á¿î »óȲÀÌ´Ù.

±×·¡ÇÉ ÀÀ¿ë±â¼úÀ» °³¹ßÇÏ°í ³Î¸® º¸±ÞÇÏ·Á¸é ³ôÀº ±×·¡ÇÉ Á¦Á¶ºñ¿ëÀ» ȹ±âÀûÀ¸·Î °³¼±ÇÒ ÇÊ¿ä°¡ Àֱ⠶§¹®ÀÌ´Ù. ¹ÌÆ®¶õ ±³¼ö ¿¬±¸ÁøÀº ±×·¡ÇÉ Á¦Á¶ºñ¿ëÀ» °³¼±ÇÏ´Â ´ë½Å ³ó¾÷ Æó±â¹°À» È°¿ëÇÑ Àúºñ¿ë ź¼Ò ±â¹Ý ³ª³ë¼ÒÀç ÇÕ¼º±â¼úÀ» Á¦¾ÈÇÏ´Â ´ë¾ÈÀ» ÅÃÇß´Ù.

                   ±×·¡ÇÉ°ú À¯»çÇÑ ¼ºÁúÀÇ Åº¼Ò ±â¹Ý ³ª³ë¼ÒÀ縦 ½Ä¹°¼º Æó±â¹°ÀÇ ÀÏÁ¾ÀÎ ´ë¸¶(Cannabis sativa)


³óÀÛ¹° ¼öÈ®°úÁ¤¿¡¼­ ¹ß»ýÇÏ´Â Æó±â¹°ÀÌ ¹èÅ͸®³ª ½´ÆÛ Ä¿ÆнÃÅÍ(Supercapacitor)¸¦ ¸¸µå´Â ÷´Ü Àü±Ø¼ÒÀç·Î Å»¹Ù²ÞÇÏ´Â ¸¶¹ý °°Àº ÀÏÀÌ Çö½ÇÈ­µÇ¾ú´Ù.

±×·¡ÇÉÀº Àü±âÀüµµµµ°¡ ¿ì¼öÇÏ°í Ç¥¸éÀûÀÌ ³ô¾Æ¼­ ¹èÅ͸®³ª ½´ÆÛÄ¿ÆнÃÅÍ¿ë Àü±ØÀç·á·Î °¡Àå ÀÌ»óÀûÀÎ ¹°Áú·Î ²ÅÈù´Ù. ½´ÆÛÄ¿ÆнÃÅÍ´Â ¹èÅ͸®Ã³·³ ¿¡³ÊÁö¸¦ ÀúÀåÇÏ´Â ÀåÄ¡Áö¸¸ ¹èÅ͸®º¸´Ù ºü¸¥ ¼Óµµ·Î ÃæÀü°ú ¹æÀüÀ» ÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù.

½´ÆÛÄ¿ÆнÃÅÍ°¡ ºü¸¥ Ãæ¹æÀü Ư¼ºÀ» ³ªÅ¸³¾ ¼ö ÀÖ´Â ºñ¹ýÀº ºü¸£°Ô È°¿ëÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Â ÇüÅ·Π¿¡³ÊÁö¸¦ Àü±Ø Ç¥¸é¿¡ ÀúÀåÇϱ⠶§¹®ÀÌ´Ù. ÇöÀç ¹ö½º Á¦µ¿½Ã½ºÅÛ°ú °í¼ÓÃæÀü Ç÷¡½Ã(fast-charging flashlights) µî¿¡ ½´ÆÛÄ¿ÆнÃÅÍ°¡ »ç¿ëµÇ°í ÀÖ´Ù.

»ó¿ë ½´ÆÛÄ¿ÆнÃÅÍ´Â È°¼ºÈ­Åº¼Ò Àü±Ø(activated carbon electrodes)À» »ç¿ëÇÏ°í ÀÖÁö¸¸, ¿¬±¸ ¸ñÀûÀÇ ½ÇÇè¿ë ÀåÄ¡´Â º¸´Ù ¸¹Àº ¾çÀÇ ¿¡³ÊÁö¸¦ ÀúÀåÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Â ±×·¡ÇÉÀ» Àü±ØÀ¸·Î »ç¿ëÇÏ°í ÀÖ´Ù.

±×·¡ÇÉÀÌ ½ÇÇè½Ç ¼öÁØÀÇ ¿¬±¸¿¡¸¸ Á¦ÇÑÀûÀ¸·Î »ç¿ëµÇ°í ÀÖ´Â ÀÌÀ¯´Â °¡°Ý ¶§¹®ÀÌ´Ù. ±×·¡ÇÉÀÌ ½Ç¿ëÈ­¿¡ ÇÊ¿äÇÑ °æÀï·ÂÀ» °®Ãß±â À§Çؼ± °¡°Ý(¶Ç´Â Á¦Á¶ºñ¿ë)À» ÇöÀç ų·Î±×·¥´ç ¾à 45,000¿ø($40/kg) Á¤µµÀÎ È°¼ºÈ­Åº¼Ò ¼öÁØ¿¡ ±ÙÁ¢½ÃÄÑ¾ß ÇÑ´Ù.

¹ÌÆ®¸° ¿¬±¸ÁøÀº ±×·¡ÇÉ°ú À¯»çÇÑ ¼ºÁúÀÇ Åº¼Ò ±â¹Ý ³ª³ë¼ÒÀ縦 ½Ä¹°¼º Æó±â¹°ÀÇ ÀÏÁ¾ÀÎ ´ë¸¶(Cannabis sativa; ±×¸² 1) ¼¶À¯·Î Á¦Á¶Çϴµ¥ ¼º°øÇß´Ù. ´ë¸¶ ¼¶À¯´Â Á÷¹°, ·ÎÇÁ µîÀ» ¸¸µå´Â Àç·á·Î »ç¿ëµÈ´Ù. ´ë¸¶ ¼¶À¯·Î ¸¸µç ź¼Ò ±â¹Ý ³ª³ë¼ÒÀçÀÇ ¹°¼ºÀº ±×·¡ÇÉ°ú ºñ½ÁÇÑ ¼öÁØÀÌÁö¸¸ ÈξÀ ½Ñ °ª¿¡ ¸¸µé¾îÁú ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù.

´ë¸¶´Â ³ó¾àÀ̳ª ºñ·á¸¦ »ç¿ëÇÏÁö ¾Ê¾Æµµ ´Ù¾çÇÑ ±âÈÄ È¯°æ¿¡¼­µµ »¡¸® ÀÚ¶ó±â ¶§¹®¿¡ Àç¹è°¡ ½±°í Àú·ÅÇÑ ÀÛ¹°ÀÌ´Ù. ¿¬±¸ÁøÀÌ ÁÖ¸ñÇÑ ºÎºÐÀº ´ë¸¶ÀÇ ¡®ÀÎÇǼ¶À¯(bast)¡¯¶ó´Â ºÎºÐÀÌ´Ù. ÀÎÇǼ¶À¯´Â ³ª¹«²®Áú°ú À¯»çÇÑ ¾ãÀº ÃþÀ¸·Î º°´Ù¸¥ ¾²ÀÓ»õ°¡ ¾ø±â ¶§¹®¿¡ ¼Ò°¢ ¶Ç´Â ¸Å¸³À¸·Î ¹ö·ÁÁö´Â ºÎºÐÀÌ´Ù.

ÀÎÇǼ¶À¯´Â ¸®±×´Ñ(lignin), Çì¹Ì¼¿·ê·Î¿À½º(hemicellulose), °áÁ¤¼º ¼¿·ê·Î¿À½º(crystalline cellulose) ÃþÀ¸·Î ÀÌ·ç¾îÁø ¹°ÁúÀÌ´Ù. Àç·á°úÇÐÀÚÀÎ ¹ÌÆ®¸° ¿¬±¸ÁøÀÇ ½Ã°¢¿¡¼­ º¸¸é ÀÎÇǼ¶À¯´Â ÀÏÁ¾ÀÇ ¡®³ª³ëº¹ÇÕ¼ÒÀç(nanocomposite)¡¯·Î º¸¿´À» °ÍÀÌ´Ù.

Áï, ¹ÌÆ®¸° ¿¬±¸ÁøÀº ¹ß»óÀÇ ÀüȯÀ» ÅëÇØ ÀÎÇǼ¶À¯¸¦ ÀûÀýÇÏ°Ô °¡°øÇؼ­ ±×·¡ÇÉ°ú À¯»çÇÑ ±¸Á¶¿Í ±â´ÉÀ» ³ªÅ¸³»´Â ³ª³ë½ÃÆ®(nanosheets)¸¦ ¸¸µé¾î³¾ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù´Â °¡´É¼ºÀ» ¹ß°ßÇßÀ» °ÍÀÌ´Ù.

¾Ù¹öŸ´ëÇÐ ¿¬±¸ÁøÀº ÀÎÇǼ¶À¯¸¦ 180¡É¿¡¼­ 24 ½Ã°£ µ¿¾È °¡¿­ÇÑ ÈÄ À̸¦ ¼ö»êÈ­Ä®·ý(potassium hydroxide; KOH)À¸·Î ó¸®ÇÏ´Â Àú¿Â¿­Ã³¸®¸¦ ÇÑ ÈÄ À̸¦ 700~ 800¡ÉÀÇ °í¿Â¿¡¼­ ÀçÂ÷ ó¸®ÇÏ´Â °í¿Â¿­Ã³¸® °úÁ¤À» ÅëÇØ ´Ù°ø¼º ź¼Ò ³ª³ë½ÃÆ®¸¦ ¾ò¾ú´Ù. 1Â÷ Àú¿Â¿­Ã³¸® °úÁ¤Àº Çì¹Ì¼¿·ê·Î¿À½º¿Í ¸®±×´ÑÀ» Á¦°ÅÇÏ°í °áÁ¤¼º ¼¿·ê·Î¿À½º¸¦ źȭ½ÃÅ°´Â °úÁ¤ÀÌ´Ù.

KOH 󸮴 źȭµÈ ½Ã·á¿¡ ³²¾Æ ÀÖ´Â ºÒ¼ø¹°À» Á¦°ÅÇϱâ À§ÇÔÀÌ´Ù. 2Â÷ °í¿Â¿­Ã³¸® ´Ü°è´Â ³ª³ë½ÃÆ®¸¦ ¹Ú¸®Çϱâ À§ÇÑ °úÁ¤ÀÌ´Ù. ÃÖÁ¾ÀûÀ¸·Î ¾ò¾îÁö´Â ³ª³ë½ÃÆ®´Â Á÷°æ 2~5 nm Á¤µµÀÇ ¼¼°øÀ¸·Î µÚµ¤¿© ÀÖ´Â ´Ù°ø¼º ¹°ÁúÀÌ´Ù. ³ª³ë½ÃÆ®¸¦ µÚµ¤°í ÀÖ´Â ¼¼°øÀº ÀüÇÏ(charges)ÀÇ ºü¸¥ À̵¿À» °¡´ÉÇÏ°Ô ÇÏ´Â ¿ªÇÒÀ» ÇÑ´Ù.

¿¬±¸ÁøÀº ´ë¸¶ ÀÎÇǼ¶À¯¿¡¼­ ¾òÀº ³ª³ë½ÃÆ®·Î ½´ÆÛÄ¿ÆнÃÅ͸¦ Á¦ÀÛÇØ ¼º´ÉÀ» È®ÀÎÇß´Ù. ½´ÆÛÄ¿ÆнÃÅÍÀÇ ¼º´ÉÀ» ³ªÅ¸³»´Â ÃÖ°íÃâ·Â¹Ðµµ(maximum power density)´Â º¸Åë ´ÜÀ§ Áú·®´ç Ãâ·ÂÀ» ÃøÁ¤Çؼ­ ³ªÅ¸³½´Ù. ÀÎÇǼ¶À¯ ³ª³ë½ÃÆ®·Î Á¦ÀÛÇÑ ½´ÆÛÄ¿ÆнÃÅÍ´Â 49 kW/kg(ÃøÁ¤ ¿Âµµ: 60¡É)ÀÇ ÃÖ°íÃâ·Â¹Ðµµ¸¦ ±â·ÏÇß´Ù(±×¸² 2).

È°¼ºÈ­ ź¼Ò¸¦ Àü±¸Àç·á·Î »ç¿ëÇÏ´Â »ó¿ë ½´ÆÛÄ¿ÆнÃÅÍ°¡ µ¿ÀÏ ¿Âµµ¿¡¼­ 17 kW/kgÀÇ ÃÖ°íÃâ·Â¹Ðµµ¸¦ ±â·ÏÇÑ °Í°ú ºñ±³ÇÒ ¶§ ³ª³ë½ÃÆ®ÀÇ ¹°¼ºÀÌ ¸Å¿ì ¿ì¼öÇÑ °ÍÀ» ¾Ë ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù. Àå½Ã°£ °í¿Â󸮸¦ ÇÏ´Â °¡°ø¹æ½ÄÀº ÇâÈÄ ½ºÄÉÀϾ÷(Scale-up) °úÁ¤¿¡¼­ ºñ¿ë »ó½Â¿äÀÎÀ¸·Î ÀÛ¿ëÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖÀ¸¹Ç·Î °³¼±ÀÌ ÇÊ¿äÇØ º¸ÀδÙ. ÇÏÁö¸¸ º» ¿¬±¸ ¼º°ú´Â Àúºñ¿ë ±×·¡ÇÉ ´ëü ¼ÒÀç·Î¼­ ´ë¸¶ À¯·¡ ź¼Ò³ª³ëÀç·áÀÇ °¡´É¼º°ú »ê¾÷Àû È°¿ë °¡Ä¡¸¦ ÀÔÁõÇß´Ù´Â Á¡¿¡¼­ Å« Àǹ̰¡ ÀÖ´Ù.
 
[Ãâó : KISTI ¹Ì¸®¾È(http://mirian.kisti.re.kr) ¡º±Û·Î¹úµ¿Çâºê¸®ÇÎ(GTB)¡»2013. 05. 17]
 

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Energy-Storing Nanomaterial Made From Hemp
 

Electronics: Researchers turn agricultural waste into a carbon nanomaterial for high-power supercapacitors

Graphene might one day be used in batteries, solar cells, transparent electrodes, and a host of other electronic gadgets. But graphene is still quite expensive to make. Now researchers at the University of Alberta have demonstrated a low-cost process for turning agricultural waste into graphenelike nanomaterials for use in energy storage electronics (ACS Nano 2013, DOI: 10.1021/nn400731g).

With high surface area and conductivity, graphene is ideal for use as electrodes in batteries and supercapacitors, which are energy storage devices that excel at providing quick bursts of power. Supercapacitors charge and discharge faster than batteries can because they store energy in the form of fast-moving charges on the surfaces of their electrodes. Currently, supercapacitors are used in braking systems for buses and fast-charging flashlights.

Commercial supercapacitors use activated carbon electrodes, but experimental devices made with graphene can store more energy. Unfortunately, graphene¡¯s production costs can¡¯t come close to competing with the price for activated carbon, about $40 per kilogram, says University of Alberta chemical engineer David Mitlin.

Part of Mitlin¡¯s research is finding ways to use plant waste as feedstocks for commercial materials. He thought he could transform waste from the cannabis plant (Cannabis sativa) into a carbon nanomaterial that had similar properties to graphene and with a much smaller price tag.

The cannabis plant¡¯s notorious use is for producing marijuana, but people also grow the plant to use its fibrous parts for products such as rope, clothing, oil, and plastics. The plants used for these industrial applications are referred to as hemp, and have lower levels of psychoactive compounds. Hemp is relatively inexpensive, since the plant grows rapidly in a variety of climates without the need for fertilizer and pesticides.

Mitlin and his colleagues focused on a barklike layer of the plant called the bast, which is usually incinerated or sent to landfills during industrial hemp production. ¡°Hemp bast is a nanocomposite made up of layers of lignin, hemicellulose, and crystalline cellulose,¡± Mitlin says. ¡°If you process it the right way, it separates into nanosheets similar to graphene.¡±

The Alberta researchers start the process by heating the bast at 180¡É for 24 hours. During this step, the lignin and hemicellulose break down, and the crystalline cellulose begins to carbonize.

The researchers then treat the carbonized material with potassium hydroxide and crank up the temperature to 700 to 800¡É, causing it to exfoliate into nanosheets riddled with pores 2 to 5 nm in diameter. These thin, porous materials provide a quick path for charges to move in and out, which is important when a supercapacitor charges and discharges.

The team built a supercapacitor using the nanosheets as electrodes and an ionic liquid as an electrolyte. The best property of the device, Mitlin says, is its maximum power density, a measure of how much power a given mass of the material can produce. At 60¡É, the material puts out 49 kW/kg; activated carbon used in commercial electrodes supplies 17 kW/kg at that temperature.

Liming Dai, a chemical engineer at Case Western Reserve University, says the hempbased material shows promise as a low-cost substitute for graphene. Yury Gogotsi, a materials scientist at Drexel University, sees room for improvement.

He points out that the 24-hour high-temperature process will have some associated costs when scaled up. But he¡¯s impressed by this first step. Finding scalable production methods like this one will be key, Gogotsi says, if researchers want to move nanostructured materials out of the lab and into the marketplace.
 
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