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[2014] [¹Ì±¹] Ç÷θ®´Ù ÁÖ±îÁö Ç¥·ùÇÏ´Â ºù»êÀÇ À¶ÇØ¿¡ ´ëÇÑ »õ·Î¿î ±âÈÄ ¸ðµ¨ ¿¹Ãø
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[¹Ì±¹] Ç÷θ®´Ù ÁÖ±îÁö Ç¥·ùÇÏ´Â ºù»êÀÇ À¶ÇØ¿¡ ´ëÇÑ »õ·Î¿î ±âÈÄ ¸ðµ¨ ¿¹Ãø
 
¾à 21,000³â Àü ¸¶Áö¸· ºùÇϱ⠵¿¾È ÇØ¾ç ¼øȯ(ocean circulation)À» ±â¼úÇÏ´Â ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ Á¾·ù·Î´Â ÃÖÃÊÀÎ °íºÐÇØ´É ¼öÄ¡ ¸ðµ¨(high-resolution numerical model)À» ÀÌ¿ëÇÏ¿©, ¹Ì±¹ ¸Å»çÃß¼¼Ã÷ ´ëÇÐ ¾Ö¸Ó½ºÆ® Ä·ÆÛ½º(University of Massachusetts Amherst) ¼Ò¼ÓÀÇ ÇؾçÇÐÀÚÀÎ Alan CondronÀº ºÏ¾Æ¸Þ¸®Ä« ºù»ó(ice sheet, À°Áö¸¦ µ¤°í ÀÖ´Â ´ë·ú ºùÇÏ)¿¡¼­ »ý¼ºµÈ Çغù¼ö(meltwater, ´«À̳ª ¾óÀ½ÀÌ ³ìÀº ¹°)¿Í ºù»ê(iceberg)ÀÌ »ç¿ì½ºÄ³·Ñ¶óÀ̳ª ÁÖ¿Í ½ÉÁö¾î Ç÷θ®´Ù ÁÖ ³²ºÎ±îÁö Á¤±âÀûÀ¸·Î µµ´ÞÇÑ´Ù°í Á¦¾ÈÇß´Ù. ÀÌ ¸ðµ¨Àº ºù»êÀº Àüü ´ë·úºØÀ» µû¶ó ÇØÀú(sea floor)¿¡ ħ½Ä ÈçÀûÀ» ³»°Ô µÉ °ÍÀ̶ó´Â ¹ß°ßÀ¸·Î µÞ¹ÞħµÆ´Ù.

°ú°Å Çغù¼ö¿Í ºù»êÀÇ À̵¿¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ¿¬±¸ÁøÀÌ Á¦¾ÈÇÑ »õ·Î¿î °ßÇØ´Â °©ÀÛ½º·¯¿î ±âÈÄ º¯È­ÀÇ ¸ÞÄ¿´ÏÁòÀÌ ÀÌÀü¿¡ »ý°¢Çß´ø °Íº¸´Ù ´õ º¹ÀâÇÏ´Ù´Â °ÍÀ» ¾Ï½ÃÇÑ´Ù°í CondronÀº ¹àÇû´Ù. ÀÌ ¿¬±¸´Â ·Î·»Å¸ÀÌµå ºù»ó(Laurentide ice sheet)À̶ó°í ¾Ë·ÁÁ® ÀÖ´Â ºÏ¾Æ¸Þ¸®Ä«¸¦ µ¤°í ÀÖ´Â °Å´ëÇÑ ºù»óÀÌ ³ì±â ½ÃÀÛÇÒ ¶§, ºù»êÀÌ Ä³³ª´Ù Çãµå½¼ ¸¸(Hudson Bay) ÀαÙÀÇ Çؼö·Î ³ì¾Æµé¾î°¡°í, 3,100¸¶ÀÏ(¾à 5,000ų·Î¹ÌÅÍ) ÀÌ»óÀÇ °Å¸®ÀÎ ¸¶ÀÌ¾Ö¹Ì¿Í Ä«¸®ºêÇØ Áö¿ªÀÇ ¹ÙÇϸ¶±îÁö ³²ÂÊÀ¸·Î ¹Ì±¹ µ¿ºÎ ÇؾÈÀ» µû¶ó ÁÖ±âÀûÀ¸·Î Ç¥·ùÇÑ´Ù´Â °ÍÀ» ÃÖÃÊ·Î º¸¿©ÁÖ¾ú´Ù.

ÄÚ½ºÅÐ Ä«·Ñ¸®³ª ´ëÇÐ(Coastal Carolina University) ¼Ò¼ÓÀÇ Jenna Hill°ú °øµ¿À¸·Î ¼öÇàµÈ CondronÀÇ ¿¬±¸´Â Nature Geosciences ¿Â¶óÀÎ À̽´¿¡ °ÔÀçµÆ´Ù. ±ØÁö¿¡ °¡±î¿î ³ª¼±Çü ºù»ê°ú Çغù¼ö°¡ ³²ÂÊÀ¸·Î ¾ó¸¶³ª ¸Ö¸® °üÅëÇÒ °ÍÀΰ¡¸¦ °áÁ¤ÇÏ´Â °ÍÀº ºÏ´ë¼­¾ç ½ÉÃþ¼ö(North Atlantic Deep Water) Çü¼ºÀÇ ¹Î°¨¼º°ú °íÀ§µµ ´ã¼ö À¯Ãâ¿¡¼­ °ú°Å º¯È­¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ±âÈĸ¦ ÀÌÇØÇϴµ¥ Áß¿äÇÏ´Ù°í ÀúÀÚµéÀº ¹àÈ÷°í ÀÖ´Ù.

HillÀº ÇØÅÍ·¯½º°ù(Cape Hatteras)¿¡¼­ Ç÷θ®´Ù¿¡ À̸£´Â ÇØÀúÀÇ °íºÐÇØ´É À̹ÌÁö¸¦ ºÐ¼®ÇÏ¿©, ÇØÀú À§ ÁøÈëÀ» ÅëÇÏ¿© °í¶ûÀ» ¸¸µç °Å´ëÇÑ ºù»ê¿¡ ÀÇÇØ Çü¼ºµÈ ÇØÀú¸é(seabed) À§ ¾à 400¿© °³ÀÇ Ä§½Ä ÈçÀû(scour mark)À» ±Ô¸íÇß´Ù.

ħ½ÄÀÇ ±íÀÌ´Â ³²ºÎ Ç÷θ®´Ù·Î Ç¥·ùÇÏ´Â ºù»êÀÌ ÃÖ¼Ò 1,000ÇÇÆ® ¶Ç´Â 300¹ÌÅÍ µÎ²²¶ó´Â °ÍÀ» ÀǹÌÇÑ´Ù°í CondronÀº ¹àÇû´Ù. ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ ¼öÄ¡ÀÇ ºù»êÀº °Å´ëÇÑ °ÍÀÌ´Ù. ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ ºù»êÀº ÇöÀç ±×¸°¶õµåÀÇ ¿¬¾È¿¡¼­¸¸ ¹ß°ßµÈ´Ù°í CondronÀº ¹àÇû´Ù.

¾î¶»°Ô ºù»êÀÌ Ç÷θ®´Ù¿¡ À̸£´Â ³²ÂÊÀ¸·Î Ç¥·ùÇÏ´ÂÁö¸¦ Á¶»çÇϱâ À§ÇÏ¿©, CondronÀº Çãµå½¼ ¸¸°ú ¼¼ÀÎÆ®·Î·»½º ¸¸(Gulf of St. Lawrence) µî 2°÷ÀÇ À§Ä¡¿¡ ´ëÇÏ¿© 4°³ÀÇ ´Ù¸¥ ¼öÁØ¿¡¼­ °íºÐÇØ´É ÇØ¾ç ¼øȯ ¸ðµ¨À» ÀÌ¿ëÇÏ¿© ÀÏ·ÃÀÇ ºùÇÏ·Î ±âÀÎÇÑ Çغù¼ö ¹ü¶÷ÀÇ ¹èÃâÀ» ½Ã¹Ä·¹À̼ÇÇß´Ù.

CondronÀº ºù»êÀÌ Ç÷θ®´Ù·Î Ç¥·ùÇϱâ À§ÇÏ¿©, ¿¬±¸ÁøÀÌ °³¹ßÇÑ ºùÇÏ ÇØ¾ç ¼øȯ ¸ðµ¨(glacial ocean circulation model)Àº Å« Àç¾ÓÀÇ ºùÇÏÈ£°¡ ¹ü¶÷ÀÌ Æø¹ßÇÏ´Â °Í°ú À¯»çÇÏ°Ô, °Å´ëÇÑ ºÎÇÇÀÇ Çغù¼ö°¡ ·Î·»Å¸ÀÌµå ºù»óÀ¸·ÎºÎÅÍ, Çãµå½¼ ¸¸ ¶Ç´Â ¼¼ÀÎÆ®·Î·»½º ¸¸À¸·ÎºÎÅÍ ÇؾçÀ¸·Î ¹æ·ùµÇ¾î¾ß¸¸ ÇÑ´Ù°í º¸°íÇß´Ù.

´õ ³ª¾Æ°¡ ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ °Å´ëÇÑ Çغù¼ö ¹ü¶÷ÀÌ ÀϾ´Â µ¿¾È, Ç÷θ®´Ù ¿¬¾ÈÀÇ Ç¥¸é ÇØ·ù(ocean current)´Â ¹æÇâ¿¡¼­ ¿ÏÀüÇÑ 180µµ ÀüȯÀ» °Þ°Ô µÇ°í, µû¶ó¼­ ¿Â³­ÇÑ ºÏÂÊÀ» ÇâÇÏ¿© È帣´Â ¸ß½ÃÄÚ ¸¸·ù(Gulf Stream)´Â Â÷°¡¿î ³²ÂÊÀ¸·Î È帣´Â ÇØ·ù¿¡ ÀÇÇØ ´ëüµÈ´Ù°í ±×´Â µ¡ºÙ¿´´Ù.

±× °á°ú, Ç÷θ®´Ù ÇؾÈÀ» ¾Ä°Ü ³»¸®´Â ¹°Àº °áºù ¿Âµµ À§ ¸î µµ ¼öÁØÀ» °¡Áø´Ù. ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ »ç°ÇÀº ¹Ì±¹ µ¿ºÎ Çؾȿ¡¼­ ¿ÏÀüÈ÷ Ç÷θ®´ÙÅ°½º Á¦µµ(Florida Keys)¸¦ µû¶ó °©ÀÛ½º·¯¿î ºù»êÀÇ °Å´ëÇÑ ÃâÇöÀ¸·Î À̾îÁø´Ù°í CondronÀº ÁöÀûÇß´Ù. ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ »ç°ÇÀº 1³â ¹Ì¸¸ÀÇ ÂªÀº ¼ö¸íÀ¸·Î °©ÀÛ½º·´°Ô ¹ß»ýÇÑ´Ù°í ±×´Â ÁöÀûÇß´Ù.

ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ »õ·Î¿î ¿¬±¸´Â ±×¸°¶õµå ºù»óÀ¸·ÎºÎÅÍ »ó´çÇÑ ¾çÀÇ Çغù¼ö°¡ Á¼Àº ÇØ¾È ÇØ·ù¿¡ ÀÇÇØ ÀçºÐ¹èµÉ ¼ö ÀÖÀ¸¸ç, ±Ø Áö´ë¿¡ °¡±î¿î Çؾ翡 µµ´ÞÇϱâ Àü ¾Æ¿­´ë Áö¿ªÀ» Åë°úÇÏ¿© ¼øȯÇÑ´Ù. ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ Çö»óÀº ¿ì¸®°¡ ÀÌÀü¿¡ ¹Ï¾ú´ø °Íº¸´Ù ´õ º¹ÀâÇÑ ±×¸²À» °¡Áø´Ù°í CondronÀº ¹àÇû´Ù. ±×¿Í HillÀº °©ÀÛ½º·¯¿î ±âÈÄ º¯È­ÀÇ ¸ÞÄ«´ÏÁò¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ¹Ì·¡ ¿¬±¸°¡ ÀçºÐ¹èµÇ´Â ºù»ó À¯Ãâ°ú ±Ø Áö´ë¿Í °¡±î¿î ´ã¼ö¿¡¼­ ÇØ¾È °æ°è·ù(boundary currents)¸¦ °í·ÁÇؾ߸¸ ÇÑ´Ù°í ¹àÇû´Ù.

±×¸²1> ij³ª´Ù Çãµå½¼ ¸¸À¸·ÎºÎÅÍ Ç÷θ®µå·Î ºù»êÀÌ À̵¿ÇÏ´Â °æ·Î¸¦ º¸¿©ÁÖ´Â Áöµµ. È­»ìÇ¥ µÚ ÆĶõ »öÀº ¾ó¸¶³ª ¹°ÀÇ ¿°ºÐÀÌ Á¤»óº¸´Ù ´õ ÀûÀºÁö¸¦ º¸¿©ÁÖ´Â ÀúÀÚÀÇ °íºÐÇØ´É ¸ðµ¨·ÎºÎÅÍ ½ÇÁ¦ÀûÀ¸·Î ¾òÀº ½º³À ÃÔ¿µÀÌ´Ù. ´õ ÁøÇÑ »öÀÌ ÆĶõ »öÀÌ Á¤»óº¸´Ù ´õ ÀûÀº ¿°µµ¸¦ ³ªÅ¸³½´Ù. ÀÌ »ç·Ê¿¡¼­, ÇؾÈÀ» µû¶ó ¸ðµç ¹æÇâ¿¡ ÀÖ´Â ÆĶõ»öÀº ´ã¼öÀÇ Â÷°¡¿î Çؼö°¡ Çãµå½¼ ¸¸À¸·ÎºÎÅÍ Ç÷θ®´Ù·Î Àüü µ¿¹« ÇؾÈÀ» µû¶ó È帥´Ù´Â °ÍÀ» º¸¿©ÁÖ¾ú´Ù.

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Icebergs once drifted to Florida, new climate model suggests
 
Using a first-of-its-kind, high-resolution numerical model to describe ocean circulation during the last ice age about 21,000 year ago, oceanographer Alan Condron of the University of Massachusetts Amherst has shown that icebergs and meltwater from the North American ice sheet would have regularly reached South Carolina and even southern Florida. The models are supported by the discovery of iceberg scour marks on the sea floor along the entire continental shelf.
 
Such a view of past meltwater and iceberg movement implies that the mechanisms of abrupt climate change are more complex than previously thought, Condron says. "Our study is the first to show that when the large ice sheet over North America known as the Laurentide ice sheet began to melt, icebergs calved into the sea around Hudson Bay and would have periodically drifted along the east coast of the United States as far south as Miami and the Bahamas in the Caribbean, a distance of more than 3,100 miles, about 5,000 kilometers."
 
His work, conducted with Jenna Hill of Coastal Carolina University, is described in the current advance online issue of Nature Geosciences. "Determining how far south of the subpolar gyre icebergs and meltwater penetrated is vital for understanding the sensitivity of North Atlantic Deep Water formation and climate to past changes in high-latitude freshwater runoff," the authors say.
 
Hill analyzed high-resolution images of the from Cape Hatteras to Florida and identified about 400 scour marks on the seabed that were formed by enormous icebergs plowing through mud on the sea floor. These characteristic grooves and pits were formed as icebergs moved into shallower water and their keels bumped and scraped along the ocean floor.
 
"The depth of the scours tells us that icebergs drifting to southern Florida were at least 1,000 feet, or 300 meters thick," says Condron. "This is enormous. Such icebergs are only found off the coast of Greenland today."
 
To investigate how icebergs might have drifted as far south as Florida, Condron simulated the release of a series of glacial meltwater floods in his high-resolution model at four different levels for two locations, Hudson Bay and the Gulf of St. Lawrence.
 
Condron reports, "In order for icebergs to drift to Florida, our glacial tells us that enormous volumes of meltwater, similar to a catastrophic glacial lake outburst flood, must have been discharging into the ocean from the Laurentide ice sheet, from either Hudson Bay or the Gulf of St. Lawrence."
 
Further, during these large meltwater flood events, the surface ocean current off the coast of Florida would have undergone a complete, 180-degree flip in direction, so that the warm, northward flowing Gulf Stream would have been replaced by a cold, southward flowing current, he adds.
 
As a result, waters off the coast of Florida would have been only a few degrees above freezing. Such events would have led to the sudden appearance of massive along the east coast of the United States all the way to Florida Keys, Condron points out. These events would have been abrupt and short-lived, probably less than a year, he notes.
 
"This new research shows that much of the meltwater from the Greenland ice sheet may be redistributed by narrow coastal currents and circulate through subtropical regions prior to reaching the subpolar ocean. It's a more complicated picture than we believed before," Condron says. He and Hill say that future research on mechanisms of should take into account coastal boundary currents in redistributing runoff and subpolar fresh water.
 
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