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À̸§ °ü¸®ÀÚ waterindustry@hanmail.net ÀÛ¼ºÀÏ 2014.09.29 Á¶È¸¼ö 965
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»õ·Ó°Ô ¼öÇàµÈ ½ÇÇè½Ç ½ÇÇèÀÌ Æó¼ö¿¡¼­ ºê·ÒÈ­¹°(bromide)°ú ¿ä¿ÀµåÈ­¹°(iodide)ÀÌ ÇҷΰÕÀ¸·Î ġȯµÈ »ì±Õ ºÎ»ê¹°(halogenated disinfection by-products)ÀÇ Çü¼º¿¡ ±â¿©ÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù°í Á¦¾ÈÇß´Ù.

ÀϺΠõ¿¬°¡½º ÃßÃ⠿Àº ¼ö¾Ð Æļâ(hydraulic fracturing) ¶Ç´Â Æļâ·ÎºÎÅÍ ¹ß»ýÇÏ´Â ¼Ò±Ý¹°(saline water)À» óºÐÇϱâ À§ÇÏ¿© Æó¼ö ó¸®Àå(wastewater treatment plant)À¸·Î º¸³½´Ù. ÀÌÈÄ Æó¼ö ó¸®ÀåÀº ó¸®µÈ ¹°À» À½¿ë¼ö·Î ÅõÀ﵃ ¼ö ÀÖ´Â ÇÏõÀ¸·Î ¹æ·ùÇÑ´Ù.

¹Ì±¹ ½ºÅÄÆÛµå ´ëÇÐ(Stanford University) ¼Ò¼ÓÀÇ ¿¬±¸ÁøÀÌ ¼öÇàÇÑ »õ·Î¿î ¿¬±¸´Â ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ ¼ö¾Ð Æļ⿡¼­ ¹ß»ýÇÏ´Â Æó¼ö¸¦ ó¸®ÇÏ´Â °øÁ¤¿¡ ¹®Á¦°¡ ¹ß»ýÇÒ °¡´É¼ºÀÌ ÀÖ´Ù´Â »ç½ÇÀ» ¹ß°ßÇß´Ù. ½ÉÁö¾î 10,000¹è ÀÌ»óÀ¸·Î Èñ¼®µÉ ¶§Á¶Â÷, ¼ö¾Ð Æó¼ö(fracking wastewater)´Â À½¿ë¼ö »ì±ÕÀÌ ¼öÇàµÇ´Â µ¿¾È À¯»çÇÑ Á¶°Ç ÇÏ¿¡¼­ ¹®Á¦¸¦ À¯¹ßÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Â È­ÇÕ¹°ÀÇ Çü¼ºÀ» Áõ°¡½Ãų ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù°í µ¿ ¿¬±¸´Â ¹àÇû´Ù. Æó¼ö¿¡ ÇÔÀ¯µÈ ÇҷΰÕÈ­¹°(halide)Àº µ¶¼º »ì±Õ ºÎ»ê¹°·Î À̾îÁö°í, ÀϺΠ¼öÁØÀº À½¿ë¼ö ó¸®Àå¿¡ ´ëÇÏ¿© Çã¿ëµÈ ¹æ·ù ÇÑ°èÄ¡¸¦ ÃÊ°úÇÑ´Ù°í ¿¬±¸ÁøÀº ¹àÇû´Ù.

¹°À» »ì±ÕÇÏ´Â µ¥ »ç¿ëµÈ ¿°¼Ò¿Í Ŭ·Î¶ó¹Î(chloramine)Àº Æ®¸®ÇҷθÞź(trihalomethane)°ú ÇҷξƼ¼Æ½¿¢½Ãµå(haloacetic acid)¿Í °°Àº È­ÇÕ¹°À» Çü¼ºÇϱâ À§ÇÏ¿© À¯±â¹°°ú ¹ÝÀÀÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù. ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ »ì±Õ ºÎ»ê¹°Àº ¾Ï°ú ½Å°æ°è ¹®Á¦¿Í °ü·ÃÀÌ ÀÖÀ¸¸ç, ÀϺΠ¹°ÁúÀº ȯ°æº¸È£Ã»(EPA; Environmental Protection Agency)¿¡ ÀÇÇØ ±ÔÁ¦µÇ°í ÀÖ´Ù. ºê·ÒÈ­¹°°ú ¿ä¿ÀµåÈ­¹°°ú °°Àº ´Ù¸¥ ÇҷΰÕÈ­¹° Á¸Àç ÇÏ¿¡, »ì±ÕÁ¦(disinfectant)´Â ¿°¼Ò·Î ġȯµÈ À¯»çÇÑ È­Çй°Áúº¸´Ù ´õ ½É°¢ÇÑ µ¶¼ºÀ» °¡Áö´Â ºÎ»ê¹°À» »ý¼º½Ãų ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù. ¼ö¾Ð ÆļⰡ ¼öÇàµÇ´Â µ¿¾È »ý¼ºµÈ Æó¼ö´Â ³ôÀº ³óµµÀÇ ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ ÇҷΰÕÈ­¹°À» ÇÔÀ¯ÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖÀ¸¸ç, ¹°ÀÌ »ó¿ë ó¸®Àå ¶Ç´Â µµ½Ã Æó¼ö ó¸®ÀåÀ» °ÅÄ£ ÈÄ¿¡µµ ³²¾Æ ÀÖ°Ô µÈ´Ù.

½ºÅÄÆÛµå ´ëÇÐ ¼Ò¼ÓÀÇ William A. Mitch¿Í ±×ÀÇ µ¿·á ¿¬±¸ÁøÀº Æļâ·ÎºÎÅÍ ¹ß»ýÇÏ´Â Æó¼ö°¡ ÇÏ·ù À½¿ë¼ö ó¸®Àå¿¡¼­ ¼Òµ¶ ºÎ»ê¹° Çü¼º¿¡ ¾î¶»°Ô ¿µÇâÀ» ³¢Ä¡´Â°¡¿¡ ´ëÇÏ¿© ±Ô¸íÇϱ⸦ ¿øÇß´Ù. ¿¬±¸ÁøÀº Ææ½Çº£ÀÌ´Ï¾Æ ÁÖ ¸¶¸£¼¿·ç½º ¼ÎÀÏ(Marcellus Shale)¿¡¼­ ÀÌ·ç¾îÁö°í ÀÖ´Â ¼ö¾Ð Æļ⠿À¸·ÎºÎÅÍ 2°³ÀÇ Æó¼ö ½Ã·á¸¦ ¾ò¾ú´Ù. À½¿ë¼ö ó¸®ÀåÀÌ Èí¼öÇÑ ¹°ÁúÀÇ È­ÇÐÀû Á¶¼ºÀ» ½Ã¹Ä·¹À̼ÇÇϱâ À§ÇÏ¿©, ¿¬±¸ÁøÀº ºÎÇÇ´ç 0.010~0.1%ÀÇ Æó¼ö¸¦ ÇÔÀ¯ÇÏ´Â ½Ã·á¸¦ ¾ò´Â µ¥ ¼ÎÀÏ ¿î¿µÀÇ ÇÏõ ÇÏ·ù·ÎºÎÅÍ ¼ö°ÅÇÑ ¹°·Î Æó¼ö¸¦ Èñ¼®Çß´Ù. ÀÌÈÄ ¿¬±¸ÁøÀº À½¿ë¼ö ó¸®Àå¿¡¼­ Æó¼ö¸¦ »ì±Õ ó¸®ÇÏ´Â °Íó·³, ½Ã·á¸¦ ¿°¼Ò, Ŭ·Î¶ó¹Î ¶Ç´Â ¿ÀÁ¸ µîÀ¸·Î ó¸®Çß´Ù.

Áú·® ºÐ±¤ºÐ¼®¹ý(mass spectrometry)À» ÀÌ¿ëÇÏ¿©, ¿¬±¸ÁøÀº »ì±Õ ºÎ»ê¹° ¼öÁØÀÇ ¹üÀ§¸¦ ÃøÁ¤ÇÏ¿©, Æļâ Æó±â¹°ÀÌ ¾ø´Â ó¸®µÈ ÇÏõ¼öÀÇ ¼öÁØ°ú ºñ±³Çß´Ù. 0.01% Æó¼ö¸¦ ÇÔÀ¯ÇÏ´Â ¿°¼Ò·Î ġȯµÈ ½Ã·á¿¡¼­, Æ®¸®ÇҷθÞź°ú ÇҷξƼ¼Åä´ÏÆ®¸±(haloacetonitrile)ÀÇ ³óµµ´Â ó¸®µÈ º¯°æµÇÁö ¾ÊÀº ÇÏõ¼ö¿¡¼­ µÎ ¹°ÁúÀÇ ³óµµº¸´Ù ÈξÀ ´õ ³ô¾Ò´Ù. 0.1%ÀÇ Æó¼ö¸¦ ÇÔÀ¯ÇÏ´Â ½Ã·á´Â Æ®¸®ÇҷθÞźÀÇ ³óµµ ¼öÁØÀÌ 70~140% ´õ ³ô¾ÒÀ¸¸ç, ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ È­ÇÕ¹°ÀÇ ÀϺΠ³óµµ´Â EPA ÇÑ°èÄ¡¸¦ ÃÊ°úÇß´Ù. ¿ÀÁ¸À¸·Î ó¸®µÈ ¹° ½Ã·á¿¡¼­, ÀáÀçÀûÀÎ ¹ß¾Ï¼º ¹°ÁúÀÎ ºê·Ð»ê¿°(bromate)Àº Çã¿ëÄ¡(regulatory limits) ÀÌ»óÀ» ³ªÅ¸³Â´Ù. ¶Ç ¿¬±¸ÁøÀº Æļâ Æó¼ö°¡ ¿°¼Ò·Î ġȯµÈ À¯»çÇÑ È­Çй°Áúº¸´Ù »ó´çÈ÷ ´õ ³ôÀº µ¶¼ºÀ» ³ªÅ¸³»´Â °æÇâÀÌ ÀÖ´Â ºê·ÒÀ¸·Î ġȯµÈ »ì±Õ ºÎ»ê¹°°ú ¿ä¿Àµå·Î ġȯµÈ »ì±Õ ºÎ»ê¹°ÀÇ ¼öÁØÀ» Áõ°¡½Ãų ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù´Â °ÍÀ» È®ÀÎÇß´Ù.

½ÇÁ¦ÀûÀÎ À½¿ë¼ö ó¸®Àå¿¡¼­, ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ È­ÇÕ¹°¿¡ ´ëÇÑ À¯±â Àü±¸Ã¼´Â »ì±Õ ÀÌÀü¿¡ Á¦°ÅµÉ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù. µû¶ó¼­ Á¦¾îµÈ ºÎ»ê¹°Àº º¸´Ù ´õ ³·Àº ¼öÁØ¿¡¼­ ¹ß°ßµÉ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù°í ¿¬±¸ÁøÀº ³í¹®¿¡ ±â¼úÇß´Ù. ±×·¯³ª 2010³â¿¡, PWSA(Pittsburgh Water & Sewer Authority)´Â À½¿ë¼ö¿¡¼­ Æ®¸®ÇҷθÞź¿¡¼­ »ó´çÇÑ Áõ°¡¸¦ ÃøÁ¤Çß´Ù. PWSA´Â Æļâ Æó±â¹°À» Ãë±ÞÇÏ´Â »ê¾÷¿ë Æó¼ö ó¸®ÀåÀ¸·ÎºÎÅÍ À¯·¡ÇÏ´Â ¿ø¼ö(source water)¿¡¼­ »ó½ÂµÈ ºê·ÒÈ­¹°(bromide)°ú °ü·ÃµÈ ¹®Á¦¸¦ ÃßÀûÇß´Ù.

Ææ½Çº£ÀÌ´Ï¾Æ È¯°æº¸È£±¹(Pennsylvania Department of Environmental Protection)Àº Æó¼ö¸¦ ³»º¸³»´Â °Í¿¡¼­ Ææ½Çº£ÀÌ´Ï¾Æ ÁÖ ³» µµ½Ã Æó±â¹° ó¸®Àå¿¡ À̸£´Â ¼ö¾Ð Æļ⠿À» ¾ïÁ¦Çϱ⠽ÃÀÛÇß´Ù. ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ Æó±â ¹æ¹ýÀº ÁöÁøÀ» À¯¹ßÇÏ´Â °Í°ú °°Àº ¿ì·Á¸¦ Á¦±âÇÔ¿¡µµ ºÒ±¸ÇÏ°í, ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ Æó¼öÀÇ ÀϺδ ÁöÇÏ¿¡ ÁÖÀԵǴ ´ë½Å ¿ÀÇÏÀÌ¿À ÁÖ·Î ¹æÇâÀ» ¹Ù²Ù¾ú´Ù.

»ì±Õ ºÎ»ê¹° ¹®Á¦¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ÇÑ °¡Áö ÇØ°á ¹æ¾ÈÀº °úµµÇÑ ÇҷΰÕÈ­¹°À» Á¦°ÅÇϵµ·Ï Æó¼ö¸¦ ó¸®ÇÏ´Â °ÍÀ̶ó°í ¹Ì±¹ ÁöÁú ¿¬±¸¼Ò(U.S. Geological Survey) ¼Ò¼ÓÀÇ Michelle L. HladikÀº ¹àÇû´Ù. ±×³à´Â ÇöÀçÀÇ ¿¬±¸°¡ È­Çй°ÁúÀÇ Çü¼º°ú Ãß°¡µÈ Æļâ Æó¼öÀÇ ¾ç »çÀÌÀÇ °ü°è¸¦ º¸¿©ÁÖ¾ú±â ¶§¹®¿¡, À½¿ë¼ö ó¸®Àå¿¡ ³²°ÜÁø ºÎ»ê¹°ÀÇ ¼öÁØ¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ¹Ì·¡ ¿¬±¸¿¡ À¯¿ëÇÏ´Ù°í ¹àÇû´Ù.

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Fracking Wastewater Could Encourage Formation Of Toxic Compounds During Drinking Water Disinfection

Some natural gas extraction operations have sent the highly saline water left over from hydraulic fracturing, or fracking, to wastewater treatment plants for disposal. These plants then discharge their treated water into rivers that may feed drinking water plants downstream.
 
A new study finds a possible problem with this process: Even when made 10,000 times more dilute, fracking wastewater can increase levels of troubling compounds formed under conditions similar to those during drinking water disinfection (Environ. Sci. Technol. 2014, DOI: 10.102/es50281841). Halides in the wastewater lead to toxic disinfection by-products, some at levels that exceed allowed discharge limits for drinking water treatment plants, the researchers say.
 
Chlorine and chloramine used to disinfect water can react with organic matter to form compounds such as trihalomethanes and haloacetic acids. These disinfection by-products have been linked to cancer and nervous system problems, and some are regulated by the Environmental Protection Agency. In the presence of other halides such as bromide and iodide, the disinfectants can create by-products that are even more toxic than their chlorinated analogs. Wastewater generated during hydraulic fracturing can contain high concentrations of these halides, and they remain after the water goes through commercial or municipal wastewater treatment.
 
William A. Mitch of Stanford University and his colleagues wanted to know how wastewater from fracking might influence disinfection by-product formation at downstream drinking water treatment plants. The researchers obtained two samples of wastewater from hydraulic fracturing operations in the Marcellus Shale in Pennsylvania. To simulate the chemical composition of what a drinking water plant might take in, they diluted the wastewater with water from rivers downstream of the shale operations to get samples containing 0.01 to 0.1% wastewater by volume. Then the researchers treated the samples with chlorine, chloramine, or ozone, just like at a drinking water plant.
 
Using mass spectrometry, they measured levels of a range of disinfection by-products and compared them with levels in treated river water without any fracking waste. In chlorinated samples containing as little as 0.01% wastewater, concentrations of trihalomethanes and haloacetonitriles were higher than those in treated, unaltered river water. Samples containing 0.1% wastewater had 70 to 140% higher levels of trihalomethanes, and concentrations of some of those compounds exceeded EPA limits. In ozone-treated water samples, levels of bromate, a potential carcinogen, were also above regulatory limits. The researchers also noticed that the fracking wastewater led to increases in levels of brominated and iodinated disinfection by-products, which tend to be significantly more toxic than their chlorinated analogs.
 
In an actual drinking water plant, the organic precursors to these compounds may be removed prior to disinfection, so the regulated by-products might be found at lower levels, the researchers write in the paper. But in 2010, the Pittsburgh Water & Sewer Authority measured a significant increase in trihalomethanes in drinking water (J. Am. Water Works Assoc. 2013, DOI: 10.5942/jawwa.2013.105.0093). The agency traced the problem to elevated bromide levels in the source water, which might have come from industrial wastewater treatment plants handling fracking waste.
The Pennsylvania Department of Environmental Protection has started to discourage fracking operations from sending their wastewater to municipal treatment plants in the state. Some of that wastewater has been diverted to Ohio for underground injection instead, though this disposal method raises concerns about induced earthquakes.
 
One solution to the disinfection by-product problem could be treating wastewater to remove excess halides, says Michelle L. Hladik, of the U.S. Geological Survey in Sacramento, Calif. She says the current study is useful for future studies on levels of the by-products leaving drinking water plants because it shows the relationship between the formation of the chemicals and the amount of added fracking wastewater.
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