Duke 대학교에서 실시한 새 연구에서 오염 배출 당사자로 하여금 수질 배출권(water-quality credits)을 구매, 판매 및 교환 거래할 수 있도록 해 하천 유역 및 하구 퇴적지의 오염을 빠르게 절감시킬 수 있다는 결과가 발표됐다.

수질거래 프로그램을 통해 점점 높아지는 오염 컨트롤 비용에 직면해 있던 시설들은 그들의 시장에서 다른 오염배출 당사자(polluter)로부터 오염절감권을 구매함으로써 스스로 규제 정책을 충족시킬 수 있게 됐다. 그 결과 수질향상 수준은 같으나, 그것을 위해 들이는 시간과 비용이 절감되는 효과를 얻어냈다.

 

 

Water quality credits cut river pollution at low cost, research shows
    
A new study led by Duke University has found that allowing polluters to buy, sell or trade water-quality credits could significantly reduce pollution in river basins and estuaries faster and at lower cost than requiring the facilities to meet compliance costs on their own.

 

In water-quality trading programs, facilities facing higher pollution control costs are allowed to meet their regulatory obligations by purchasing pollution reduction credits from other polluters in their trading market. The end result -- improved water quality -- is the same, but the time and money needed to achieve it is less.

 

However, the scale and type of the trading programs, though critical, may matter less than just getting them started. "Our analysis shows that water-quality trading of any kind can significantly lower the costs of achieving Clean Water Act (CWA) goals," said Martin W. Doyle, professor of river science and policy at Duke's Nicholas School of the Environment.

 

"All other things being equal, regulators should allow trading to occur at the river basin scale as an appropriate first step. Larger spatial scales may be needed later if abatement costs increase," said Doyle, who also serves as director of the water policy program at Duke's Nicholas Institute for Environmental Policy Solutions.

 

To conduct their analysis, Doyle and his team developed a coupled hydrologic-economic model that measured the impacts of one-for-one trading and trading ratios among wastewater treatment plants in river basins draining into North Carolina's Albemarle-Pamlico Sound, the nation's second largest estuary.

They assessed the pros and cons of each program type over the entire length of the basins, not just downriver or in the estuary. They also looked at how costs were affected when market scale was expanded from sub-basin to basin-wide, and then to a larger area that included adjacent basins extending into Virginia.

 

"As the markets got larger, facilities had more opportunities to find suitably-sized trading partners who could help them reduce compliance costs," Doyle said. "But as we exceeded the basin scale, we reached a tipping point where risks increased so that pollution from many sources could end up in just a few places, creating pollution hotspots."

 

The study found only modest differences in the effectiveness of programs allowing one-for-one trading versus trading ratios. The optimal scales of markets remained the same under either scenario. In addition to demonstrating that basin-wide trading is the optimal initial scale for many markets, the team's findings reinforce the need for interstate trading, Doyle said.

 

"Look at a map of the United States. If we are going to have water-quality trading here, we are going to have to allow interstate trading because of the geography of our states and river basins," he said. "Pollution doesn't start or stop at state borders." Doyle is planning future studies to see if the same approach works for reducing non-point-source pollution from urban and agricultural runoff, which is a bigger problem in many river basins.

 

[출처 = Water World / 2014년 9월 24일]