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¸ð·¡ ÀÔÀÚ(sand particle) À§¿¡ ±¤¹° ÄÚÆÃ(mineral coating)ÀÌ À½¿ë¼ö¸¦ À§ÇÏ¿© ÁöÇϼö¸¦ ó¸®Çϱâ À§ÇÏ¿© »ç¿ëµÇ´Â ±Þ¼Ó ¿©°úÁö(rapid sand filter)¿¡¼­ ¹Ì»ý¹° È°¼º(microbial activity)À» ½ÇÁ¦·Î ÃËÁø½ÃŲ´Ù°í »õ·Î¿î ¿¬±¸´Â ¹àÇû´Ù. °ü·Ã ¿¬±¸´Â Applied and Environmental Microbiology Àú³Î¿¡ ÃâÆǵDZâ Àü ¹ßÇ¥µÆ´Ù. ÀÌ ¿¬±¸ °á°ú´Â ±¤»ó(mineral deposit)ÀÌ ¸ð·¡ ÀÔÀÚÀÇ ¹Ì»ý¹° ±ºÁýÈ­¸¦ ¹æÇØÇÑ´Ù´Â ÀüÅëÀûÀÎ ÁöÇý¸¦ óÀ½À¸·Î ºÎÀÎÇÑ °ÍÀÌ´Ù.

¿¬±¸ÁøÀº ¹Ì»ý¹° È°¼º°ú ³óµµ¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ±¤»óÀÇ ¾ÐµµÀûÀÎ ±àÁ¤ÀûÀÎ È¿°ú¸¦ ¹ß°ßÇß´Ù°í ÀÌ ³í¹®ÀÇ ÀúÀÚÀÎ µ§¸¶Å© °ø°ú´ëÇÐ(Technical University of Denmark) ¼Ò¼ÓÀÇ Barth F. Smets´Â ¹àÇû´Ù.

±¤¹° ÄÚÆÃÀº ÁöÇϼö°¡ À½¿ë¼ö »ý»ê¿¡¼­ ±Þ¼Ó ¿©°úÁö¸¦ ÅëÇÏ¿© ó¸®µÉ ¶§, ¿©°úÁö ¾Ë°»ÀÌ Ç¥¸é À§¿¡ ¼ºÀåÇÑ´Ù. ÄÚÆÃÀº ¿©°ú Àç·áÀÇ ¹°¸®Àû Ư¼º°ú È­ÇÐÀû Ư¼ºÀ» Ưº°ÇÏ°Ô º¯È­½ÃÅ°Áö¸¸, È°¼º, ±ºÁý Çü¼º(colonization), ´Ù¾ç¼º, ¹Ì»ý¹°±ºÀÇ Ç³ºÎÇÔ µî¿¡ ³¢Ä¡´Â È¿°ú¿¡ ´ëÇÏ¿©´Â ¾Ë·ÁÁø ¹Ù°¡ °ÅÀÇ ¾ø´Ù. ÇöÀç±îÁö, ±Þ¼Ó ¿©°úÁö¿¡ ´ëÇÏ¿© °ÅÀÇ ¾Ë·ÁÁöÁö ¾Ê¾Ò´Ù°í ÁÖÀúÀÚÀÎ SmetsÀÇ ¼®»ç °úÁ¤ Çлý Áß ÇÑ »ç¶÷ÀÎ Arda Gulay´Â ¹àÇû´Ù.

±Þ¼Ó ¿©°úÁö¿¡¼­, È­ÇÐÀû, »ý¹°ÇÐÀû ¹× ¹°¸®ÇÐÀû ¹ÝÀÀÀÇ °áÇÕÀº ¿¹¸¦ µé¸é, ö, ¸Á°£, ¾Ï¸ð´Ï¾Æ ¹× ¸Þź µî°ú °°Àº ºÒ¼ø¹°ÀÇ Ä§Àü°ú Á¦°Å¿¡ µµ¿òÀ» Áشٰí Arda Gulay´Â ¹àÇû´Ù. ½Ã°£¿¡ ¸ÂÃç, ¸ð·¡ ¿©°úÁö ¾Ë°»ÀÌ°¡ ½Ã½ºÅÛ °ü¸®ÀÚ°¡ ÁÖ±âÀûÀ¸·Î ¼¼Ã´À» ÅëÇÏ¿© Á¦°ÅÇÏ´Â ´ëºÎºÐÀÇ ±¤¹°·Î ÄÚÆõƴÙ.

±¤¹°Àº ÀÏÁ¾ÀÇ ¹úÁýó·³ ¸ð·¡ ÀÔÀÚ ÁÖº¯¿¡ dzºÎÇÑ ±âÁúÀ» Çü¼ºÇÑ´Ù´Â °ÍÀÌ ÀÔÁõµÆ´Ù. ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ ±¸Á¶¿¡¼­ ¹ÚÅ׸®¾Æ ¼¼Æ÷ ¹Ðµµ´Â ¸Å¿ì ³ôÀ» ¼ö ÀÖÀ¸¸ç, ¿©ºÐÀÇ ¾Ï¸ð´Ï¾Æ°¡ Á¦°øµÉ ¶§ Ãß°¡·Î ³ô¾ÆÁú ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù°í Smets´Â ¹àÇû´Ù. ¹ÚÅ׸®¾Æ´Â ÀϹÝÀûÀ¸·Î ÁöÇϼö¿¡ ÇÔÀ¯µÇ¾î ÀÖ´Â ¾Ï¸ð´½, ¸Á°£ ¹× ´Ù¸¥ ºÒ¼ø¹°À» Á¦°ÅÇÏ´Â µ¥ Âü¿©ÇÑ´Ù.

¿¬±¸ÁøÀÇ ¹æÇâÀº ¶æÇÏÁö ¾ÊÀº ¹ß°ßÀ» Æ÷ÇÔÇÏ°í ÀÖ´Ù. Ãʱ⿡, ¿¬±¸ÁøÀº ¹ÚÅ׸®¾ÆÀÇ ¼ö¿Í ¸ð·¡ ÀÔÀÚÀÇ ±¤¹° ÄÚÆÃÀÇ Á¤µµ »çÀÌ¿¡ ¿¹±âÄ¡ ¾ÊÀº ¾çÀÇ »ó°ü°ü°è¸¦ ¹ß°ßÇß´Ù°í Smets´Â ¹àÇû´Ù. ÀÌ°ÍÀº Ãß°¡ÀûÀÎ Á¶»ç¸¦ ¼öÇàÇÒ¸¸ÇÑ °¡Ä¡°¡ ÀÖ´Â °ÍÀ¸·Î ¿©°ÜÁ³Áö¸¸, ¿¬±¸ÁøÀº ÀÌ°ÍÀÌ ³ë·ÂÀ» ¿äÇÏ´Â ½ÇÇèÀÌ µÉ °ÍÀ¸·Î »ý°¢Çß´Ù. ¿¬±¸ÁøÀº ¿¬±¸ÁøÀÌ ÀÌ·é µ¶Æ¯ÇÑ ¹ß°ßÀ» ±Ô¸íÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Â ÁõÂø ³»ºÎÀÇ ±¸Á¶Ã³·³ ¹Ì»ý¹° ¼¼Æ÷¸¦ ¸íÈ®ÇÏ°Ô ±Ô¸íÇÏ´Â ±¤¹°»óÀÇ ½ÇÁ¦ÀûÀÎ ´Ü¸éÀ» ¾ÆÁ÷±îÁö È®ÀÎÇÏÁö ¸øÇß´Ù.

ÀÌ ¿¬±¸´Â ±¤¹° ÄÚÆÃÀÌ ±Þ¼Ó ¸ð·¡ ¿©°ú¿¡¼­ ¹Ì»ý¹° ±ºÁýÀÇ È°¼º°ú ±ºÁý Çü¼º¿¡ ±àÁ¤ÀûÀÎ È¿°ú¸¦ ÃÊ·¡ÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù´Â »ç½ÇÀ» ±Ô¸íÇß´Ù. ÀÌ È¿°ú¸¦ ÀÌÇØÇϱâ À§ÇÏ¿©, ¿¬±¸ÁøÀº ´Ù¾çÇÑ Á¤µµÀÇ ±¤¹° ÄÚÆÿ¡ ´ëÇÑ ¾Ë°»ÀÌ¿¡¼­ ÁúÈ­ ¿øÇÙ»ý¹°(nitrifying prokaryote)ÀÇ ´Ù¾ç¼º, ±ºÁý Çü¼º, °ø°£ ºÐÆ÷ ¹× dzºÎÇÔ µîÀ» Á¶»çÇß´Ù.

¶Ç ¿¬±¸ÁøÀº ±¤¹° ÄÚÆÃÀÇ ¹°¸®Àû Ư¼º°ú È­ÇÐÀû Ư¼ºÀ» Á¶»çÇß´Ù. ±¤¹° ÄÚÆÃÀÇ ¾çÀº ³»ºÎ ´Ù°ø¼º(internal porosity), ä¿öÁø ºÎÇÇ ¹Ðµµ(packed bulk density) ¹× ¿©°ú Àç·áÀÇ »ý¹°ÇÐÀûÀ¸·Î ÀÌ¿ë °¡´ÉÇÑ Ç¥¸éÀû µî°ú ¾çÀÇ »ó°ü°ü°è¸¦ ³ªÅ¸³Â´Ù.

ºÎÇÇ ºÐ¼®ÀÇ NH4+ Á¦°Å ¼Óµµ ¿ª½Ã ±¤¹° ÄÚÆà Á¤µµ°¡ Áõ°¡ÇÔ¿¡ µû¶ó Áõ°¡Çß´Ù. ÀÏ°ü¼º ÀÖ°Ô, ¹ÚÅ׸®¾Æ¼º 16S rRNA¿Í amoA dzºÎÇÔÀº Áõ°¡µÈ ±¤¹° ÄÚÆà ¼öÁØ¿¡ ¾çÀÇ »ó°ü°ü°è¸¦ ³ªÅ¸³Â´Ù. ¹Ì»ý¹° ±ºÁý Çü¼ºÀº 600¡¾51 ¥ìm±îÁöÀÇ µÎ²²¸¦ °¡Áö´Â ±¤¹° ÄÚÆÃÀÇ ¿ÜºÎ ÁÖº¯(outer periphery, 60.6¡¾35.6 ¥ìm) ³»¿¡¼­ ÁÖ·Î °¡½ÃÈ­µÉ ¼ö ÀÖ¾ú´Ù.

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ÁúÈ­ ¼¼±Õ ´Ù¾ç¼º(nitrifier diversity)Àº ÆÄÀ̷νÃÄö½º ºÐ¼®(pyrosequencing analysis)¿¡ ÀÇÇØ ¾Ï½ÃµÇ´Â °Íó·³ ±¤¹° ÄÚÆÃÀÇ Á¤µµ¿¡ °ü°è¾øÀÌ À¯»çÇß´Ù. ÀüüÀûÀ¸·Î, ¿¬±¸ÁøÀÇ °á°ú´Â ±¤¹° ÄÚÆÃÀÌ ±Þ¼Ó ¸ð·¡ ¿©°úÁö¿¡¼­ ¹Ì»ý¹° ±ºÁý Çü¼º°ú È°¼º¿¡ ±àÁ¤ÀûÀÎ ¿µÇâÀ» ³¢Ä£´Ù´Â °ÍÀ» Áõ¸íÇß´Ù. ÀÌ°ÍÀº ÁÖ·Î Áõ°¡µÈ ºÎÇÇ ¼¼Æ÷ dzºÎÇÔÀÌ ¹Ì»ý¹° ±ºÁý Çü¼º¿¡ ´ëÇÑ Á¢±Ù °¡´ÉÇÑ ³»ºÎ ±¤¹° ±â°ø°ú ´õ Å« Ç¥¸éÀû¿¡ ÀÇÇØ ÃËÁøµÇ±â ¶§¹®ÀÌ´Ù.

¿¬±¸°¡ Á¦±âÇÑ ÁÖ¿ä Àǹ®Àº ¹Ì»ý¹°ÀÌ ¹Ì¼Ò±â°ø(microporosity)ÀÇ ¹ß´Þ¿¡ ¿µÇâÀ» ³¢Ä¡°Å³ª ´Ü¼øÇÏ°Ô ÀåÁ¡À» ÃëÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´ÂÁö ¿©ºÎ¶ó°í Gulay´Â ¹àÇû´Ù. ¾î´À ÂÊÀ̵ç, ƯÀÌÇÑ ±â´ÉÀ» ¼öÇàÇϱâ À§ÇÏ¿©, ±Ã±ØÀûÀ¸·Î ¹Ì»ý¹° ¼¼Æ÷°¡ ÀÚ¸® Àâµµ·Ï °í¾ÈµÈ ¹Ì¼¼ ±¸Á¶¸¦ »ý¼ºÇϱâ À§ÇÏ¿© ±¤È­ ÀÛ¿ë(mineralization)ÀÇ ÃËÁøÀ¸·Î À̾îÁú ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù.

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[¿ø¹®º¸±â]
 
Mineralization of sand particles boosts microbial water filtration
 
Mineral coatings on sand particles actually encourage microbial activity in the rapid sand filters that are used to treat groundwater for drinking, according to a paper published ahead of print in Applied and Environmental Microbiology. These findings resoundingly refute, for the first time, the conventional wisdom that the mineral deposits interfere with microbial colonization of the sand particles.
 
"We find an overwhelmingly positive effect of mineral deposits on and density," says corresponding author Barth F. Smets, of the Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby.
 
Mineral coating develops on the filter grain surface when groundwater is treated via rapid sand filtration in drinking water production. Coating certainly changes the physical and chemical properties of the filter material, but little is known about its effect on the activity, colonization, diversity and abundance of microbiota.
 
Until now, rapid sand filters have been a bit of a black box, says first author Arda Gülay,one of Smets' graduate students.
 
"In rapid , a combination of chemical, biological, and physical reactions help in the removal and precipitation of the impurities—iron, manganese, ammonia, and methane, for example," says first author Arda Gülay,one of Smets' graduate students. In time, the sand filter grains become coated with minerals, much of which the system managers remove, periodically, via backwashing.
 
It turns out that the minerals form an abundant matrix around the sand particles, sort of honeycomb-like. "Bacterial cell density in these structures can be very high, and can be boosted further when extra ammonium is provided," says Smets. The bacteria are normally engaged in removal of ammonium, manganese, and other impurities from the groundwater.
 
In fact, during the investigation, the ammonium-removal activity increased as the grew. "These positive mineral-microbe interactions suggest protective and supportive roles of the deposits," says Smets. The investigators also measured a high diversity of ammonium and nitrite-oxidizing species.
 
The researchers' direction involved a serendipitous twist. Early on, they discovered an unexpected positive correlation between the number of bacteria, and the degree of mineral coating of the sand particles, says Smets. "This was deemed worthy of further investigation, but we thought it would be a high risk effort. It was not until we saw actual cross sections of the mineral phases, which clearly reveal microbial cell like structures inside the deposits that we became aware of the unique discoveries we were making."
 
A major question the research raises is whether the microbes influence the development of the microporosity, or simply take advantage of it, says Gülay. Either way, it could lead ultimately to steering the mineralization to create micro-structures designed to house microbial cells to perform specific functions.
 
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