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Àü ¼¼°è ÇØ¾È ±ºÁýÀº Çؼö¸é »ó½Â, Áõ°¡ÇÏ´Â Æødz¿ì ¹× Åä¾ç ħÇÏ µîÀÇ °á°ú·Î È«¼ö À§ÇèÀÇ Áõ°¡¿¡ Á÷¸éÇØÀÖ´Ù. ¹Ð¹°°ú ½ä¹°¿¡ ÀÇÇØ ¹°ÀÌ Àá±â°í ºüÁö´Â ½ÀÁöÀÎ ¿°½ÀÁö(salt marshes)´Â Æødz¿ì°¡ ¹ß»ýÇÏ´Â µ¿¾È Æĵµ·ÎºÎÅÍ º¸È£¸¦ Á¦°øÇÔÀ¸·Î½á ÀÚ¿¬ÀûÀÎ ¿ÏÃæ Áö¿ªÀ¸·Î ÀÛ¿ëÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù. ±×·¯³ª ±Ø½ÉÇÑ »ç°ÇÀÌ ÀϾ´Â µ¿¾È Çؼö¸éÀÌ ÃÖ´ëÀÌ°í ÆĵµÀÇ ³ôÀÌ°¡ ÃÖ´ëÀÏ ¶§, Çؾȼ±À» º¸È£ÇÏ´Â µ¥ À־ ¿°½ÀÁöÀÇ È¿°ú´Â ±Ô¸íµÇÁö ¾Ê¾Ò´Ù.

¹Ì±¹ ÄÉÀӺ긮Áö ´ëÇÐ(University of Cambridge) ¼Ò¼ÓÀÇ ¿¬±¸ÁøÀÌ ¼öÇàÇÑ ¿¬±¸´Â ±Ø½ÉÇÑ ±â»ó Á¶°ÇÀ» °Þ´Â ÇØ¾È Áö¿ª º¸È£¿¡¼­ ¿°½ÀÁöÀÇ È¿°ú¸¦ Á¤·®È­Çß´Ù.

±âÈÄ º¯È­ÀÇ °¡Àå ºÐ¸íÇÑ È¿°ú Áß Çϳª´Â 2013³â °Ü¿ï ³²¼­ À×±Û·£µå¸¦ ½ÉÇÏ°Ô °­Å¸Çß´ø ÀÏ·ÃÀÇ Æødz¿ìó·³ Æødz¿ìÀÇ ºóµµ(frequency)¿Í °­µµ(severity)°¡ Áõ°¡ÇÏ°í ÀÖ´Ù´Â Á¡ÀÌ´Ù. ±âÈÄ°¡ Áö¼ÓÀûÀ¸·Î ¿Â³­È­µÇ°í ÀÖÀ¸¸ç, Çؼö¸éÀÌ »ó½ÂÇÏ°í Àֱ⠶§¹®¿¡, ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ Æødz¿ìÀÇ È¿°ú´Â ´ë´ÜÈ÷ Æı«ÀûÀ̸ç, ÀÌ Áö¿ª°ú Àü ¼¼°è ´Ù¸¥ ÇØ¾È Áö¿ªÀ» À§Çè¿¡ óÇÏ°Ô ¸¸µé ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù.

ÇØ¾È Ä§½Ä(coastal erosion)ÀÇ º¸È£¿¡¼­ ¿°½ÀÁöÀÇ Áß¿äÇÑ ¿ªÇÒÀº Àß ¾Ë·ÁÁ® ÀÖ´Â ¹Ý¸é, Çؼö¸éÀÌ ÃÖ´ë¿¡ À̸£°í Æĵµ°¡ ÃÖ´ëÀÏ ¶§ ±ØÇÑ ±âÈÄÀÇ È¿°ú(effects of extreme weather)¸¦ ¿ÏÈ­½ÃÅ°´Â µ¥ À־ ¿°½ÀÁöÀÇ È¿°ú´Â ÀÌÇصÇÁö ¾Ê¾ÒÀ¸¸ç, ¸íÈ®ÇÏ°Ô Á¤·®È­µÇÁö ¾Ê¾Ò´Ù.

ÀÌ ¿¬±¸¿¡¼­, ¿¬±¸ÁøÀº 300¹ÌÅÍ ±æÀÌÀÇ Á¶ÆÄ ¼öÁ¶(wave tank)¿¡¼­ Æødz¿ì°¡ ¸ô¾ÆÄ¡´Â Á¶°Ç ÇÏ¿¡¼­ Æĵµ ¼Ò»ê(wave dissipation, ÆĵµÀÇ Èð¾îÁü)À» Æò°¡Çß´Ù. ¿¬±¸ÁøÀº ¿°½ÀÁö ½Ä»ýÀÇ Á¸Àç°¡ ¼ö¸é°ú Æĵµ°¡ °¡Àå ³ôÀ» ¶§Á¶Â÷, »ó´çÇÑ Æĵµ ¾àÈ­(wave attenuation)¸¦ À¯¹ßÇÑ´Ù´Â °ÍÀ» ¹ß°ßÇß´Ù. ½Ä»ý(vegetation)ÀÌ ¾ø´Â Á¶°Ç¿¡¼­ ½ÇÇèÀ» ºñ±³ÇÔÀ¸·Î½á, ¿¬±¸ÁøÀº °üÂûµÈ Æĵµ °¨¼ÒÀÇ 60 %±îÁö ½Ä»ý¿¡ ±âÀÎÇÑ´Ù´Â °ÍÀ¸·Î ÃßÁ¤Çß´Ù.

¿¬±¸ÁøÀº ÀÌ Çö»óÀ» Á¶»çÇϱâ À§ÇÏ¿© °Å´ëÇÑ ½ÇÇè½Ç ½ÇÇèÀ» ¼öÇàÇßÀ¸¸ç, 40 ¹ÌÅÍ °Å¸®¿¡ °ÉÃÄ ¿°½ÀÁö°¡ 18 %±îÁö ±íÀº Çؼö¿¡¼­ °Å´ëÇÑ ÆĵµÀÇ ³ôÀ̸¦ ÁÙÀÌ°í, ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ È¿°ú°¡ ÇØ¾È Ä§½Ä°ú ¹ü¶÷(coastal erosion and flooding)ÀÇ À§ÇèÀ» ÁÙÀÌ´Â È¿°úÀûÀÎ ¹æ¾ÈÀ» ¸¸µé ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù°í Á¦¾ÈÇß´Ù. ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ °¨ÃàÀÇ 60%´Â ¿°½ÀÁö Á¸À縸À¸·Î ±âÀÎÇÑ´Ù. °á°ú´Â Nature Geoscience Àú³Î¿¡ ¹ßÇ¥µÆ´Ù.

¶Ç ¿¬±¸ÁøÀº ºñ·Ï Æĵµ°¡ ½Ä»ý Áٱ⸦ Á¡ÁøÀûÀ¸·Î Æı«ÇÏ°í ±úºÎ¼ø´Ù°í ÇÏ´õ¶ó°í, µû¶ó¼­ Æĵµ ¼Ò»êÀ» °¨¼Ò½ÃŲ´Ù°í ÇÏ´õ¶óµµ, ½ÀÁö ±âÁú(marsh substrate)ÀÌ ¾ÈÁ¤ÀûÀ¸·Î ³²¾Æ À־, ¸ðµç Á¶°Ç ÇÏ¿¡¼­ Ç¥¸é ºÎ½Ä¿¡ ÀúÇ×ÇÑ´Ù´Â °ÍÀ» ¹ß°ßÇß´Ù. Æødz¿ì Æĵµ ¼Ò»êÀÇ È¿°ú¿Í ±Ø½ÉÇÑ Á¶°Ç¿¡¼­ °¨Á¶ ½ÀÁö(tidal marshes)ÀÇ È¸º¹·ÂÀÌ ¿°½ÀÁö »ýÅ°谡 ÇØ¾È º¸È£ °èȹÀÇ ±ÍÁßÇÑ ±¸¼º ¿ä¼Ò°¡ µÉ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù´Â °ÍÀ» Á¦¾ÈÇß´Ù.

Áï, °Å´ëÇÑ Á¶ÆÄ ¼öÁ¶¿¡¼­ ¿°½ÀÁöÀÇ ÀçÇö°ú ½ÇÁ¦ÀûÀÎ Æødz¿ì Á¶°Ç¿¡ ¿°½ÀÁö¸¦ ¹èÄ¡ÇÔÀ¸·Î½á, ¿¬±¸ÁøÀº Æĵµ¸¦ »ó´çÈ÷ ¿ÏÃæÇÏ´Â È¿°ú¸¦ ¹ß°ßÇß´Ù. »ï¸²À» ÅëÇÏ¿© ¹Ù¶÷ÀÌ ºÎ´Â °Í°ú À¯»çÇÏ°Ô, Æĵµ°¡ ½Ä¹° ÁÖº¯À¸·Î µå³ªµé ¶§, ½Ä¹°Àº ¹°ÀÇ ¿¡³ÊÁö¸¦ ÁÙÀδÙ. Æĵµ°¡ ¿°½ÀÁö ½Ä»ýÀ» Æı«ÇÏ°í ±úºÎ¼ú ¶§Á¶Â÷, Åä¾ç Ç¥¸é ¾Æ·¡´Â ¾ÈÁ¤ÀûÀ¸·Î ³²¾Æ ÀÖÀ¸¸ç, Ç¥¸é ºÎ½Ä¿¡ ÀúÇ×ÇÑ´Ù.

¿°½ÀÁö´Â Àü ¼¼°è¿¡¼­ ¹ß°ßµÇ°í, ƯÈ÷ ÁßÀ§µµ¿¡¼­ °íÀ§µµ¿¡ °ÉÃÄ ºÐÆ÷µÇ¾î ÀÖ´Ù. ÇØ¾È Ä§½ÄÀ» º¸È£ÇÏ´Â ¿ªÇÒ°ú ¹ü¶÷À» ÁÙÀÌ´Â °Í ÀÌ¿Ü¿¡, ¿°½ÀÁö´Â ¼ö¸¹Àº ÇØ¾ç µ¿¹°¿¡ Çdz­Ã³¿Í ¾È½Äó·Î ÀÛ¿ëÇÏ°í, À¯Ãâ¼ö¸¦ ¿©°úÇÔÀ¸·Î½á ¼öÁúÀ» º¸È£ÇÑ´Ù.

¿ì¸®°¡ ¿°½ÀÁö¿Í ¸ð·¡ ¾ð´ö ¶Ç´Â °³ÆÞ°ú ´Ù¸¥ ÀÚ¿¬ÀûÀÎ ¹æ¾î ü°è°¡ Çؾȼ±À» º¸È£ÇÏ´Â µ¥ µµ¿òÀ» ÁÙ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù°í ¿À·§µ¿¾È ¾Ë·ÁÁ® ¿Â ÇÑÆí, ±ØÇÑ Á¶°Ç¿¡¼­ ¿°½ÀÁö¿Í ÀÚ¿¬ÀûÀÎ ¹æ¾î ü°èÀÇ È¿°ú¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ÀÚ·áÀÇ °á¿©´Â ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ ½Ã½ºÅÛÀÌ È«¼ö À§Çè Æò°¡¿¡ Á¾Á¾ Æ÷ÇÔµÇÁö ¾Ê¾Ò´Ù´Â °ÍÀ» ÀǹÌÇÑ´Ù°í ÀÌ ¿¬±¸¸¦ ÁÖµµÇÑ ÄÉÀӺ긮Áö ´ëÇÐ Áö¸®ÇкΠ¼Ò¼ÓÀÇ Iris Möller ¹Ú»ç´Â ¹àÇû´Ù. ±×·¯³ª ¿¬±¸ÁøÀº ±Ø½ÉÇÑ Á¶°Ç¿¡¼­Á¶Â÷ ¿°½ÀÁö°¡ Çؾȼ±À» À§ÇÑ ÇʼöÀûÀÎ ¹æ¾î ½Ã¼³À̸ç, º¸´Ù ´õ ºó¹øÇÑ Æødz¿ì·ÎºÎÅÍ º¸È£ÇÑ´Ù´Â °ÍÀ» º¸¿© ÁÖ¾ú´Ù°í Möller ¹Ú»ç´Â ¹àÇû´Ù.

¿¬±¸ÁøÀº µ¶ÀÏ ¼­ºÏºÎ¿¡ À§Ä¡ÇÑ ÀÚ¿¬Àû ½ÀÁö¸¦ Àß¶ó¼­ ¿°½ÀÁöÀÇ ¸¹Àº ºÎºÐÀ» »ç¿ëÇÏ¿´´Ù. ÀÌÈÄ ¿¬±¸ÆÀÀº µ¶ÀÏ Çϳë¹ö(Hannover)¿¡ À§Ä¡ÇÑ Àü ¼¼°è¿¡¼­ °¡Àå Å« Á¶ÆÄ ¼öÁ¶ Áß Çϳª¿¡¼­ ½ÀÁö¸¦ Àç°ÇÃàÇÏ¿©, ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ ¿°½ÀÁö°¡ Æødz ÇØÀÏ Á¶°Ç¿¡¼­ ÀüÇüÀûÀÎ Æĵµ À¯Çü°ú ¹°ÀÇ ±íÀÌ¿¡ Áö¹è¹Þ°Ô Çß´Ù. Æĵµ°¡ ½Ä¹°À» Æı«ÇÑ ÈÄÁ¶Â÷, ½ÀÁö´Â ¾ÆÁ÷±îÁö ºÎ½Ä¿¡ ´ëÇÑ È¿°úÀûÀÎ ¹æ¾îº®À̾úÀ¸¸ç, È«¼ö ¹æº®(flood walls)°ú °°ÀÌ Á¦Á¶µÈ ¹æ¾î ½Ã½ºÅÛ°ú ³ª¶õÈ÷ ¹èÄ¡µÇ¾î ÀÖ´Â ÀÚ¿¬ÀûÀÎ È«¼ö ¹æ¾î ½Ã¼³(natural flood defences) Á߿伺À» Áõ¸íÇß´Ù.

2013³â °Ü¿ï À×±Û·£µå ³²¼­ºÎ¸¦ °­Å¸Çß´ø È«¼ö´Â °ÅÀÇ 20³â ¸¸¿¡ ÃÖ¾ÇÀÇ È«¼ö¿´´Ù. 12¿ù°ú 2¿ù »çÀÌ¿¡ 12°³ÀÇ ÁÖ¿ä Æødz¿ì´Â °Å´ëÇÑ Æĵµ, °­·ÂÇÑ ¹Ù¶÷À» À¯¹ßÇßÀ¸¸ç, ÄÜ¿ù(Cornwall), µ¥¹ø(Devon) ¹× ¼­³² Áö¿ª ¸¹Àº ºÎºÐÀ» Á¶¼ö°¡ °­Å¸Çß´Ù. ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ »ç°ÇÀº ¼ö¹é ¸¸ ÆÄ¿îµå °¡Ä¡ÀÇ ¼ÕÇظ¦ ¹ß»ý½ÃÄ×´Ù. ¸¹Àº °¡±¸¿Í »ç¾÷ÀÌ ¿©·¯ ¹ø ħ¼öµÆÀ¸¸ç, ¼­¸Ó¼Â(Somerset)¿¡¼­ ÁÖ¿ä È«¼ö´Â ¸¹Àº °¡±¸°¡ ÁÖÅÃÀ» ¹ö¸®°í, ¸¹Àº ³óºÎµéÀº °¡ÃàÀ» ¹ö¸®°í Çdz­ÇÏ°Ô Çß´Ù.

¹Ì·¡ Æødz¿ìÀÇ È¿°ú¸¦ ¿ÏÈ­Çϱâ À§ÇÑ Á¤ºÎÀÇ ½ÃµµÀÇ ÀÏȯÀ¸·Î, ¿°½ÀÁö´Â ¿µ±¹ ÇØ¾È ÁÖº¯ÀÇ ¸î¸î À§Ä¡¿¡¼­ ÀçÇöµÆ´Ù. ¼­¸Ó¼ÂÀÇ Steart ¹Ýµµ(Steart peninsula)¿¡ ´ëÇÑ °Å´ëÇÑ »õ·Î¿î ¿°½ÀÁö°¡ ÃÖ±Ù¿¡ ¿Ï¼ºµÆÀ¸¸ç, ¸î °÷ÀÇ ´õ ¸¹Àº ¿°½ÀÁö°¡ ¿µ±¹ Àü¿ªÀÇ À§Ä¡¿¡¼­ °èȹµÇ°í ÀÖ´Ù.

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Salt marsh plants key to reducing coastal erosion and flooding
 
The effectiveness of salt marshes – wetlands which are flooded and drained by tides – in protecting coastal areas in times of severe weather has been quantified in a study by researchers from the University of Cambridge.
 
In the largest laboratory experiment ever constructed to investigate this phenomenon, the have shown that over a distance of 40 metres, the salt marsh reduced the of large waves in by 18%, making them an effective tool for reducing the risk of and flooding. Sixty percent of this reduction is due to the presence of marsh plants alone. The results are published in the journal Nature Geoscience.
 
One of the most noticeable effects of climate change is the increasing frequency and severity of storms, such as the series of storms which battered parts of south west England last winter. As the climate continues to warm and sea levels continue to rise, the effects of these storms could be devastating, putting these and other coastal communities worldwide at risk.
 
While the important role of salt marshes in protecting against coastal erosion is well-known, their effectiveness in mitigating the effects of extreme weather, when water levels are at their maximum and waves are at their highest, had not been understood or definitively quantified.
 
Recreating a salt marsh in a large wave tank and subjecting it to realistic storm conditions, the researchers found that it significantly 'buffered' the effects of the waves. Similar to wind blowing through a forest, the plants reduce the energy of the water as it flows through and around them. Even when the waves flattened and broke the marsh's vegetation, the soil surface beneath remained stable and resistant to surface erosion.

Salt marshes are found throughout the world, particularly at middle to high latitudes. In addition to their role in protecting against coastal erosion and reducing flooding, they also act as nurseries and refuges for many species of marine animals, and protect water quality by filtering runoff.
 
Given increased rates of global sea level rise, there are concerns about losing salt marsh on many coasts, particularly where there is insufficient sediment and space to allow marshes to build upwards and landwards.

"While we have long known that salt marshes and other natural defences such as sand dunes or mudflats can help protect our coastlines, a lack of data on their effectiveness in extreme conditions has meant that they often are not included in flood risk assessments," said Dr Iris Möller of Cambridge's Department of Geography (Cambridge Coastal Research Unit), who led the research. "But we've shown that even in extreme conditions, salt marshes are a vital defence for our coastlines and protect against more frequent storms."
 
The researchers used large sections of salt marsh, cut from a natural marsh in northwestern Germany. The team then rebuilt the marsh in one of the world's largest wave tanks, located in Hannover, and subjected it to water depths and types of waves that are typical in storm surge conditions. Even after the waves flattened the plants, the marsh was still an effective barrier against erosion, demonstrating the importance of natural flood defences alongside manufactured defences such as flood walls.
 
The flooding which hit south west England last winter was the worst in nearly 20 years. A series of 12 major storms between December and February caused huge waves, strong winds and hide to pummel large parts of Cornwall, Devon and the southwest, causing millions of pounds worth of damage. Many homes and businesses were flooded multiple times, and major flooding in the Somerset Levels forced many families to evacuate their homes and many farmers to evacuate their livestock.

As part of the government's attempts to mitigate the effects of future storms, salt marshes have been re-created in several locations around the UK coast: a large new on the Somerset's Steart peninsula was recently completed, and several more are planned for locations throughout the UK.
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