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[2014] [Àεµ³×½Ã¾Æ] Ä«¸£½ºÆ® Áö¿ª¿¡¼­ ¼öÀÚ¿ø °ø±ÞÀ» °³¼±ÇÏ´Â ¹æ¾È
À̸§ °ü¸®ÀÚ waterindustry@hanmail.net ÀÛ¼ºÀÏ 2014.10.17 Á¶È¸¼ö 866
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Àεµ³×½Ã¾Æ Gunung Kidul Áö¿ª¿¡¼­´Â À½¿ë¼ö¸¦ ±¸ÇϱⰡ µå¹°´Ù. Ä«¸£½ºÆ® Áö¿ª(karst area)¿¡¼­ ºø¹°(rainwater)Àº ÁöÇÏ·Î ½Å¼ÓÇÏ°Ô ¹è¼öµÈ´Ù. ÁöÇÏ µ¿±¼ ½Ã½ºÅÛÀº ºø¹°À» ÃàÀûÇÏ°í, »ç¿ëÇÏÁö ¾ÊÀº ä ÇؾçÀ¸·Î Èê·Áº¸³½´Ù. ¸î ³â¿¡ °ÉÃÄ Àεµ³×½Ã¾Æ KIT ¼Ò¼ÓÀÇ ¿¬±¸ÁøÀº ÅëÇÕÀûÀÎ ¼öÀÚ¿ø °ü¸®(IWRM; Integrated Water Resources Management) ÇÁ·ÎÁ§Æ® ÇÏ¿¡¼­ µ¶ÀÏ »ê¾÷ ÆÄÆ®³Ê¿Í Çù·ÂÇÏ¿© ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ ¹°À» ÃßÃâÇÏ°í ºÐ¹èÇÏ´Â ±â¼úÀ» °³¹ßÇß´Ù. ¶Ç ¿¬±¸ÆÀÀº ¹°À» ó¸®ÇÏ°í, ¼öÁúÀ» È®º¸ÇÒ »Ó ¾Æ´Ï¶ó Çϼö¸¦ ó¸®ÇÏ´Â ¹æ¾ÈÀ» ¼öÇàÇß´Ù. »õ·Î¿î ±â¼ú°ú °³³äÀº ´Ù¸¥ Ä«¸£½ºÆ® Áö¿ªÀ» À§ÇÑ ¸ðµ¨·Î ÀÛ¿ëÇÒ °ÍÀÌ´Ù.

µ¶ÀÏ BMBF(Federal Ministry of Education and Research)°¡ Áö¿øÇÑ IWRM Àεµ³×½Ã¾Æ¿Í Çù·Â ÇÁ·ÎÁ§Æ® ÇÏ¿¡¼­, KIT ¼ö¾Ð Æļ⠰øÇÐ Àü¹®°¡µéÀº ÁöÇÏ µ¿±¼ µ¿·Â±âÁö(underground cave power station)¸¦ °Ç¼³Çß´Ù. óÀ½À¸·Î, ¿¬±¸ÁøÀº Ä«¸£½ºÆ® µ¿±¼¿¡ ¹°À» ä¿ì´Â µ¥ ¿ÏÀüÈ÷ ¼º°øÇß´Ù.

2010³â ¿¬±¸ÆÀÀº Àεµ³×½Ã¾Æ ´ç±¹¿¡ µ¿±¼ µ¿·Â ±âÁö¸¦ ¾çµµÇß´Ù. ÀÌ Ç÷£Æ®´Â 80,000¸íÀÇ Àα¸¿¡ ¹°À» °ø±ÞÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù. ºÐ¹è ³×Æ®¿öÅ©¸¦ ÅëÇÏ¿© ûÁ¤ÇÑ »óÅ·Π°¡Á¤¿¡ ¹°ÀÌ µµ´ÞÇϱâ À§ÇÏ¿©, ¿¬±¸ÆÀÀº ¼öó¸®¿Í ¼öÁú È®º¸¸¦ À§ÇÏ¿© ºÎºÐÀûÀÎ ÇÁ·ÎÁ§Æ®¸¦ ÁöÈÖÇÏ´Â ¹Ì»ý¹°ÇÐÀÚÀÎ Ursula Obst¸¦ ÇʵηΠÁß¾Ó½Ä, ¹ÝÁß¾Ó ÁýÁᫎ ¹× ±¹ºÎÀûÀÎ ¼ö󸮸¦ À§ÇÑ ¹æ¹ýÀ» °³¹ßÇß´Ù. µ¿±¼¿¡¼­ À¯·¡ÇÑ ºÐ¹è ³×Æ®¿öÅ©·Î À¯ÀԵǴ ŹÇÑ ¹°ÁúÀ» ¹æÁöÇϱâ À§ÇÏ¿© ¹°Àº ¸ÕÀú ¸ð·¡·Î ¿©°úµÈ´Ù. ´ÙÀ½ ´Ü°è´Â ¼öµ¾¹°¿¡¼­ ¹ÚÅ׸®¾Æ°¡ Á¦°ÅµÈ´Ù. ÀÌ ¸ñÀûÀ» ¼öÇàÇϱâ À§ÇÏ¿©, KIT ¿¬±¸ÁøÀº ¿ö³ë»ç¸®(Wonosari, Àεµ³×½Ã¾Æ ÁߺΠÀÚ¿Í ³²ÂÊ¿¡ ÀÖ´Â µµ½Ã) º´¿ø¿¡ ½Ã¹ü Ç÷£Æ®¸¦ ±¸ÃàÇß´Ù. ¿©±â¼­, ¹°¿¡ ÀÖ´Â ¹ÚÅ׸®¾Æ´Â UV º¹»ç¿Í ¿°¼Ò Ãß°¡ ¶Ç´Â ¼¼¶ó¹Í ¸·À» ÀÌ¿ëÇÏ¿© ´Ù¸¥ ¹°Áú »çÀÌ¿¡¼­ Á¦°ÅµÆ´Ù. ±×·¯³ª ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ ¹æ¹ýÀº °íÀü¾Ð Àü·ù¸¦ ¿ä±¸ÇÏ°í, µû¶ó¼­ ÁÖ·Î Çб³¿Í º´¿ø °°Àº µµ½Ã ½Ã¼³¿¡ ÀûÇÕÇÏ´Ù.

µ¿·ÂÀÌ ºÎÁ·ÇÑ ¸¶À»¿¡¼­, ¿¬±¸ÁøÀº ÈξÀ ´õ ´Ü¼øÇÑ ±â¼úÀÌ ÇÊ¿äÇÏ´Ù°í Obst´Â ¹àÇû´Ù. °ÅÁÖÀÚµéÀº Áö¿ª °³¹æµÈ ¿õµ¢ÀÌ¿¡¼­ ºø¹°°ú ¼öµ¾¹°À» ¼öÁýÇÑ´Ù. µ¿¹°°ú ½Ä¹°ÀÌ ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ °³¹æµÈ ¿õµ¢À̸¦ ¿À¿°½Ãų ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù. µû¶ó¼­ ¿¬±¸ÆÀÀº ºñ°¡ ¿ÀÁö ¾ÊÀ» °æ¿ì ¿õµ¢À̸¦ µ¤¾îÁÙ °ÍÀ» ±Ç°íÇß´Ù°í Obst´Â ÁöÀûÇß´Ù. ¶Ç °úÇÐÀÚµéÀº ¹°À» ÀÌ¿ëÇÒ ¶§ ¸ÕÁö¿Í ŹÇÑ ¹°ÁúÀ» º¸À¯ÇÏ´Â ¸ð·¡ ¿©°úÁö¸¦ ¼³Ä¡Çß´Ù. »ç¿ë Àü °ÅÁÖ¹ÎÀº ¸Å¿ì ÀÛÀº ±¸¸ÛÀ» Á¦°øÇÏ´Â ÅäºÐ(clay pot)À» ÀÌ¿ëÇÏ¿© ¹°À» ´Ù½Ã ¿©°ú½Ãų ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù. ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ ±¸¸ÛÀ» ÅëÇÏ¿© ¹èÃâµÇ´Â ¹°Àº À½¿ë¿¡ ÀûÇÕÇÏ´Ù. ÅäºÐÀº ¿¬±¸ÁøÀÌ Á¦½ÃÇÑ Æ¯¼º¿¡ µû¶ó Áö¿ª Àç·á¸¦ »ç¿ëÇÏ¿© Àεµ³×½Ã¾Æ µµ°øÀÌ Á¦Á¶Çß´Ù.

¼öÁúÀ» Á¦¾îÇϱâ À§ÇÏ¿©, °úÇÐÀÚµéÀº ´Ù¼Ò ´Ü¼øÇÑ ¹æ¹ýÀ» Àû¿ëÇß´Ù. »ç¿ëÀÚµéÀº ÀÛÀº ¹° ½Ã·á¸¦ ¼ö°ÅÇÏ¿© ƯÁ¤ Àå³» ¼¼±Õ¸¸À» È°¼ºÈ­½ÃÅ°´Â ¿µ¾ç ¹°ÁúÀÎ È¿¼Ò±âÁú(enzyme substrate)°ú È¥ÇÕÇÑ´Ù. ¸¸¾à ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ Àå³» ¼¼±ÕÀÌ ¹°¿¡ Æ÷ÇԵǾî ÀÖ´Ù¸é, Àå³» ¼¼±ÕÀº ±âÁúÀ» Àüȯ½ÃÄÑ, À°¾ÈÀ¸·Î ½Äº°ÀÌ °¡´ÉÇÑ ³ë¶õ »öÀ¸·Î º¯ÇÏ°Ô µÉ °ÍÀÌ´Ù. ¸¸¾à ¹°ÀÌ ¿À¿°µÆ´Ù¸é, Á¤È­ ´Ü°è°¡ È®Àεǰí, ÇÊ¿äÇÏ´Ù¸é ¿©°ú ½Ã½ºÅÛÀÌ ¼ö¸®µÉ °ÍÀÌ´Ù.

Çϼöµµ(sewage system)´Â ¾ÆÁ÷±îÁö Gunung Kidul Áö¿ª¿¡ °®Ãß¾îÁöÁö ¾Ê¾Ò´Ù. ´Ù¸¥ ºÎºÐÀûÀÎ ÇÁ·ÎÁ§Æ®ÀÇ ÀÛ¾÷ Ʋ À̳»¿¡¼­, ¼ö»ý ȯ°æ °øÇÐ Àü¹®°¡ÀÎ Stephan Fuchs°¡ ÁÖµµÇÏ´Â KIT ¿¬±¸ÁøÀº Æó¼ö¿Í Æó±â¹° ó¸® Áö¿ª¿¡¼­ ¿¬±¸¸¦ ¼öÇàÇß´Ù. »ê¾÷ ÆÄÆ®³Ê¿Í Çù·ÂÀ» ÅëÇÏ¿©, ¿¬±¸ÆÀÀº µµ½Ã¸¦ À§ÇÑ Áß¾Ó½Ä °øÁ¤À» °³¹ßÇß´Ù. ´ëº¯Àº ¸ÕÀú °Å´ëÇÑ ÄÜÅ©¸®Æ® ¿ë±âÀÎ ¿À¼ö Á¤È­Á¶¿¡ ¼ö°ÅµÆ´Ù. »ê¾÷ ÆÄÆ®³Ê¿Í ÇÔ²², ¿¬±¸ÁøÀº ¿ö³ë»ç¸® º´¿ø¿¡ 2¹ø° ½Ã¹ü Ç÷£Æ®¸¦ °Ç¼³Çß´Ù. ÆÄÀÌÇÁ¶óÀÎ ½Ã½ºÅÛÀ¸·Î º´¿øÀÇ ¹è¼³¹° ½½·¯Áö´Â 2 ´Ü°è ¹«»ê¼Ò¼º ¹ÝÀÀ±â(unaerobic reactor)·Î ÅõÀԵǾî, ¹ÙÀÌ¿ÀÆó±â¹°°ú È¥ÇյȴÙ. ¹«»ê¼Ò¼ºÀÇ Àǹ̴ »ê¼Ò ¾øÀÌ ºÐÇØ °øÁ¤ÀÌ ÀϾ´Â °ÍÀ» ÀǹÌÇÑ´Ù. ¹ÚÅ׸®¾Æ´Â È¥ÇÕ¹°À» ºÐÇØÇÏ°í ¿¡³ÊÁö°¡ dzºÎÇÑ ±âüÀÎ ¸ÞźÀ» »ý¼ºÇÑ´Ù. ÀÌÈÄ ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ ¸ÞźÀº º´¿øÀÇ ºÎ¾ý¿¡ °¡½º³­·Î¸¦ »ç¿ëÇϴµ¥ Àû¿ëµÆ´Ù. ³²¾Æ ÀÖ´Â °íü´Â Àα٠µéÆÇ¿¡ ºñ·á·Î Àû¿ëµÆ´Ù. ¹Ì·¡ ¿¬±¸ÁøÀÇ ºñÀüÀº µµ½Ã Áö¿ª¿¡ ¼³Ä¡µÇ¾î ÀÖ´Â ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ Ç÷£Æ®°¡ ÅÊÅ© Â÷·®¿¡ ÀÇÇØ ÀÛµ¿µÇ¾î, Áö¼Ó °¡´ÉÇÑ À§»ý ¹æ¾È¿¡ µµ´ÞÇÏ´Â °ÍÀ̶ó°í Stephan Fuchs´Â ¹àÇû´Ù.

¸¶À»¿¡ Á¤È­Á¶°¡ ¾ø´Â °æ¿ì´Â Çã´ÙÇÏ´Ù. È­Àå½ÇÀº ±¸µ¢ÀÌ À§¿¡ À§Ä¡ÇØ ÀÖÀ¸¸ç, ÇÊ¿äÇÏ´Ù¸é À̵¿½ÃŲ´Ù. °­·ÂÇÑ °­¿ì°¡ ¹ß»ýÇÏ´Â °æ¿ì, ¼¼±ÕÀÌ ÁöÇϼö·Î À¯À﵃ À§ÇèÀÌ Æ¯È÷ Ä«¸£½ºÆ® Áö¿ª¿¡¼­ ³ô´Ù°í Fuchs´Â ¹àÇû´Ù. Pucanganom Áö¿ª¿¡¼­, ¿¬±¸ÆÀÀº 15°¡±¸ÀÇ È­Àå½Ç ¿À¹°À» ó¸®ÇÏ´Â ½Ã½ºÅÛÀ» ¼³Ä¡ÇßÀ¸¸ç, °¡ÃàÀÇ ºÐ´¢¸¦ 3°³ÀÇ ¹ÙÀÌ¿À°¡½º ½Ã¼³¿¡¼­ ó¸®Çß´Ù. À¯±â Æó±â¹°Àº 1 °³¿ù À̳»¿¡ ¹ÙÀÌ¿À°¡½º¿Í ºñ·á·Î ÀüȯµÆ´Ù. ÆÄÀÌÇÁ¶óÀÎ ½Ã½ºÅÛÀ» ÅëÇÏ¿©, °¡½º´Â Àα٠ÁÖÅÃÀÇ °¡½º³­·Î¿¡ Á÷Á¢ÀûÀ¸·Î Àü´ÞµÈ´Ù. ³²¾Æ ÀÖ´Â ½½·¯Áö´Â °ÇÁ¶½ÃÄÑ ºñ·á·Î »ç¿ëµÈ´Ù. óÀ½¿¡, ¿¬±¸ÁøÀº ÁÖ¹ÎÀ» ¼³µæÇÏ´Â °ÍÀÌ ¾î·Á¿ü´Ù°í Fuchs´Â ¹àÇû´Ù. Æó±â¹° ¶Ç´Â ½ÉÁö¾î »ç¶÷ÀÇ ¿ÀÁÜÀÌ ÀçÈ°¿ëµÉ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù´Â °ÍÀ» ¼³¸íÇϱⰡ ½±Áö ¾Ê¾Ò´Ù°í Fuchs´Â µ¡ºÙ¿´´Ù.

¶Ç KIT ¿¬±¸ÁøÀº ´ëÁßÀ» À§ÇÑ Á¤º¸¿Í ÁöħÀ» Á¦°øÇϱâ À§ÇÏ¿© Ç÷£Æ® ¿î¿µÀÚ¸¦ À§ÇÑ ¼¼¹Ì³ª¸¦ °èȹÇß´Ù. Ç÷£Æ®¸¦ ¿î¿µÇÒ °ÍÀ¸·Î ¿©°ÜÁö´Â Àεµ³×½Ã¾Æ ±â¼úÀÚµéÀº ¿µ¾î¿Í Àεµ³×½Ã¾Æ¾î·Î ±â¼úµÇ¾î ÀÖ´Â ¸Å´º¾óÀ» Á¦°ø¹Þ¾Ò´Ù. Àεµ³×½Ã¾Æ »ç¶÷µéÀº ¸ðµ¨ Ç÷£Æ®¸¦ ¿î¿µÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖÀ» »Ó ¾Æ´Ï¶ó ´Ù¸¥ Ä«¸£½ºÆ® Áö¿ª¿¡ ±â¼úÀ» Àü¼öÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖÀ» °ÍÀÌ´Ù.

±×¸²1> »õ·Î¿î ±â¼úÀ» °ÅÁֹΰú »ç¿ëÀÚ¿¡°Ô Ä£¼÷ÇÏ°Ô ¸¸µé±â À§ÇÏ¿© ³»ºÎ¿¡¼­ ÀϾ´Â Çϼö 󸮸¦ ¼³¸íÇØÁÖ´Â ½Ã¹ü Ç÷£Æ® ¿ë±â À§¿¡ ±×·ÁÁø ±×¸².
 
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Better water supply in Karst areas

Drinking water is scarce in the Indonesian region of Gunung Kidul. In this karst area, rainwater quickly drains away into the ground. It accumulates in an underground cave system and flows into the ocean unused. For several years now, KIT scientists in cooperation with German industry partners have developed simple technologies to extract and distribute this water under the "Integrated Water Resources Management" (IWRM) project. They also implemented solutions for water processing, quality assurance, and sewage treatment. The new technologies and concepts serve as models for other karst regions.

Under the IWRM Indonesia joint project funded by the Federal Ministry of Education and Research (BMBF), hydraulic engineering experts of KIT built an underground cave power station. For the first time, they succeeded in completely filling a karst cave with . In 2010, they handed the cave power station over to the Indonesian authorities. The plant can supply 80,000 people with water. For the water to reach the households in a clean state via the distribution network, a team headed by microbiologist Ursula Obst, who directs the partial project for water processing and water quality assurance, developed methods for the central, semi-centralized, and local processing of water.
 
The water from the cave is first filtered with sand in order to prevent turbid substances from entering the distribution network. In the next step, bacteria in the tap water are reduced. For this purpose, the KIT scientists established a pilot plant at the hospital of Wonosari. There, bacteria in the water are reduced among others by UV radiation and the addition of chlorine or by filtration using ceramic membranes. However, these methods require high-voltage current and, hence, are suited mainly for urban facilities, such as schools and hospitals.
 
"In the villages, where power is lacking, we need much simpler technologies," Obst says. The inhabitants collect tap water and rainwater in a local open pool. "There, animals and plants can pollute the water. We therefore recommend to cover the pool when there is no rain," Obst points out. The scientists also installed a sand filter that retains dirt and turbid substances when tapping the water. Prior to use, the inhabitants filter the water again with the help of a clay pot that is provided with very small holes. The water released via these holes is potable. The pots are produced by Indonesian potters using local materials according to specifications made by the scientists.
 
For water quality control, the scientists apply a rather simple method: Users take a small water sample and mix it with an enzyme substrate, a nutrient that activates certain enterobacteria only. If these enterobacteria are contained in the water, they convert the substrate and a clearly visible yellow color develops. If the water is contaminated, the cleaning steps are checked and the filtration system is repaired, if necessary.
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