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[2014] [¹Ì±¹] Æļâ À¯Á¤¿¡¼­ ¹ß»ýÇÏ´Â ¿°¼ö¸¦ ºñ¿ë È¿À²ÀûÀ¸·Î ó¸®ÇÏ´Â Àü±â Åõ¼®
À̸§ °ü¸®ÀÚ waterindustry@hanmail.net ÀÛ¼ºÀÏ 2014.10.27 Á¶È¸¼ö 665
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[¹Ì±¹] Æļâ À¯Á¤¿¡¼­ ¹ß»ýÇÏ´Â ¿°¼ö¸¦ ºñ¿ë È¿À²ÀûÀ¸·Î ó¸®ÇÏ´Â Àü±â Åõ¼®
 
¼ö¾Ð Æļâ(hydraulic fracturing) ¶Ç´Â Æļâ(fracking)¸¦ ÅëÇÏ¿© »ý¼ºµÇ´Â ¿ÀÀÏ°ú °¡½ºÀÇ ºÕÀº ¹Ì±¹ ¿¡³ÊÁö ¼ö¿ä¸¦ ÃæÁ·½ÃÅ°´Â ¿ä±äÇÑ ¹æ¹ýÀ¸·Î ¿©°ÜÁö°í ÀÖ´Ù. ±×·¯³ª ÀÌ °øÁ¤¿¡¼­ »ý»êµÇ´Â ÇÑ °¡Áö ºÎ»ê¹°Àº Çؼöº¸´Ù ´õ ¿°µµ°¡ ³ôÀº ¼ö¹é¸¸ °¶·±ÀÇ ¹°ÀÌ´Ù. ÀÌÈÄ ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ ¿°¼ö´Â Ç¥¸é ¾Æ·¡ ±íÀº ¾Ï¼®À¸·ÎºÎÅÍ Ä§ÃâµÈ´Ù.

ÃÖ±Ù ¹Ì±¹ MIT¿Í »ç¿ìµð¾Æ¶óºñ¾Æ ¿¬±¸ÁøÀº ¿°¼ö¿¡¼­ ¿°(salt)À» Á¦°ÅÇÏ´Â ºñ¿ë È¿À²ÀûÀÎ ¹æ¾ÈÀ» Á¦¾ÈÇß´Ù. MIT ±³¼ö John Lienhard, ¹Ú»ç ÈÄ ¿¬±¸¿øÀÎ Ronan McGovern µîÀÇ ¿¬±¸ÁøÀÌ ¼öÇàÇÑ »õ·Î¿î ºÐ¼®À» ±â¼úÇÑ ³í¹®Àº Applied Energy Àú³Î¿¡ ¹ßÇ¥µÆ´Ù.

¼ö¾Ð ÆļâÀÇ ¿î¿µÀ» ÅëÇÏ¿© ¿ÀÀÏÁ¤°ú °¡½ºÁ¤À¸·ÎºÎÅÍ Èê·¯³ª¿À´Â »ý»ê¼ö(produced water, ¿ÀÀÏÀ̳ª °¡½º¸¦ ÃßÃâÇÑ ÈÄ ¹ß»ýÇÏ´Â Æó¼ö)¸¦ ó¸®Çϱâ À§ÇÏ¿© ¿¬±¸ÁøÀÌ Á¦¾ÈÇÑ ¹æ¹ýÀº ¼ö½Ê ³â µ¿¾È Àß ¾Ë·Á¿Â ¹æ¹ý Áß ÇϳªÁö¸¸, À¯Á¤°ú °¡½ºÁ¤¿¡¼­ ¹ß»ýÇÏ´Â ¼ö¾Ð Æļâ À¯Ã¼Ã³·³ ±ØÈ÷ ³ôÀº ¿°µµÀÇ ¹°(high-salinity water)¿¡ ´ëÇÏ¿© ÀÌ¿ë °¡´ÉÇÑ È帷δ °í·ÁµÇÁö ¾Ê¾Ò´Ù. ÀÌ ±â¼úÀº Àü±â Åõ¼®(electrodialysis)À̶ó´Â ¹æ¹ýÀ» Àû¿ëÇÏ´Â °ÍÀ¸·Î ÃÖ¼Ò 50³â µ¿¾È ÀÌ¿ëµÇ¾î ¿Â ±â¼úÀ» È°¿ëÇÑ´Ù°í MIT ¼Ò¼ÓÀÇ Lienhard¿Í MIT ûÁ¤¼ö ¹× ûÁ¤¿¡³ÊÁö ¿¬±¸¼Ò(Center for Clean Water and Clean Energy)¿Í KFUPM(King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals) Ã¥ÀÓÀÚÀÎ Abdul Latif Jameel ±³¼ö´Â ¹àÇû´Ù. MIT ¼®»ç °úÁ¤ ÇлýÀÎ Adam Weiner, Lige Sun, ÇкΠÇлý Chester Chambers¿Í KFUPM ¼Ò¼ÓÀÇ Syed Zubair ±³¼ö µîÀÌ ¿¬±¸ÆÀ¿¡ Âü¿©Çß´Ù.

Àü±â Åõ¼®Àº ÀϹÝÀûÀ¸·Î Çؼö ¿°µµÀÇ ¾à 1/10 Á¤µµ ¼öÁØÀ¸·Î ¸¹Àº Áö¿ª¿¡¼­ ¹ß°ßµÇ´Â ±â¼ö(brackish)¿Í ¾èÀº ÁöÇϼö µî°ú °°ÀÌ »ó´ëÀûÀ¸·Î ³·Àº ¿°µµ¸¦ °¡Áø ¹°À» ó¸®ÇÏ´Â µ¥ ÀåÁ¡À» °¡Áö´Â °ÍÀ¸·Î »ý°¢µÈ´Ù°í Lienhard´Â ¹àÇû´Ù. ±×·¯³ª Àü±â Åõ¼®ÀÌ ´Ù¸¥ ¿°µµ ¹üÀ§¿¡¼­µµ °æÁ¦ÀûÀ¸·Î ½Ç¿ëÀûÀ̶ó´Â »ç½ÇÀ» »õ·Î¿î ºÐ¼®Àº º¸¿©ÁÖ¾ú´Ù.

È­¼® ¿¬·á À¯Á¤À¸·ÎºÎÅÍ ¹ß»ýÇÏ´Â »ý»ê¼öÀÇ ¿°µµ(salinity)´Â ÇؼöÀÇ ¿°µµº¸´Ù 3~6¹è ´õ ³ôÀ» ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù. »õ·Î¿î ¿¬±¸´Â ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ ¿°ÀÌ Àü±â Åõ¼®ÀÇ ¿¬¼ÓÀûÀÎ ´Ü°è¸¦ ÅëÇÏ¿© È¿°úÀûÀ¸·Î Á¦°ÅµÉ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù´Â °ÍÀ» ¾Ï½ÃÇÏ°í ÀÖ´Ù.

ÀÌ ±â¼úÀÇ ¹ß»óÀº À½·á¼ö·Î ¸¸µé±â ÃæºÐÇÒ Á¤µµ·Î ¹°À» Á¤È­½ÃÅ°´Â °ÍÀÌ ¾Æ´Ï¶ó°í ¿¬±¸ÁøÀº ¹àÇû´Ù. ¿ÏÀüÇÑ Á¤È­º¸´Ù´Â ´Ù¸¥ °ø±Þ¿øÀ¸·ÎºÎÅÍ ÇÊ¿äÇÑ ¹°ÀÇ ¼ö¿ä¸¦ »ó´çÈ÷ ³·Ãâ ¼ö ÀÖ´Â ÈÄ¼Ó À¯Á¤¿¡ ¼ö¾Ð Æļâ À¯Ã¼(hydraulic fracturing fluid)ÀÇ ÀϺηΠÀç»ç¿ëÇϱâ ÃæºÐÇÑ Á¤µµ·Î Á¤È­½ÃÅ°´Â °ÍÀÌ´Ù.

Lienhard´Â ¸¸¾à ´ç½ÅÀÌ ¼ø¼öÇÑ ¹°À» ¸¸µå´Â ½Ãµµ¸¦ ÇÑ´Ù¸é, Àü±â Åõ¼®ÀÌ ¹° ÀÚü¸¦ Åë°úÇÏ¿© È帣´Â Àü·ù¸¦ ¿ä±¸Çϱ⠶§¹®¿¡ ´õ ÀûÀº ¿°µµÀÇ ¹°À» Á¤È­½ÃÅ°´Â ¸¸Å­ È¿À²ÀûÀÎ ¹æ¾ÈÀÌ µÉ ¼ö ¾ø´Ù°í ¼³¸íÇß´Ù. ¿°¼ö´Â Àü±â Àüµµ¼ºÀÌ ¿ì¼öÇÏÁö¸¸, ¼ø¼öÇÑ ¹°Àº Àü±â Àüµµ¼ºÀÌ ¿ì¼öÇÏÁö ¾Ê±â ¶§¹®ÀÌ´Ù.

MIT »êÇÏ ±â°è°øÇкΠ¹Ú»ç ÈÄ °úÁ¤À̸ç, ÀÌ ³í¹®ÀÇ ÁÖÀúÀÚÀÎ McGovernÀº Á¦¾ÈµÈ ½Ã½ºÅÛÀÇ ¶Ç ´Ù¸¥ ÀåÁ¡ÀÌ ¿ì¸®°¡ Á¦°ÅÇÏ´Â ¿°ÀÇ ¾çÀ» À¯¿¬ÇÏ°Ô Á¶ÀýÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Â À¯¿¬¼ºÀ̶ó°í ¹àÇû´Ù. ¿¬±¸ÁøÀº ¾î¶² ¼öÁØÀÇ Ãâ·Â ¿°µµµµ »ý»êÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù°í McGovernÀº ÁöÀûÇß´Ù. Àü±â Åõ¼® ½Ã½ºÅÛÀ» ¼³Ä¡Çϴµ¥ ¼Ò¿äµÇ´Â ºñ¿ëÀº »ý»ê¼ö¸¦ ó¸®Çϱâ À§ÇÑ ´Ù¸¥ ±¤¹üÀ§ÇÏ°Ô »ç¿ëµÇ°í ÀÖ´Â ½Ã½ºÅÛ°ú ºñ±³ÇßÀ» ¶§, ¼Õ»öÀÌ ¾ø´Â ¼öÁØÀ¸·Î ³ªÅ¸³µ´Ù°í ±×´Â ¹àÇû´Ù.

¼ö¾Ð Æļ⸦ À§ÇÑ ÃÖÀûÀÇ ¿°µµ°¡ ¾î´À ÁöÁ¡ÀÎÁö´Â ¸íÈ®ÇÏÁö ¾Ê´Ù°í McGovernÀº ¹àÇû´Ù. ¹Ù·Î Áö±Ý Å« Àǹ®Àº ¹°À» ´Ù½Ã »ç¿ëÇؾ߸¸ ÇÏ´Â ¿°µµ°¡ ¾î´À ¼öÁØÀΰ¡¶ó°í ±×´Â ¹àÇû´Ù. ¿¬±¸ÁøÀº ¿°ÀÇ ³óµµ¸¦ Á¦¾îÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Â ¹æ¾ÈÀ» Á¦°øÇß´Ù°í McGovernÀº ¹àÇû´Ù.

´ã¼ö ´Ü°è¿¡ µµ´ÞÇϱâ Àü, ¿¬±¸ÁøÀº ¹°¿¡¼­ È­ÇÐÀû ºÒ¼ø¹°ÀÌ »ó¿ë ¿©°ú¸¦ ÀÌ¿ëÇÏ¿© Á¦°ÅµÇ¾î¾ß ÇÑ´Ù´Â °ÍÀ» ¿°µÎ¿¡ µÎ°í ÀÖ´Ù. ÇÑ °¡Áö ³²¾Æ ÀÖ´Â ºÒÈ®½Ç¼ºÀº Àü±â Åõ¼®¿¡ »ç¿ëµÈ ¸·ÀÌ ¿ÀÀÏ ¶Ç´Â °¡½ºÀÇ ÀÚÃ븦 Æ÷ÇÔÇÏ´Â ¹°¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ³ëÃâÀ» ¾ó¸¶³ª Àß ÁöÅÊÇÒ ¼ö Àִ°¡ÀÌ´Ù. ¿¬±¸ÁøÀº ÀϺΠ¹ÝÀÀ¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ½ÇÇè½Ç ±â¹ÝÀÇ Æ¯¼ºÀ» ±Ô¸íÇÏ´Â ³ë·ÂÀÌ ÇÊ¿äÇÏ´Ù°í McGovernÀº ¹àÇû´Ù.

¸¸¾à ½Ã½ºÅÛÀÌ ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ ºÐ¼®¸¸Å­ Àß ÀÛµ¿ÇÑ´Ù¸é, ÀÌ ¹æ¹ýÀº ³ó¾÷, À½¿ë¼ö ¶Ç´Â ´Ù¸¥ ¿ëµµ·Î ÀüȯµÉ ÇÊ¿ä°¡ ÀÖ´Â ´ã¼öÀÇ ¾çÀ» »ó´çÈ÷ Àý°¨ÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Â ¹æ¾ÈÀ» Á¦°øÇÒ »Ó ¾Æ´Ï¶ó, ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ ½ÃÃß Áö¿ªÀ¸·ÎºÎÅÍ Ã³ºÐµÉ ÇÊ¿ä°¡ ÀÖ´Â ¿À¿°µÈ ¹°ÀÇ ºÎÇÇ ¿ª½Ã »ó´çÈ÷ °¨¼Ò½Ãų ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù.

¸¸¾à ´ç½ÅÀÌ ¼øȯÀ» ¹ÐÆó½Ãų ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù¸é, ´ç½ÅÀº ´ã¼ö¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ÇÊ¿äÀÇ ºÎ´ãÀ» °¨¼Ò ¶Ç´Â Á¦°Å½Ãų ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù°í Lienhard´Â ¹àÇû´Ù. ÀÌ°ÍÀº ÀÌ¹Ì ¹° ºÎÁ·À» °æÇèÇÏ°í ÀÖ´Â Åػ罺 ÁÖ¿Í °°ÀÌ ÁÖ¿ä ¿ÀÀÏÀ» »ý»êÇÏ´Â Áö¿ª¿¡¼­ »ó´çÈ÷ Å« ¼º°ú°¡ µÉ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù°í ±×´Â ¹àÇû´Ù.

Àü±â Åõ¼® ±â¼úÀº ÇöÀç »ç¿ë °¡´ÉÇÑ ¹Ý¸é, ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ ÀÀ¿ëÀº ÀϺΠ»õ·Î¿î ÀåÄ¡ÀÇ °³¹ßÀ» ÇÊ¿ä·Î ÇÑ´Ù°í Lienhard´Â ¼³¸íÇß´Ù. ÀÌ ¿¬±¸¿¡´Â Âü¿©ÇÏÁö ¾Ê¾ÒÁö¸¸, À̽º¶ó¿¤ º¥±¸¸®¿Â ´ëÇÐ(Ben Gurion University)¿¡¼­ ´ã¼ö¿Í ¼ö󸮿¡ °üÇÏ¿© ¿¬±¸ÇÏ°í ÀÖ´Â Jack GilronÀº ¿¬±¸ÆÀÀÌ »ý»ê¼ö ½Ã½ºÅÛ¿¡¼­ Àü±â Åõ¼® ¼º´ÉÀÇ ºÐ¼®ÀÇ Ã¼°èÀûÀÎ Á¢±Ù¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ÀλóÀûÀÎ Áõ¸íÀ» »ý¼ºÇß´Ù°í ¹àÇû´Ù.

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Electrodialysis can provide cost-effective treatment of salty water from fracked wells

The boom in oil and gas produced through hydraulic fracturing, or fracking, is seen as a boon for meeting U.S. energy needs. But one byproduct of the process is millions of gallons of water that's much saltier than seawater, after leaching salts from rocks deep below the surface.

Now researchers at MIT and in Saudi Arabia say they have found an economical solution for removing the salt from this . The new analysis appears this week in the journal Applied Energy, in a paper co-authored by MIT professor John Lienhard, postdoc Ronan McGovern, and four others.
 
The method they propose for treating the "produced water" that flows from oil and gas wells throughout their operation is one that has been known for decades, but had not been considered a viable candidate for extremely high-salinity water, such as that produced from oil and gas wells. The technology, electrodialysis, "has been around for at least 50 years," says Lienhard, the Abdul Latif Jameel Professor of Water and Food as well as director of the Center for Clean Water and Clean Energy at MIT and King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals (KFUPM).
 
The research team also included graduate student Adam Weiner, graduate student Lige Sun, and undergraduate Chester Chambers at MIT, and Professor Syed Zubair at KFUPM.
 
"Electrodialysis is generally thought of as being advantageous for relatively low-salinity water," Lienhard says—such as the brackish, shallow groundwater found in many locations, generally with salinity around one-tenth that of seawater. But electrodialysis also turns out to be economically viable at the other end of the salinity spectrum, the new analysis shows.

Extra salty
 
Produced water from fossil-fuel wells can have salinity three to six times greater than that of seawater; the new research indicates that this salt can be effectively removed through a succession of stages of electrodialysis.
 
The idea would not be to purify the water sufficiently to make it potable, the researchers say. Rather, it could be cleaned up enough to enable its reuse as part of the fluid injected in subsequent wells, significantly reducing the water needed from other sources.
 
Lienhard explains that if you're trying to make pure water, electrodialysis becomes less and less efficient as the water gets less saline, because it requires that electric current flow through the water itself: Salty water conducts electricity well, but pure water does not.
 
McGovern, a postdoc in MIT's Department of Mechanical Engineering and lead author of the paper, says another advantage of the proposed system is "flexibility in the amount of salt we remove. We can produce any level of output salinity." The costs of installing an electrodialysis system, he says, appear to compare favorably to other widely used systems for dealing with produced water.
 
It's not clear at this point, McGovern says, what the optimal salinity is for fracking fluids. "The big question at the moment is what salinity you should reuse the water at," he says. "We offer a way to be able to control that concentration."

Filtration first
 
Before reaching the desalination stage, the researchers envision that chemical impurities in the water would be removed using conventional filtration. One remaining uncertainty is how well the membranes used for electrodialysis would hold up following exposure to water that contains traces of oil or gas. "We need some lab-based characterization of the response," McGovern says.
 
If the system works as well as this analysis suggests, it could not only provide significant savings in the amount of fresh water that needs to be diverted from agriculture, drinking water, or other uses, but it would also significantly reduce the volume of contaminated water that would need to be disposed of from these drilling sites.
 
"If you can close the cycle," Lienhard says, "you can reduce or eliminate the burden of the need for fresh water." This could be especially significant in major oil-producing areas such as Texas, which is already experiencing water scarcity, he says.
While electrodialysis technology is available now, Lienhard explains that this application would require the development of some new equipment.
 
Jack Gilron, who studies desalination and water treatment at Ben Gurion University in Israel and who was not involved in this research, says the team has "created an impressive demonstration of their systematic approach to analysis of [electrodialysis] performance [in] the produced water system." However, he adds, "The authors correctly point out that the issues of scaling and organic fouling must be answered to actually put [electrodialysis] into practice for this system."
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