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[2015] [¹Ì±¹] ¹ÙÀÌ¿À¿¬·á »ý»êÀ» ÃËÁøÇÏ´Â ÀÌÁ¾ À̽ºÆ® ÇÏÀ̺긮µå
À̸§ °ü¸®ÀÚ waterindustry@hanmail.net ÀÛ¼ºÀÏ 2015.12.10 Á¶È¸¼ö 544
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[¹Ì±¹] ¹ÙÀÌ¿À¿¬·á »ý»êÀ» ÃËÁøÇÏ´Â ÀÌÁ¾ À̽ºÆ® ÇÏÀ̺긮µå
 
¹Ì±¹ À§½ºÄܽŠ´ëÇÐ ¸Åµð½¼ Ä·ÆÛ½º(UW-Madison; University of Wisconsin-Madison) ¼Ò¼ÓÀÇ ¿¬±¸ÁøÀº ´Ü¼øÇÏ°í, °ß°íÇÒ »Ó ¾Æ´Ï¶ó È¿À²ÀûÀÎ ÀÌÁ¾ À̽ºÆ® ÇÏÀ̺긮µå(interspecies yeast hybrids)¸¦ »ý¼ºÇÏ´Â ¹æ¹ýÀ» °³¹ßÇß´Ù. Fungal Genetics and Biology Àú³Î¿¡ ¹ßÇ¥µÈ ÀÌ ¹æ¹ýÀº ÁøÈ­ À¯ÀüÇÐ(evolutionary genetics)°ú °Ô³ð ¾ÈÁ¤¼º(genome stability)¿¡¼­ÀÇ ±âÃÊ ¿¬±¸¿¡ »ç¿ëµÇ´Â »ç¹èü(tetraploids) ±¸Ãà»Ó ¾Æ´Ï¶ó, À½·á¿Í ¹ÙÀÌ¿À¿¬·á »ý»ê(biofuel production)À» À§ÇÑ »õ·Î¿î ÇÕ¼º ÇÏÀ̺긮µå¸¦ À§ÇÑ È¿°úÀûÀÎ ¼ö´ÜÀ» Á¦°øÇÑ´Ù.

¾à 500¿© ³â Àü, ¿¡ÀÏ(ale, ¸ÆÁÖÀÇ ÀÏÁ¾), ¿ÍÀÎ ¹× »§ µî°ú °°Àº Á¦Ç°À» ¸¸µå´Âµ¥ Ã¥ÀÓÀÌ ÀÖ´Â À̽ºÆ®ÀÎ »çÄ«·Î¸¶À̼¼½º ¼¼·¹ºñ½Ã¾Æ(Saccharomyces cerevisiae)ÀÇ À¯¿¬ÇÑ ÀÚ¿¬ÀûÀÎ ±³¹è¿Í ¸Ö¸® ¶³¾îÁ® ÀÖ´Â À̽ºÆ® °¡°è´Â ¶ó°Å ¸ÆÁÖ(lager beer)ÀÇ »ý»êÀ» °¡´ÉÇÏ°Ô Çß´Ù. ¿À´Ã³¯ Àú¿Â ¾çÁ¶·Î »ý»êµÈ ¶ó°Å ¸ÆÁÖ´Â Àü ¼¼°è¿¡¼­ °¡Àå ¸¹ÀÌ ¼ÒºñµÇ´Â ¾ËÄÚ¿Ã À½·á·Î ¿¬°£ 2500¾ï ´Þ·¯ ÀÌ»óÀÌ ÆǸŵǰí ÀÖ´Ù.

»çÄ«·Î¹Ì¼¼½º ÀÌÁ¾ ÇÏÀ̺긮µå´Â ¶ó°Å ¸ÆÁÖ, º§±â¿¡ ¿¡ÀÏ(Belgian ales), »çÀÌ´Ù ¹× Àú¿Â ¹ßÈ¿ ¿ÍÀÎ µîÀÇ »ý»êÀ» Æ÷ÇÔÇÑ ¹ßÈ¿ À½·á »ê¾÷¿¡¼­ Áß¿äÇÑ »ýüÃ˸Å(biocatalyst)ÀÌ´Ù. ÇÕ¼º ÀÌÁ¾ ÇÏÀ̺긮µå¸¦ ¸¸µé±â À§ÇÑ ÇöÀçÀÇ ¹æ¹ýÀº ±î´Ù·Ó°Å³ª °Ô³ð º¯°æ(genome modification)À» ÇÊ¿ä·Î ÇÑ´Ù.

ÃÖÃÊÀÇ ¶ó°Å ¸ÆÁÖ´Â »çÄ«·Î¹Ì¼¼½º Á¾(Saccharomyces species)ÀÇ À¯¿¬ÇÑ ±³¹è¿¡ ÀÇÁ¸Çß´Ù. ±×·¯³ª °á°ú´Â ¾öû³­ °æÁ¦Àû °¡Ä¡ÀÇ Á¦Ç°À» ¸¸µé¾î ³ÂÀ¸¸ç, ÀÌÁ¾ À̽ºÆ® ÇÏÀ̺긮µåÀÇ ÀáÀçÀûÀÎ °¡´É¼ºÀ» Áõ¸íÇß´Ù. ÀÚ¿¬¿¡¼­, À¯»çÇÑ ±³¹è »ç°ÇÀÇ °¡´É¼ºÀº °ÅÀÇ Á¸ÀçÇÏÁö ¾ÊÀ¸¸ç, °ÅÀÇ ºÒ°¡´É¿¡ °¡±õ´Ù.

¿¬±¸ÁøÀº õ °³ÀÇ ¼¼Æ÷ Áß ÇϳªÀÇ ºñÀ²·Î ÇÏÀ̺긮µå¸¦ ¾òÀ» ¼ö ÀÖ¾ú´Ù. ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ ÇÏÀ̺긮µå´Â ÀÚ¿¬º¸´Ù ÈξÀ ´õ È¿À²ÀûÀ̶ó°í ÀÌ ³í¹®ÀÇ ÁÖÀúÀÚÀÎ William Alexander´Â ¹àÇû´Ù.

¼ö¸¹Àº À̽ºÆ® Á¾ÀÌ ¾Ë·ÁÁ® ÀÖÀ¸¸ç, Àü ¼¼°è »ó»óÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Â °ÅÀÇ ¸ðµç »ýÅÂÇÐÀû ÁöÀ§¸¦ Â÷ÁöÇÏ°í ÀÖ´Ù. À̽ºÆ®´Â ¹Ì»ý¹°ÀÌ ´çÀ» ¾ËÄڿðú ÀÌ»êȭź¼Ò·Î Àüȯ½ÃÅ°´Â ¹ßÈ¿ °øÁ¤¿¡ ÇʼöÀûÀÌ´Ù. À̽ºÆ®´Â ¸ÆÁÖ, ¿ÍÀÎ ¹× »§ µîÀ» ¸¸µå´Âµ¥ Æø³Ð°Ô »ç¿ëµÇ°í ÀÖÀ» »Ó ¾Æ´Ï¶ó, »çÀÌ´Ù, À§½ºÅ°, Ä¡Áî, ¿ä°ÅÆ®, °£Àå ¹× ´Ù¸¥ ¹ßÈ¿ À½½Ä°ú À½·á¸¦ ¸¸µå´Âµ¥ »ç¿ëµÇ°í ÀÖ´Ù. »ê¾÷°è¿¡¼­, À̽ºÆ®´Â ¹ÙÀÌ¿À¿¬·á¸¦ Á¦Á¶ÇÏ°í, È¿¼Ò, Çâ¹Ì·á(flavors), ¾È·á(pigment) ¹× Àΰ£ Àν¶¸°°ú °°Àº ¾àÇ° µîÀ» ¸¸µå´Âµ¥ »ç¿ëµÇ°í ÀÖ´Ù.

½Å¼ÓÇÏ°í È¿À²ÀûÀ¸·Î ´ë·® »ý»êÇÏ´Â »õ·Î¿î À̽ºÆ® ÀÌÁ¾ ÇÏÀ̺긮µåÀÇ ´É·ÂÀº À̽ºÆ®¿¡ ÀÇÁ¸ÇÏ´Â »ê¾÷Àº ´õ ¸¹Àº À¯±âü°¡ ¿ÏÀüÈ÷ »õ·Î¿î Á¦Ç°À» »ý¼ºÇÏ°í »ý¼º¹°À» °­È­Çϱâ À§ÇÏ¿© »õ·Î¿î Çâ¹Ì·á¸¦ ¸¸µå´Â ½ÇÇèÀ» °ÅÄ¥ ¼ö ÀÖ°Ô ÇÒ °ÍÀ̶ó°í UW-Madison ¼Ò¼ÓÀÇ À¯ÀüÇÐ ±³¼öÀ̸ç, »õ·Î¿î ¿¬±¸ÀÇ ¼±ÀÓ ÀúÀÚÀÎ Chris Todd Hittinger´Â ¼³¸íÇß´Ù. Hittinger´Â À̽ºÆ® À¯ÀüÇп¡ ´ëÇÏ¿© Àü ¼¼°èÀûÀ¸·Î Àú¸íÇÑ ÇÐÀÚÀ̸ç, ¶ó°Å ¸ÆÁÖ ÇÏÀ̺긮µå¸¦ Çü¼ºÇÏ´Â ¾ß»ý ÆÄŸ°í´Ï¾Æ À̽ºÆ®(Patagonian yeast)¸¦ °øµ¿À¸·Î ¹ß¸íÇß´Ù.

¿¹¸¦ µé¸é, »çÄ«·Î¸¶À̼¼½º ¼¼·¹ºñ½Ã¾Æ¿Í ÀÌ¿Í ¸Õ °¡°èÀÎ ÀÚ¿¬¿¡¼­ ³ª¹« Ȥº´¿¡ ¼­½ÄÇÏ´Â »çÄ«·Î¸¶À̼¼½º À¯¹Ù¾ß´©½º(Saccharomyces eubayanus)ÀÇ ±³¹è´Â ¶ó°Å ¸ÆÁÖ¸¦ ¸¸µå´Â Àú¿Â ¹ßÈ¿¸¦ Çã¿ëÇÑ´Ù.

¿¬±¸ÁøÀº Æ÷ÀÚ Çü¼º(sporulation) ¶Ç´Â ÇÙÀÇ °Ô³ð ÃËÁø(nuclear genome manipulation) ¾øÀÌ µ¶¸³ ¿µ¾çÀÇ »çÄ«·Î¹Ì¼¼½º(prototrophic Saccharomyces) °¡°èÀÇ ÀÌÁú »ç¹èü(allotetraploid)¸¦ »ý¼ºÇÏ´Â ´Ü¼øÇÏ°í, °ß°íÇϸç È¿À²ÀûÀÎ ¹æ¹ýÀ» °³¹ßÇß´Ù.

»õ·Î¿î À̽ºÆ® ±³¹è ¹æ¹ýÀº À¯±âü¿¡ À¯ÀüÀû Ç°ÁúÀ» ºÎ¿©Çϱâ À§ÇÏ¿© ±¸ÃàµÉ ¼ö ÀÖ´Â DNAÀÇ Áý´ÜÀÎ Çö󽺹̵å(plasmids)¸¦ »ç¿ëÇÑ´Ù. ½ÇÇè½Ç¿¡¼­, Çö󽺹̵å´Â ¼¼Æ÷¿¡¼­ À¯ÀüÀÚ¸¦ Á¶ÀÛÇϱâ À§ÇÏ¿© ÀÏ»óÀûÀ¸·Î »ç¿ëµÇ°í ÀÖ´Ù. Çö󽺹̵忡 ÀÖ´Â À¯ÀüÀڴ ¦À¸·Î µÎ °³ÀÇ º°°³ÀÇ À̽ºÆ® Á¾À» Çã¿ëÇÏ´Â ÀÚ¿¬ÀûÀ¸·Î ¹ß»ýÇÏ´Â À̽ºÆ® ´Ü¹éÁúÀ» ¹ßÇöÇÔÀ¸·Î½á À̽ºÆ® ±³¹è¸¦ ÃËÁøÇÑ´Ù.

Çö󽺹̵å´Â µÎ °³ÀÇ À¶ÇÕµÈ À¯±âüÀÇ °Ô³ðÀ» º¯È­½ÃÅ°Áö ¾Ê°í ³²°ÜÁø »õ·Î¿î ÇÏÀ̺긮µå À̽ºÆ®·ÎºÎÅÍ Á¦°ÅµÉ ¼ö ÀÖ´Â ±³¹è °øÁ¤À» ÃËÁøÇϴµ¥ »ç¿ëµÆ´Ù.

ÀÌ ±â¼úÀÇ ÀåÁ¡Àº ¼Óµµ, È¿À² ¹× Á¤¹Ð¼º µî ÀÌ´Ù. ÀÏÁÖÀÏ À̳»¿¡, ´ç½ÅÀº ÀÌÀü¿¡´Â °áÄÚ º¼ ¼ö ¾ø¾ú´ø ÇüŸ¦ »ý¼ºÇϱ⸦ ¿øÇÏ´Â µÎ °¡Áö Á¾ÀÇ ´Ù¼öÀÇ ÇÏÀ̺긮µå¸¦ »ý¼ºÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù°í Chris Todd Hittinger´Â ¹àÇû´Ù.

»õ·Î¿î ¿¬±¸´Â ³× °¡Áö »õ·Î¿î ÇÏÀ̺긮µå¿¡ ´ëÇÏ¿© ±â¼úÇÏ°í ÀÖ´Ù. Hittinger¿Í ±×ÀÇ µ¿·á ¿¬±¸ÁøÀº ÆÄŸ°í´Ï¾Æ(Patagonia)ÀÇ ¾ËÇÁ½º Áö¹æ¿¡¼­ ¶ó°Å À̽ºÆ® ¸ð°è¿¡¼­ óÀ½À¸·Î ¹ß°ßÇÑ ÈÄ, 4°³ÀÇ ÇÏÀ̺긮µå Áß Çϳª´Â ¹Ì±¹ À§½ºÄܽŠÁÖ ¼Îº¸ÀÌ°Ç(Sheboygan) Àαٿ¡¼­ ¹ß°ßµÆ´ø »çÄ«·Î¸¶À̼¼½º À¯¹Ù¾ß´©½ºÀÇ °¡°è¸¦ ÀÌ¿ëÇÏ¿© ¸¸µé¾îÁ³´Ù. »õ·Î¿î ÇÏÀ̺긮µå´Â UW-Madison ½ÄÇ°°úÇкο¡¼­ »õ·Î¿î ¸ÆÁÖ ·¹½ÃÇÇ·Î Å×½ºÆ®µÉ ¿¹Á¤ÀÌ´Ù.

S. cerevisiae ¡¿ S. eubayanus, S. cerevisiae ¡¿ S. kudriavzevii, ¹× S. cerevisiae ¡¿ S. uvarum µîÀÇ ÇÏÀ̺긮µå °¡°è°¡ ÇÕ¼º ¶ó°Å, º§±â¿¡ ¿¡ÀÏ ¹× »çÀÌ´Ù °¡°è·Î °¢°¢ »ý¼ºµÆ´Ù. °¡°èÀÇ ¹è¼ö¼º(ploidy)°ú ÇÏÀ̺긮µå Ư¼ºÀº °¢°¢ À¯µ¿ ¼¼Æ÷ ºÐ¼®¹ý(flow cytometry)°ú PCR-RFLP ºÐ¼®À» ÀÌ¿ëÇÏ¿© È®ÀεƴÙ.

¶Ç »õ·Î¿î ±â¼úÀº Æ÷ÀÚ¸¦ »ý¼ºÇÒ ¼ö ¾ø´Â ¼ö¸¹Àº À̽ºÆ®ÀÇ »ê¾÷¿ë °¡°è·Î °ü·Ã »ê¾÷ÀÌ Àå¾Ö¸¦ ±Øº¹Çϴµ¥ µµ¿òÀ» ÁÙ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù. »õ·Î¿î ¿¬±¸´Â ±¹¸³°úÇÐÀç´Ü(NSF; National Science Foundation)¿Í ¿¡³ÊÁöºÎÀÇ Áö¿øÀ¸·Î ¼öÇàµÆ´Ù.
[Ãâó = KISTI ¹Ì¸®¾È ¡º±Û·Î¹úµ¿Çâºê¸®ÇΡ»/ 2015³â 12¿ù 10ÀÏ]

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New method for creating interspecies yeast hybrids could boost biofuels production
 
Researchers at the University of Wisconsin-Madison have developed a simple, robust, and efficient method for generating interspecies yeast hybrids. As reported in the journal Fungal Genetics and Biology, this method provides an efficient means for producing novel synthetic hybrids for beverage and biofuel production, as well as for constructing tetraploids to be used for basic research in evolutionary genetics and genome stability.
Some 500 years ago, the accidental natural hybridization of Saccharomyces cerevisiae—the yeast responsible for things like ale, wine and bread—and a distant yeast cousin gave rise to lager beer. Today, cold-brewed lager is the world¡¯s most consumed alcoholic beverage, fueling an industry with annual sales of more than $250 billion.

The first lagers depended on that serendipitous cross of Saccharomyces species as evolutionarily diverse as humans and chickens. The result, however, yielded a product of enormous economic value, demonstrating the latent potential of interspecies yeast hybrids. In nature, the odds of a similar hybridization event are, conservatively, one in a billion.
We can achieve hybrids at rates of one in a thousand cells. It is much more efficient than nature.
—William Alexander, lead author
 
There are hundreds of known species of yeasts and they occupy almost every ecological niche imaginable worldwide. They are essential to the process of fermentation, where the microbes convert sugars to alcohol and carbon dioxide. Yeasts are used widely to not only make beer, wine and bread, but also cider, whiskey, cheese, yogurt, soy sauce and an array of other fermented foods and beverages. In industry, yeasts are used to produce biofuels and to make enzymes, flavors and pigments and even drugs such as human insulin.

An ability to quickly and efficiently churn out new yeast interspecies hybrids means industries that depend on yeasts will have many more organisms to experiment with to make new flavors, enhance production and produce entirely new products, explains Chris Todd Hittinger, a UW-Madison professor of genetics and the senior author of the new study. Hittinger is a world authority on yeast genetics and a co-discoverer of the wild Patagonian yeast that formed the lager beer hybrid.

For example, the marriage of Saccharomyces cerevisiae and its distant cousin Saccharomyces eubayanus, a species that inhabits tree galls in nature, permitted the cold-temperature fermentation that made lager beer possible.

The new yeast hybridization method uses plasmids, circles of DNA that can be built into an organism to confer a genetic quality. In the lab, plasmids are routinely used to manipulate genes in cells. Genes in the plasmids facilitate yeast hybridization by expressing a naturally occurring yeast protein that allows two distinct species of yeasts to mate.

The plasmids used to facilitate the process of hybridization can be removed from the new hybrid yeasts, leaving the genomes of the two fused organisms unchanged.
The advantages of the technique are speed, efficiency, and precision. Within a week, you can generate a large number of hybrids of whatever two species you want, creating forms never seen before.
—Chris Todd Hittinger
 
The new study describes four new hybrids, one of which was made using a strain of Saccharomyces eubayanus discovered near Sheboygan, Wis., after Hittinger and his colleagues first found the lager yeast parent in the alpine regions of Patagonia. The new hybrid is being tested in a new beer recipe in the UW-Madison Department of Food Science.

The new technique may also help industry overcome a creative bottleneck, as many industrial strains of yeasts are sterile, unable to produce spores.

The new study was supported by grants from the National Science Foundation and the Department of Energy through the Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center.
 
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