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[2014] [¹Ì±¹] µ¿¹° ºÐ´¢¿¡¼­ ÀÎÀÇ È¸¼öÇÏ´Â ¹æ¹ý °³¹ß
À̸§ °ü¸®ÀÚ waterindustry@hanmail.net ÀÛ¼ºÀÏ 2014.09.01 Á¶È¸¼ö 580
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[¹Ì±¹] µ¿¹° ºÐ´¢¿¡¼­ ÀÎÀÇ È¸¼öÇÏ´Â ¹æ¹ý °³¹ß

ÀÎ(phosphorus)Àº ½Ä·® °æÀÛÀ» À§ÇÑ Çʼö ¿µ¾çºÐÀÌ´Ù. ±×·¯³ª ÀϺΠ°úÇÐÀÚµéÀº Àü ¼¼°è Áõ°¡ÇÏ´Â Àα¸ÀÇ ³ó¾÷Àû ¼ö¿ä°¡ ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ ±¤¹°, Áï Àα¤(phosphate rock)ÀÇ ÀÚ¿¬Àû °ø±Þ¿øÀ¸·ÎºÎÅÍ À¯·¡ÇÏ´Â ÀÎÀÇ °ø±ÞÀ» ¾ÐµµÇÒ °ÍÀ» ¿°·ÁÇÏ°í ÀÖ´Ù. µû¶ó¼­ °úÇÐÀÚµéÀº Àλ꿰(phosphate)ÀÇ ´Ù¸¥ °ø±Þ¿øÀ» ã´Â ¹æ¹ýÀ» ¸ð»öÇØ¿Ô´Ù.

Àü ¼¼°è Àλ꿰ÀÇ ¿¹ÃøµÈ ºñÃà·®Àº Àλ꿰ÀÇ Æ÷ȹ ¹× ÀçÈ°¿ëÀ» ä¿ëÇÏ´Â ¹æ¹ý¿¡ ´ëÇÑ Á¶»ç¸¦ ÃËÁø½ÃÄ×´Ù. ´ëÇü ³óÀå¿¡¼­ ¹èÃâµÇ´Â µ¿¹° ºÐ´¢ÀÇ ¿­¼ö ÀÛ¿ëÀ» ÀÌ¿ëÇÏ¿©, Àλ꿰 ¿À¿°ÀÇ ºÎÁ¤ÀûÀΠȯ°æ ¿µÇâÀÇ ¿ÏÈ­¿Í ³ó¾÷ ¿ëµµ·Î Àλ꿰À» ±³Á¤ÇÏ´Â °¡´É¼ºÀÌ Á¶»çµÆ´Ù.

¹Ì³×¼ÒŸ ´ëÇÐ(University of Minnesota) ¿¬±¸ÆÀÀº ÃÖ±Ù ¹°¿¡ ºÎÀ¯ÇÏ´Â ¹ÙÀÌ¿À¸Å½º¸¦ °¡¿­ÇÔÀ¸·Î½á µ¿¹° ºÐ´¢(animal manure)¿¡¼­ 80~90%ÀÇ ÀÎÀ» ȸ¼öÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù°í º¸°íÇß´Ù. °øÁ¤Àº ¿­¼ö ÀÛ¿ë¿¡ ÀÇÇÑ ÅºÈ­(HTC; hydrothermal carbonization)¶ó°í ¸í¸íÇÏ°í, Æó±â¹°¿¡¼­ ÀÎÀ» ÃßÃâÇÏ´Â ÀÌÀüÀÇ ¹æ¹ýº¸´Ù ´õ ÀûÀº ¿¡³ÊÁö¸¦ »ç¿ëÇÑ´Ù°í ¿¬±¸ÁøÀº ¹àÇû´Ù.

¹Ì±¹¿¡¼­ ¸Å³â »ó´çÇÑ ±Ô¸ðÀÇ ³óÀå ¿î¿µ(farming operations)Àº ºñ·á¿¡ »ç¿ëµÇ´Â 27¾ï lb¿¡ »óÀÀÇÏ´Â P2O5¸¦ ÇÔÀ¯ÇÏ´Â ºÐ´¢¸¦ »ý¼º½ÃŲ´Ù. Çϼö·ÎºÎÅÍ ÀÎÀ» ȸ¼öÇÏ´Â ÇÑ °¡Áö »ó¾÷ÀûÀÎ ¹æ¹ýÀº Çϼö ½½·¯ÁöÀÇ ¼Ò°¢°ú ¾ò¾îÁø À縦 °¡°øÇÏ´Â °øÁ¤À» Æ÷ÇÔÇÑ´Ù. ¹Ì³×¼ÒŸ ´ëÇÐ ¼Ò¼ÓÀÇ Steven M. Heilmann°ú ±×ÀÇ µ¿·á ¿¬±¸ÁøÀº HTC °øÁ¤ÀÌ ´õ ÀûÀº ¿¡³ÊÁö¸¦ ¿ä±¸Çϱ⠶§¹®¿¡, µ¿¹° Æó±â¹°¿¡ ÀÌ °øÁ¤À» ä¿ëÇß´Ù.

HTC °øÁ¤Àº ´Ü¼øÇϱ⠶§¹®¿¡, È£±â½ÉÀ» ºÒ·¯ ÀÏÀ¸Ä×´Ù°í 3M¿¡¼­ ÀºÅðÇÑ È­ÇÐÀÚÀÎ HeilmannÀº ¹àÇû´Ù. ´Ü¼øÇÑ °ÍÀÌ »ê¾÷ÀûÀ¸·Î ¹× »ó¾÷ÀûÀ¸·Î ¼º°øÀûÀ¸·Î ÀÛµ¿ÇÏ´Â °æÇâÀÌ ÀÖ´Ù°í HeilmannÀº ¹àÇû´Ù. HTC °øÁ¤Àº ¹°°ú ¹ÙÀÌ¿À¸Å½º È¥ÇÕ°ú ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ È¥ÇÕ¹°À» ¼Ò°¢¿¡¼­ »ç¿ëµÇ´Â ¿Âµµ¿Í ºñ±³ÇÏ¿© »ó´ëÀûÀ¸·Î ¿ÂÈ­ÇÑ ¿Âµµ¿¡¼­ ¹ÐÆóµÈ ¿ë±â¸¦ °¡¿­ÇÏ´Â °ÍÀÌ °ü¿©ÇÑ´Ù. °á°ú´Â °íü ÇÏÀ̵å·ÎÂ÷(solid hydrochar)¿Í ¿ëÀ¶¿°(dissolved salts) ¿ë¾×ÀÌ ¾ò¾îÁ³´Ù.

µ¿¹° Æó±â¹°¿¡ ´ëÇÏ¿© ÀÌ ¹æ¹ýÀ» Å×½ºÆ®Çϱâ À§ÇÏ¿©, ¿¬±¸ÁøÀº ¼Ò, µÅÁö ¶Ç´Â ´ß µîÀÇ ºÐ´¢¸¦ ¹°¿¡¼­ ºÎÀ¯½ÃÄÑ, ºÐ´¢ À¯Çü¿¡ µû¶ó 200~250¡ÆCÀÇ ¿Âµµ·Î ½½·¯¸®¸¦ °¡¿­½ÃÄ×´Ù. ¿¬±¸ÁøÀº ¾ò¾îÁø È¥ÇÕ¹°¿¡¼­ ¿ø¼Ò¸¦ ºÐ¼®ÇÏ¿© ÀÎÀÇ ´ëºÎºÐÀÌ °íü ÇÏÀ̵å·ÎÂ÷¿¡ Æ÷ȹµÆ´Ù´Â °ÍÀ» È®ÀÎÇß´Ù. ¿¬±¸ÁøÀº ÀÎÀÌ ¾Ë·ç¹Ì´½, Ä®½·, ¸¶±×³×½· ¹× ö µî°ú °°Àº ±Ý¼Ó ÀÌ¿Â(metal ion)°ú °áÇÕÇÏ´Â °ÍÀ¸·Î ÃßÁ¤Çß´Ù. µû¶ó¼­ ¿¬±¸ÁøÀº ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ ±Ý¼Ó Àλ꿰(metal phosphate salts)À» ¿ëÇؽÃÅ°±â À§ÇÏ¿© ¼ö¿ë¼º »êÀ¸·Î °íü¸¦ ó¸®ÇÏ°í, ÀÌÈÄ ÀλêÄ®½·(calcium phosphate)À» ¿ì¼¼ÇÏ°Ô Ä§Àü½ÃÅ°±â À§ÇÏ¿© ¿°±â¸¦ Ãß°¡Çß´Ù. ¿¬±¸ÁøÀº Àλ꿰À» ¼öÁýÇϱâ À§ÇÏ¿© ¿ë¾×À» ¿©°ú½ÃÄÑ, ºÐ´¢¿¡ Á¸ÀçÇÏ´Â ÀÎÀÇ 80% ÀÌ»óÀ» ȸ¼öÇß´Ù.

¿­¼ö ¹ÝÀÀ Á¶°ÇÀÌ °¡±Ý·ù, µÅÁö ¹× ¼Ò µîÀÇ ºÐ´¢¿¡¼­ ±Ô¸íµÆ´Ù. ¼¼ °¡Áö ºÐ´¢´Â ¸ðµÎ 50~60%ÀÇ ÇÏÀ̵å·ÎÂ÷ ¼öÀ²(hydrochar yields)À» º¸¿© ÁÖ¾úÀ¸¸ç, ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ ½Ã½ºÅÛ¿¡ Á¸ÀçÇÏ´Â Àüü ÀÎÀÇ 90% ÀÌ»óÀÌ Ä§ÀüµÈ Àλ꿰À¸·Î ÇÏÀ̵å·ÎÂ÷¿¡ ÇÔÀ¯µÇ¾î ÀÖ¾ú´Ù. Àλ꿰 ȸ¼ö´Â ÇÏÀ̵å·ÎÂ÷ÀÇ ÈļÓÀûÀÎ »ê 󸮿¡ ÀÇÇØ 80~90%ÀÇ ¼öÀ²·Î ´Þ¼ºµÆÀ¸¸ç, pH 9¸¦ ´Þ¼ºÇϱâ À§ÇÏ¿© »ê ÃßÃâ¹°¿¡ ¿°±â°¡ Ãß°¡µÆ´Ù. ÀÌÈÄ ÀλêÄ®½·ÀÌ ¿©°ú¸¦ ÅëÇÏ¿© ¾ò¾îÁ³´Ù. µÅÁö¿Í ¼Ò µîÀÇ ºÐ´¢´Â °í±Þ ¿ªÃ»´ÜÀÇ ¿¡³ÊÁö¿¡ »ó¿ëÇÏ´Â ¿¬¼Ò ¿¡³ÊÁö ÇÔ·®À» °¡Áö´Â ÇÏÀ̵å·ÎÂ÷¸¦ »ý¼ºÇß´Ù.

Ã븮È÷ ´ëÇÐ ÀÀ¿ë°úÇкÎ(Zurich University of Applied Sciences) ¼Ò¼ÓÀÇ Rolf Krebs´Â ¸¸¾à HTC °øÁ¤À» ¼öÇàÇÏ´Â °ÍÀÌ °¡´ÉÇÏ´Ù¸é, Àλ꿰ÀÌ °íü ÇÏÀ̵å·ÎÂ÷ ´ë½Å¿¡ ¾×ü¿¡ ÃÖÁ¾ÀûÀ¸·Î ³²°Ô µÇ´ÂÁö ¿©ºÎ¸¦ ±Ã±ÝÇÏ°Ô ¿©°å´Ù. µû¶ó¼­ ¸¸¾à °øÁ¤ÀÌ °ÇÁ¶ÇÑ ÇÏÀ̵å·ÎÂ÷¸¦ »ý¼ºÇÏ´Â °Íº¸´Ù ´õ ¿¡³ÊÁö È¿À²ÀûÀÌ µÉ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù¸é °ÇÁ¶ÇÑ ÇÏÀ̵å·ÎÂ÷´Â »êÀ¸·Î ´Ù½Ã Àû½Ã°Ô µÉ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù.

HeilmannÀº Æó¼ö ½½·¯Áö·ÎºÎÅÍ ÀÎÀ» ȸ¼öÇϱâ À§ÇÑ HTC °øÁ¤ÀÇ »ó¾÷Àû ÀÀ¿ëÀÌ »ê¼º¼ö¿¡¼­ ¹ÝÀÀÀ» ¼öÇàÇÏ´Â °Í°ú À¯»çÇÏ´Ù°í ÁöÀûÇß´Ù. ÃÖÁ¾ÀûÀ¸·Î ¾ò¾îÁø ¹°ÁúÀÌ Àλêö(ferric phosphate)À̱ä ÇÏÁö¸¸, °á°úÀûÀ¸·Î ¾òÀº Àλ꿰Àº ¹°¿¡¼­ ¿ëÇصƴÙ. Àλ꿰ÀÇ ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ Çü¼ºÀº ÀÌ °øÁ¤¿¡¼­ »ý¼ºµÇ´Â ¾Ï¼®¿¡¼­ 䱤µÇ´Â °Í°ú À¯»çÇÑ ÀλêÄ®½·º¸´Ù ´ú È¿°úÀûÀÎ ºñ·á¶ó°í HeilmannÀº ¹àÇû´Ù.

±×¸²1> µÅÁö, ¼Ò ¹× ´ß µî°ú °°Àº °¡Ãà ºÐ´¢´Â ½Ä·® ÀÛ¹°¿¡ ºñ·á·Î »ç¿ëµÉ ¼ö ÀÖ´Â ÀÎÀ» ÇÔÀ¯ÇÏ°í ÀÖ´Ù.
±×¸²2> HTC °øÁ¤ °³·«µµ

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Recovering Phosphorus From Animal Manure
Phosphorus is an essential nutrient for food crops. But some scientists worry that the agricultural demands of the world¡¯s growing population will overwhelm the supply of the natural source of this mineral, phosphate rock. So researchers have looked for other sources of phosphate.

One team now reports that they can recover 80 to 90% of the phosphorus in animal manure by heating the biomass suspended in water (Environ. Sci. Technol. 2014, DOI: 10.1021/es501872k). The process is called hydrothermal carbonization, and it uses less energy than previous methods to extract phosphorus from waste, the researchers say.

Each year, large-scale farming operations in the U.S. produce amounts of manure that contain the equivalent of 2.7 billion lb of P2O5 used in fertilizer. One commercial method of recovering phosphorus from sewage involves incinerating sewage sludge and processing the resulting ash. Steven M. Heilmann of the University of Minnesota, Twin Cities, and his colleagues picked hydrothermal carbonization over this method for their work on animal waste because the process requires less energy.

¡°This process intrigued me because it was simple,¡± says Heilmann, who is also a retired chemist from 3M. ¡°Simple things tend to work industrially and commercially.¡± Hydrothermal carbonization involves mixing biomass with water and heating it in a closed container at moderate temperatures relative to those used in incineration. The result is a solid hydrochar and a solution of dissolved salts.

To test the method on animal waste, the researchers suspended manure from cows, pigs, or chickens in water and heated the slurry to between 200 and 250 ¡ÆC, depending on the
type of manure. They analyzed the elements in the resulting mixture and found that most of the phosphorus was trapped in the solid hydrochar. The researchers thought the phosphorus might be bound to metal ions, such as aluminum, calcium, magnesium, and iron. So they treated the solid with aqueous acid to dissolve these metal phosphate salts and then added base to precipitate predominantly calcium phosphate. The researchers filtered the solution to collect the phosphate, recovering more than 80% of the phosphorus present in the manure.

Rolf Krebs of Zurich University of Applied Sciences wonders if it would be possible to perform the hydrothermal carbonization so that the phosphates end up in the liquid instead of the solid hydrochar. If so, the process might be more energy efficient than producing the dry hydrochar and then rewetting it with acid.

Heilmann points out that a commercial application of hydrothermal carbonization to recover phosphorus from sewage sludge did something similar by performing the reaction in acidic water. The resulting phosphate salts dissolved in the water, though the final product was ferric phosphate. That form of phosphate is a less effective fertilizer than the calcium phosphate produced in this process, which is similar to that mined from rock, Heilmann says.

For the new process to be economically viable, Heilmann envisions also using the leftover hydrochars to produce useful products, such as sorbents for water treatment.
 
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