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°Ç¹°Àº °¡±³ Æú¸®¿¡Æ¿·»(PEX; crosslinked polyethylene), °í¹Ðµµ Æú¸®¿¡Æ¿·»(HDPE; high-density polye, thylene), Æú¸®¿°È­ºñ´Ò(PVC; polyvinylchloride), ¿°¼Ò·Î ó¸®µÈ Æú¸®¿°È­ºñ´Ò(cPVC; chlorinated PVC) ¹× Æú¸®ÇÁ·ÎÇÊ·»(polypropylene) °ü µîÀ» Æ÷ÇÔÇÑ ¼ö¸¹Àº À¯ÇüÀÇ Çöó½ºÆ½ À½¿ë¼ö °ü(plastic drinking water pipe)À» ÀÌ¿ëÇÏ¿© ¹è°üµÈ´Ù°í ¹Ì±¹ ÆÛµà ´ëÇÐ(Purdue University) »êÇÏ µµ½Ã°øÇкΠÁ¶±³¼öÀÎ Andrew WheltonÀº ¹àÇû´Ù.

Çöó½ºÆ½ °ü(plastic pipe)Àº ±Ý¼Ó °üº¸´Ù ¼³Ä¡°¡ ¿ëÀÌÇÏ°í °¡°ÝÀÌ Àú·ÅÇÒ »Ó ¾Æ´Ï¶ó ´õ °¡º±´Ù. 2012³â ¼öÇàµÈ ºñ±³´Â PEX °üÀÌ Çöó½ºÆ½ °ü Áß¿¡¼­ °¡Àå Àú·ÅÇϸç, 1 ÇÇÆ®´ç 43 ¼¾Æ®ÀÇ ºñ¿ëÀÌ ¼Ò¿äµÈ´Ù´Â °ÍÀ» º¸¿© ÁÖ¾ú´Ù. °¡Àå °í°¡ÀÇ ±Ý¼Ó °üÀÎ ±¸¸® °üÀº ÇÇÆ®´ç 2.55´Þ·¯¿´´Ù.

±Ý¼Ó ¹è°ü ½Ã½ºÅÛ ´ë½Å Çöó½ºÆ½ ¹è°ü ½Ã½ºÅÛÀ» ¼³Ä¡ÇÔÀ¸·Î½á °ÇÃàÀÌ ÀÌ·ç¾îÁö´Â µ¿¾È ¼öõ ´Þ·¯°¡ Àý°¨µÆÀ¸¸ç, ÁöÁöÀÚµéÀº Çöó½ºÆ½ °üÀÌ Á¦Á¶¿¡ ´õ ÀûÀº ¿¡³ÊÁö¸¦ ÇÊ¿ä·Î ÇÏ°í, ±Ý¼Ó °ü °ú ºñ±³ÇßÀ» ¶§ ´õ ÀûÀº ÀÌ»êȭź¼Ò¸¦ »ý¼ºÇÑ´Ù°í ÁÖÀåÇÏ°í ÀÖ´Ù. µû¶ó¼­ ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ Çöó½ºÆ½ °üÀº Ç¥¸é»óÀ¸·Î ³ì»ö °Ç¹°(green building)À» ±¸ÃàÇϴµ¥ ÀûÇÕÇÏ´Ù.

¹Ì±¹¿¡¼­ ÆÇ¸ÅµÈ Çöó½ºÆ½ °üÀÌ À½¿ë¼ö Áú(drinking water quality)¿¡ ³¢Ä£ ¿µÇâ¿¡ ´ëÇÏ¿©´Â ¾Ë·ÁÁø ¹Ù°¡ °ÅÀÇ ¾ø´Ù°í WheltonÀº ¹àÇû´Ù.

±×´Â 2014³â 10¿ù 24ÀÏ ´º¿Ã¸®¾ð½º¿¡¼­ °³ÃֵǴ ¹Ì±¹ ³ì»ö °Ç¹° À§¿øȸÀÇ ³ì»ö °Ç¹° ±¹Á¦ ÄÁÆÛ·±½º ¹× ½ÉÆ÷Áö¾ö µ¿¾È ¿¬±¸ °á°ú¸¦ ¼¼ºÎÀûÀ¸·Î ¼³¸íÇÏ´Â ¹ßÇ¥¸¦ ÇÒ ¿¹Á¤ÀÌ´Ù. ÀϺΠÅ×½ºÆ® °á°ú´Â 2014³â 9¿ù Water Research Àú³Î ¿Â¶óÀÎ ÆÇ¿¡ ¹ßÇ¥µÆ´Ù. ¿¬±¸ÁøÀº ¹Ì±¹¿¡¼­ ÀÌ¿ëÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Â 6 °³ »óÇ¥ÀÇ PEX °üÀ¸·Î À¯¹ßµÇ´Â À½¿ë¼ö ¿µÇâ¿¡ ´ëÇÏ¿© ±â¼úÇß´Ù.

9¿ù ¿¬±¸¿¡¼­, À½¿ë¼ö´Â ½Ã½ºÅÛÀÌ ¼³Ä¡µÈ Áö 6°³¿ù ÈÄ ¸Þ¸±·£µå¿¡ ¼ø-Á¦·Î ¿¡³ÊÁö °Ç¹°(net-zero energy building)¿¡ ±¸ÃàµÈ PEX ¹è°ü ½Ã½ºÅÛ(PEX plumbing system)¿¡¼­ Å×½ºÆ®µÆ´Ù. Å×½ºÆ®´Â PEX °ü ±¸¼º¼ººÐ°ú ±¸¼º¼ººÐÀÇ ÅðÀû¹°(ingredient degradation products)·Î 11°³ È­Çй°ÁúÀÌ Á¸ÀçÇÑ´Ù´Â »ç½ÇÀ» ±Ô¸íÇß´Ù. ½ÇÇè½Ç¿¡¼­ PEX °üÀ» ÀÌ¿ëÇÑ ¿¬±¸´Â 6°³ »óÇ¥°¡ ¹Ì±¹ ȯ°æº¸È£±¹(EPA; Environmental Protection Agency)ÀÇ ÃÖ´ë ±Ç°í À½¿ë¼ö ³¿»õ ÇÑ°è(drinking water odor limit)¸¦ ÃÊ°úÇÑ´Ù´Â °ÍÀ» º¸¿©ÁÖ¾ú´Ù°í WheltonÀº ¹àÇû´Ù. EPAÀÇ ÃÖ´ë À½¿ë¼ö ³¿»õ ÇÑ°è´Â ÇÑ°è ³¿»õ ¼öÄ¡(TON; threshold odor number) 3 ¶Ç´Â 3 TONÀÌ´Ù. À½¿ë¼ö ³¿»õ ±âÁØÀÌ °Ç°­À» °í·ÁÇÏ´Â °ÍÀÌ ¾Æ´Ï¶ó ½É¹ÌÀûÀÎ °í·Á¸¦ ±â¹ÝÀ¸·Î Çϱ⠶§¹®¿¡, ±ÔÁ¤ÀÇ Áؼö´Â ÀÚÀ²¿¡ ¸Ã°ÜÁ³´Ù.

³¿»õ¿Í È­Çй°Áú ¼öÁØÀº 6°³ °ü »óÇ¥¿¡ ´ëÇÏ¿© 30 ÀÏ¿¡ °ÉÃÄ ¿°¼Ò ó¸®(chlorine treatment) Àü°ú ÈÄ¿¡ ´ëÇÏ¿© ¸ð´ÏÅ͸µµÆ´Ù. ¹Ì±¹¿¡¼­ »ç¿ëµÇ°í ÀÖ´Â °¡Àå Àαâ ÀÖ´Â ¼Òµ¶Á¦ÀÎ ¿°¼Ò´Â ¹°ÀÌ ¼öµµ²ÀÁö±îÁö À̵¿ÇÒ ¶§, Áúº´À» À¯¹ßÇÏ´Â À¯±âü·ÎºÎÅÍ À½¿ë¼ö¸¦ º¸È£ÇÑ´Ù. ¿°¼Ò°¡ Çöó½ºÆ½ °ü¿¡¼­ ħÃâµÇ´Â È­Çй°Áú°ú ¹ÝÀÀÇÒ ¶§, PEX °ü 1°³ÀÇ »óÇ¥¿¡ ´ëÇÏ¿© ³¿»õ ¼öÁØÀº 3¹è·Î Áõ°¡Çß´Ù. PEX °ü¿¡ ÀÇÇØ Ä§ÃâµÈ È­Çй°ÁúÀÇ Àüü Áú·®ÀÌ 30ÀÏ Å×½ºÆ® ÈÄ °¨¼ÒµÈ ÇÑÆí, ³¿»õ´Â °üÀÌ ³ëÈÄ µÉ ¶§ Á¡Â÷ Áö¼ÓµÆ´Ù°í WheltonÀº ¹àÇû´Ù.

¹Ì±¹¿¡¼­ À½¿ë¼ö ³¿»õ¿¡ ´ëÇÏ¿© Ã¥ÀÓÀÌ ÀÖ´Â È­Çй°ÁúÀº °Ç°­ À§Çè ¿äÀÎÀÌ ¾Æ´Ï¶ó°í ÀϹÝÀûÀ¸·Î °¡Á¤ÇÏ°í ÀÖ´Ù. ºñ·Ï ¹è°ü ¿¬±¸¿¡¼­ ¹ß°ßµÈ ¸î °¡Áö È­Çй°ÁúÀÌ °Ç°­ ±âÁØ¿¡ µû¶ó ±ÔÁ¦µÇ°í ÀÖ´Ù°í ÇÏ´õ¶óµµ, PEX °ü 1°³ÀÇ »óÇ¥°¡ ETBE(ethyl-tert-butyl ether) À½¿ë¼ö °Ç°­ ±âÁØÀ» ÃÊ°úÇß´Ù. ETBE´Â ´ºÇÜÇÁ¼Å ÁÖ¿Í ´º¿å ÁÖ¿¡¼­ À½¿ë¼ö ±âÁØ¿¡ µû¸¥ PEX °ü Á¦Á¶ ºÎ»ê¹°ÀÌ´Ù.

´ºÇÜÇÁ¼Å ÁÖ¿¡¼­ ETBE ÇѰ踦 ¼ö¸³ÇÒ ¶§, °øÁß º¸°Ç °ü°èÀÚ´Â ÀǽɵǴ ¹ß¾Ï °¡´É¼º¿¡ ´ëÇÏ¿© 10¹è °¨ÃàÀ» Ưº°È÷ Ãß°¡Çß´Ù. ±×·¯³ª ¿¬¹æ À½¿ë¼ö ±âÁØÀº ¾ÆÁ÷±îÁö ¼ö¸³µÇÁö ¾Ê¾Ò´Ù°í WheltonÀº ÁöÀûÇß´Ù.

¿¬±¸ÁøÀº ETBE À½¿ë¼ö ¼öÁØÀÌ PEX °ü »ç¿ë ù 3ÀÏ µ¿¾È 175 ppb(parts per billion)¿¡ µµ´ÞÇßÀ¸¸ç, ÀÌÈÄ Å×½ºÆ®°¡ Á¾·áµÈ 30ÀÏ »ç¿ë ÈÄ 74 ppb·Î Á¶»çµÆ´Ù. ´ºÇÜÇÁ¼Å´Â 40 ppbÀÇ °¡Àå ¾ö°ÝÇÑ À½¿ë¼ö °Ç°­ ±âÁØÀ» °¡Áö°í ÀÖ´Ù. ¹Ì½Ã°£ ÁÖ ¿ª½Ã ETBE ±âÁØÀ» °¡Áö°í ÀÖÁö¸¸, ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ ±âÁØÀº ETBE¿¡ ÀÇÇØ À¯¹ßµÈ À½¿ë¼ö ³¿»õ¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ÇÑ°èÄ¡¸¦ ±â¹ÝÀ¸·Î ÇÏ°í ÀÖ´Ù.

À½¿ë¼ö ³¿»õÀÇ Á¸Àç´Â ÁÖÅüÒÀ¯ÁÖ°¡ À½¿ë¼ö¸¦ ÇÇÇÏ´Â °ÍÀ» Ã˹ßÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù. ¿ÀŬ¶óÈ£¸¶¿¡ ¹é¸¸ ´Þ·¯¿¡ À̸£´Â ÁÖÅÃÀÇ ÀϺο¡ PEX¸¦ ¼³Ä¡ÇÑ °è¾àÀÚ´Â ÁÖÅüÒÀ¯ÁÖ°¡ ¿å½Ç ¼öµ¾¹°¿¡¼­ ÈÖ¹ßÀ¯¿Í °°Àº ³¿»õ°¡ ³­´Ù°í º¸°íÇ߱⠶§¹®¿¡ ¿¬±¸Áø¿¡°Ô µµ¿òÀ» ¿äûÇß´Ù°í WheltonÀº ¹àÇû´Ù. ÁÖÅüÒÀ¯ÁÖ´Â °Ç°­¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ¿ì·Á ¶§¹®¿¡, PEX ¹è°üÀ¸·Î ¼³°èµÈ ¿å½Ç¿¡¼­ ¸ñ¿åÇÏ´Â °ÍÀ» °ÅºÎÇß´Ù.

°¡Á¤À¸·ÎºÎÅÍ ¼öµ¾¹° Å×½ºÆ®¿¡¼­, Whelton ¿¬±¸ÆÀÀº Çöó½ºÆ½ ¼öÁö ÇÕ¼º¿¡ »ç¿ëµÇ´Â ¿ë¸ÅÀÎ Åç·ç¿£°ú ³¿»õ°¡ °ËÃâµÇ´Â ¼öÁØ ÀÌ»óÀ¸·Î Á¸ÀçÇÏ´Â ETBE¸¦ ¹ß°ßÇß´Ù. ±×·¯³ª Åç·ç¿£°ú ETBE´Â ¸ðµÎ °Ç°­ ±âÁØÀ» ÃÊ°úÇÏÁö´Â ¾Ê¾Ò´Ù. ÈÖ¹ßÀ¯ ³¿»õÀÇ ¹°Àº »ç¿ë¿¡´Â ¾ÈÀüÇÑ °ÍÀ¸·Î ³ªÅ¸³µ´Ù.

±×¸²1> ¹Ì±¹¿¡¼­ ȯ°æ ģȭÀûÀÎ ³ì»ö °Ç¹°(green building)ÀÇ À½¿ë¼ö¿¡ ´ëÇÑ Çöó½ºÆ½ °üÀÇ È¿°ú¸¦ Á¶»çÇÑ ¿¬±¸¸¦ ÁÖµµÇÑ ÆÛµà ´ëÇÐ µµ½Ã °øÇкΠÁ¶±³¼öÀÎ Andrew Whelton.

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Drinking water odors, chemicals above health standards caused by 'green building' plumbing

Several types of plastic pipes in eco-friendly green buildings in the United States have been found to leach chemicals into drinking water that can cause odors and sometimes exist at levels that may exceed health standards.
 
Buildings are being plumbed with many types of plastic drinking water . These include crosslinked polyethylene (PEX), high-density polyethylene (HDPE), polyvinylchloride (PVC), chlorinated PVC (cPVC) and polypropylene (PP) pipes, said Andrew Whelton, an assistant professor of in Purdue University's Lyles School of Civil Engineering and Division of Environmental and Ecological Engineering.
 
Plastic pipes are generally less expensive, lighter and easier to install than metal pipes. A 2012 comparison showed PEX pipe was the least expensive among plastic pipes, costing 43 cents per foot compared to the most expensive metal, copper pipe, at $2.55 per foot. 
 
Thousands of dollars can be saved during construction by installing plastic instead of metal plumbing systems, and proponents assert plastic pipes require less energy to manufacture - generating less carbon dioxide compared to metal pipes - ostensibly making them a good fit for green buildings.
 
"Little is known about the degree to which plastic pipes sold in the U.S. affect drinking water quality," Whelton said.
 
He will detail research findings in a presentation during the 2014 U.S. Green Building Council's Greenbuild International Conference & Exposition on Friday (Oct. 24) in New Orleans with Rebecca Bryant, managing principal of Watershed LLC of Fairhope, Alabama. Some testing results were published online in September in the journal Water Research. There, the researchers describe drinking water impacts caused by six brands of PEX pipes available in the United States.
 
In the September study, drinking water was tested from a PEX plumbing system in a "net-zero energy" building in Maryland six months after the system had been installed. The testing revealed the presence of 11 chemicals that were PEX pipe ingredients and ingredient degradation products. Research with PEX pipes in the laboratory also showed that six brands caused drinking water to exceed the U.S.
 
Environmental Protection Agency's maximum recommended drinking water odor limit, Whelton said. The U.S. EPA's maximum drinking water odor limit is a "threshold odor number" of 3, or 3 TON. Compliance is voluntary because the standard is based on aesthetic - not health - considerations.
 
Odor and chemical levels were monitored with and without chlorine treatment over a 30-day period for the six pipe brands. Chlorine, the most popular disinfectant chemical used in the United States, protects drinking water from disease-causing organisms as it travels to the tap. When chlorine reacted with chemicals leached by the , odor levels for one brand of PEX pipe tripled. While the total mass of chemicals leached by PEX pipes was found to decline after 30 days of testing, odors generally continued as the pipes aged, Whelton said.
 
A general assumption in the United States is that chemicals responsible for drinking water odors pose no health dangers. Although, several chemicals found in the plumbing research have regulated health limits, and one PEX pipe brand caused drinking water to exceed the ethyl-tert-butyl ether (ETBE) drinking water health standard. ETBE is a PEX pipe manufacturing byproduct with drinking water standards in New Hampshire and New York state.
 
When establishing the ETBE limit in New Hampshire, public health officials specifically added a 10-fold reduction to allow for its suspected carcinogenic potential. However, no federal drinking water standard exists, Whelton said.
 
The researchers found ETBE drinking water levels as high as 175 parts per billion (ppb) during the first three days of PEX pipe use and then 74 ppb after 30 days of use when the testing ended. New Hampshire has the most stringent drinking water health standard of 40 ppb. Michigan also has an ETBE standard, but it is based on limiting drinking water odor caused by ETBE.
 
The presence of drinking water odor can prompt homeowners to avoid their altogether.
 
"A contractor who installed PEX in parts of a million-dollar home in Oklahoma asked us for help because the homeowners reported gasoline-like odors in a bathroom's tap water," Whelton said. "The homeowners refused to take showers in the PEX-plumbed bathroom because they were concerned about their health."
 
By testing tap water from the home, Whelton's team discovered that toluene, a solvent used for plastic resin synthesis and ETBE were present above levels where odors would be detected. Neither toluene nor ETBE exceeded health standards, however. The gasoline smelling water was safe to use.
 
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