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Çö´ë ÀüÀÚ ÀåºñÀÇ Å©±â¸¦ Ãà¼ÒÇÏ°í, Àü·Â ¼Òºñ¸¦ ÁÙÀÌ´Â °ÍÀº ÀÚ¿¬¿¡ ģȯ°æÀûÀ̸鼭 Áö¼Ó °¡´ÉÇÑ ¿¡³ÊÁö ó¸® °úÁ¤ °³¹ß¿¡ À־ ¸Å¿ì Áß¿äÇÏ´Ù. ¿¹¸¦ µé¾î, Áøµ¿ ¿¡³ÊÁö ¼öÈ®±â(Vibration harvesters)´Â ¹Ù¶÷ÀÇ È帧À̳ª ±³Åë ¼ÒÀ½, ±×¸®°í ¹ß¼Ò¸® µî°ú °°Àº ÀÏ»ó»ýÈ°ÀÇ ±â°èÀû ±³¶õÀ¸·ÎºÎÅÍ ÀÛÀº ¾çÀÇ Àü±â¸¦ »ý¼ºÇÑ´Ù. ÇöÀç, ½Ì°¡Æ÷¸£ A*STAR Àç·á ¿¬±¸ ¹× °øÇÐ ¿¬±¸¼ÒÀÇ °úÇÐÀÚµéÀÌ ¿¡³ÊÁö Ãâ·Â¿¡¼­ ¹é ¹è Çâ»óÀ» ±â´ëÇÏ´Â °æ·® Æú¸®¸Ó Áøµ¿ ¼öÈ®±â¸¦ ¸¸µå´Â ¹æ¹ýÀ» °³¹ßÇß´Ù. À̵éÀÇ ¿¬±¸ °á°ú´Â ¸¶ÀÌÅ©·Î¼¾¼­³ª ÈÞ´ë Àåºñ¿¡¼­ÀÇ ¼öµ¿ ÀüÁö ÃæÀüÀ» ¾ø¾Ö´Âµ¥ ¸¹Àº µµ¿òÀ» ÁÙ °ÍÀÌ´Ù. 

¸¹Àº Áøµ¿ ¼öÈ®±â´Â ±â°èÀûÀ¸·Î ±¸ºÎ·¯Áú ¶§, Àü±â Àü¾ÐÀ» »ý¼ºÇÏ´Â ¾ÐÀü ¹°ÁúÀ» Æ÷ÇÔÇÏ°í ÀÖ´Ù. ¾ÐÀü ¼ÒÀ縦 ´ÙÀ̺ù º¸µå¿Í ºñ½ÁÇÑ ÄµÆ¿·¹¹ö(cantilevers)¿¡ Á¦Á¶ÇÔÀ¸·Î½á, À̵é ÀåºñµéÀº ȯ°æÀû ¶³¸²À» ÀÌ¿ëÇÏ¿©, Àü±â¸¦ »ý¼ºÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù. ¿¬±¸ÁøÀº ¶§¶§·Î ¾ÐÀü ¼¼¶ó¹ÍÀ» »ç¿ëÇϱ⵵ ÇÑ´Ù. ¿Ö³ÄÇϸé, ±×°ÍµéÀº ¸¹Àº ¾çÀÇ ÀüÇϸ¦ Àü´ÞÇÏÁö ¾Ê±â ¶§¹®ÀÌ´Ù. ±×·¯³ª ¼¼¶ó¹ÍÀÇ Ãë¾à¼ºÀº À̵éÀ» Àå±âÀûÀÌ°í, Å« Áøµ¿ ¿îµ¿¿¡ ÀûÇÕÇÏÁö ¾Ê°Ô ÇÑ´Ù. 

Yao¿Í ±×ÀÇ µ¿·á´Â ºñ¿ëÀÌ ½Î¸é¼­µµ, ±â°èÀû º¯Çü¿¡ ½±°Ô °ßµð´Â Çöó½ºÆ½ ±â¹ÝÀÇ ¾ÐÀü ¼ÒÀçÀÎ Æú¸®ºñ´ÒÀ̵ò Ç÷ç¿À¶óÀ̵å(polyvinylidene fluoride, PVDF)¸¦ ¿¬±¸Çϱ⠽ÃÀÛÇß´Ù. PVDF¸¦ ÀÌ¿ëÇÑ È¿À²ÀûÀÎ Áøµ¿ ¼öÈ®±â¸¦ ¸¸µé±â À§ÇÏ¿©, ¿¬±¸ÁøÀº ¿©·¯ ÃþÀ¸·Î Æú¸®¸Ó¸¦ ÀûÃþÇÔÀ¸·Î½á, Ãâ·Â Àü·ù¸¦ Çâ»ó½ÃÅ°°í, ¾ÐÀü ¼ÒÀç¿¡ ³»ÀçÇÏ´Â Àü±âÀû ÀÓÇÇ´ø½º¸¦ °¨¼Ò½ÃÄѾ߸¸ Çß´Ù. ±×·¯³ª ³Ê¹« ³ºÀº ¾ÐÀû ¹Ú¸·ÃþÀ» ½×°Ô µÇ¸é, ÀÌ ÄµÆ¿·¹¹ö´Â ³Ê¹«³ª »»»»ÇØÁ®¼­, ±ÁÈû ¸ðµå(bending-mode) Áøµ¿ ¼öÈ®±â¿¡´Â ÀûÇÕÇÏÁö ¾Ê°Ô µÈ´Ù. 

Çöó½ºÆ½ ¸·À» ÀÌ¿ëÇÑ ÀÌ ¾ÐÀü ¼öÈ®±â¸¦ ÃÖÀûÈ­Çϱâ À§ÇÏ¿©, ¿¬±¸ÁøÀº ºÐ¼®ÀûÀÎ Á¢±Ù ¹æ¹ýÀ» Àû¿ëÇϱâ·Î °áÁ¤Çß´Ù. ±Ý¼Ó Àü±ØÀ» ÀÔÈù ´ÙÃþ Æú¸®¸Ó ĵƿ·¹¹öÀÇ ¼öÇÐÀû ¸ðµ¨À» °³¹ßÇÔÀ¸·Î½á, ¿¬±¸ÁøÀº ´Ù¾çÇÑ ¼ÒÀçÀÇ ¸Å°³ º¯¼ö°¡ ¾î¶»°Ô ¿¡³ÊÁö Ãâ·Â¿¡ ¿µÇâÀ» ¹ÌÄ¡´ÂÁö¸¦ ü°èÀûÀ¸·Î °è»êÇÏ¿´´Ù. ÀÌµé ¿¬±¸ÁøÀÇ ½Ã¹Ä·¹À̼ÇÀº Àü±Ø ÄÚÆÃÀÇ µÎ²²¿Í Àç·áÀÇ Àü±âÀû ¸Å°³ º¯¼ö¿Í °°ÀÌ Á¾Á¾ ¹«½ÃµÇ¾î¿À°ï Çß´ø ¿äÀεéÀ» µå·¯³» ÁÖ¾ú´Ù°í Yao´Â ¸»ÇÑ´Ù. ¡°À̰͵éÀº ´ÙÃþ Æú¸®¸Ó¸¦ ±¸ºÎ¸²À¸·Î½á »ý¼ºµÇ´Â Àü±â¿¡ ¸Å¿ì ±ØÀûÀÎ È¿°ú¸¦ ÁÙ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù¡±°í ±×´Â ¸»Çß´Ù. È®ÀÎµÈ ÇÑ °¡Áö Áß¿äÇÑ ¸Å°³ º¯¼ö´Â ÃÖÀûÀÇ ºÎÇÏ ÀúÇ×°ú Àü±âÀû ÀÓÇÇ´ø½º¸¦ ÀÏÄ¡ÇÒ ÇÊ¿ä°¡ ÀÖ´Ù´Â °ÍÀÌ´Ù. ¿¬±¸ÁøÀÇ ºÐ¼®Àº 22ÃþÀÇ ¾ÐÀü ±¸Á¶¿¡¼­ ³ª¿À´Â ¿¡³ÊÁö Ãâ·ÂÀÌ °°Àº Å©±âÀÇ ´ÜÀÏÃþ ¾ÐÀü Æú¸®¸Óº¸´Ù 5¿¡¼­ 400¹è±îÁö ´õ ³ô´Ù´Â °ÍÀ» º¸¿©ÁÖ¾ú´Ù. 

¿¬±¸ÁøÀº PVDF ±â¹ÝÀÇ Áøµ¿ ¼öÈ®±â¸¦ À¯¿¬ÇÑ ¾Ë·ç¹ÌŨ ±âÆÇ¿¡ Á¦Á¶ÇÔÀ¸·Î½á, ±×µéÀÇ ºÐ¼® °á°úÀÇ °¡´É¼ºÀ» ½ÃÇèÇß´Ù. ±×µéÀº ´ÙÃþ Æú¸®¸Ó¸¦ ±¸ÃàÇϱâ À§ÇÏ¿©, È®Àå °¡´ÉÇÑ µö-ÄÚÆÃ(dip-coating) ó¸® °úÁ¤À» »ç¿ëÇÏ¿´À¸¸ç, ¹°¸®Àû ±â»ó ÁõÂø(vapor deposition) ±â¼úÀ» ÀÌ¿ëÇÑ ¾ãÀº ±Ý¼Ó Àü±Ø ÄÚÆÃÀ» °³¹ßÇÏ¿´´Ù. ¡°¿ì¸®ÀÇ ½ÇÇè °á°ú´Â ¸Å¿ì À¯¸ÁÇϸç, ¸¹Àº ½ÇÁ¦Àû ÀÀ¿ë¿¡ ÀáÀç·ÂÀÌ ÀÖÀ½À» º¸¿©ÁÖ¾ú´Ù. ¾ÐÀü ´ÙÃþ Æú¸®¸Ó´Â ÀüÁö¸¦ ´ëüÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Â ¿¡³ÊÁö·Î¼­ÀÇ °¡´É¼ºÀ» È®ÀÎÇß´Ù¡±°í Yao°¡ ¸»Çß´Ù.

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Flexible plastics that turn mechanical vibrations into electrical energy


 
The shrinking dimensions and decreased power consumption of modern electronic gadgets have created opportunities for energy harvesting processes that tap into free, green energy from the environment. Vibration harvesters, for example, produce small amounts of electricity from everyday mechanical disturbances such as wind currents, traffic noise or footsteps.

Now, Kui Yao and co-workers from the A*STAR Institute of Materials Research and Engineering in Singapore have discovered a way to give lightweight polymer vibration harvesters a hundredfold boost in —a finding that may help to eliminate manual battery recharging in microsensors and mobile devices.
 
Many vibration harvesters contain piezoelectric substances that create an electric voltage when mechanically bent. By fabricating piezoelectric materials into cantilevers that resemble a diving board, these devices can oscillate from ambient vibrations and generate electricity. Researchers often use  because they impart large amounts of electrical charges; however, the brittleness of ceramics makes them unsuitable for prolonged and large vibrational movements.
Yao and co-workers investigated a plastic-based , polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF), which is low cost and readily undergoes mechanical strain. To make efficient vibration harvesters from PVDF, researchers must stack the polymer in multiple layers, improving the output current and reducing the electrical impedance that is inherent to piezoelectric materials. But when too many thin piezoelectric layers are stacked, the cantilever can become too stiff for bending-mode vibrational harvesting.
To optimize piezoelectric harvesting with plastic films, the team deployed an analytical approach. Developing a mathematical model of a multilayered polymer cantilever coated with metal electrodes, the researchers systematically calculated how different material parameters affected the energy output.
Their simulations revealed some often-ignored factors "such as the thinness of electrode coatings and the material's electrical parameters," says Yao. "These can have a dramatic effect on the electricity generated by bending multilayer polymers."
One key parameter identified was the need to match the electrical impedance with an optimum load resistance. The researchers' analysis showed that the energy output of a 22-layered piezoelectric structure could be from 5 to 400 times higher than a single-layer piezoelectric polymer of similar dimensions.
The team then tested the feasibility of their analytical results by fabricating a PVDF-based vibrational harvester on a flexible aluminum substrate. They used scalable dip-coating procedures to build up polymer multilayers and ensured thin metal electrode coatings with physical vapor deposition techniques.
"Our experimental results are promising and show that, for many practical applications,  polymer multilayers may enable harvested energy to replace batteries," notes Yao.


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