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½ºÀ§½º ¿¬¹æ °úÇÐ ±â¼ú ¿¬±¸¼Ò(Empa; Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology) ¼Ò¼ÓÀÇ ¿¬±¸ÁøÀº ³ª¹« ¿¬±¸·ÎºÎÅÍ ¾òÀº »õ·Ó°í Èí¼ö°¡ °¡´ÉÇÑ Àç·á°¡ ¹Ì·¡ ¿ÀÀÏ À¯Ãâ(oil spill) »ç°í¿¡ ´ëºñÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖÀ» °ÍÀ̶ó°í Á¦¾ÈÇß´Ù. °¡º­¿î Àç·á´Â ¿ÀÀÏ À¯ÃâÀ» Èí¼öÇÏ°í, Ç¥¸é À§¿¡ ºÎÀ¯µÈ ä ³²¾Æ ÀÌÈÄ È¸¼öµÉ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù. ÈíÂøÁ¦(absorbent)´Â ÀçÈ°¿ëµÈ Á¾ÀÌ, ³ª¹« ¶Ç´Â ³ó¾÷ ºÎ»ê¹° µîÀ¸·ÎºÎÅÍ È¯°æ ģȭÀûÀÎ ¹æ½ÄÀ¸·Î »ý¼ºµÉ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù. °ü·Ã ³í¹®ÀÇ Á¦¸ñÀº ¡°¹°¿¡¼­ ¿ÀÀÏÀ» ¼±ÅÃÀûÀ¸·Î Á¦°ÅÇϱâ À§ÇÑ ÃÊ°æ·® ¹× À¯¿¬ÇÑ ½Ç·¹ÀÌƼµå ³ª³ë¼¿·ê·Î¿À½º ½ºÆÝÁö(Ultralightweight and Flexible Silylated Nanocellulose Sponges for the Selective Removal of Oil from Water)¡±¿´´Ù.

¸ðµç »ê¾÷ ±¹°¡´Â ¸ñÀûÁö±îÁö ³»·ú ¼ö·Î ¶Ç´Â ÇؾçÀ¸·Î ¿îÇàÇÏ´Â ´ëÇü ¼±¹Ú¿¡ ÀÇÇØ ÀϹÝÀûÀ¸·Î ¼ö¼ÛµÇ´Â ´Ù·®ÀÇ ¿ÀÀÏÀ» ÇÊ¿ä·Î ÇÑ´Ù. ¿ÀÀÏ À¯Ãâ »ç°í ÀÌÈÄ ÀÚ¿¬À» Á¤È­½ÃÅ°´Â °¡Àå ȯ°æ ģȭÀûÀÎ ¹æ¹ýÀº ºÎÀ¯ÇÏ´Â ¿ÀÀÏ ¸·À» Èí¼ö ¹× ȸ¼öÇÏ´Â °ÍÀÌ´Ù. Empa ¿¬±¸¿øÀÎ Tanja Zimmermann°ú Philippe Tingaut´Â ÇÁ¶û½º º¸¸£µµ ´ëÇÐ(University of Bordeaux) ¼Ò¼ÓÀÇ Gilles Sebe¿Í °øµ¿À¸·Î ¹°·ÎºÎÅÍ ¿ÀÀÏ ¸·À» ºÐ¸®ÇÏ´Â ¸Å¿ì ÈíÂø·ÂÀÌ ¿ì¼öÇÑ Àç·á¸¦ °³¹ßÇÏ´Â µ¥ ¼º°øÇß´Ù. ÀÌÈÄ ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ ÈíÂøÁ¦ÀÎ ½Ç·¹ÀÌƼµå ³ª³ë¼¿·ê·Î¿À½º ½ºÆÝÁö(silylated nanocellulose sponge)´Â ½±°Ô ȸ¼öµÉ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù.

½ÇÇè½Ç Å×½ºÆ®¿¡¼­, ½ºÆÝÁö´Â ±¤À¯(mineral oil) ¶Ç´Â ¿£Áø ¿ÀÀÏÀÇ ÀÚüÀûÀÎ ¹«°ÔÀÇ ¾à 50¹è±îÁö Èí¼öÇß´Ù. ÀÌ ³ª³ë¼¿·ê·Î¿À½º ½ºÆÝÁö´Â ¹°·ÎºÎÅÍ Áý°Ô·Î Á¦°ÅµÉ ¼ö ÀÖÀ» ¶§±îÁö ¾î´À Á¤µµ ÀÚüÀûÀÎ ÇüŸ¦ À¯ÁöÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù. ´ÙÀ½ ´Ü°è´Â ½ÇÇè½Ç ±Ô¸ð»Ó ¾Æ´Ï¶ó ½ÇÁ¦ÀûÀÎ Àç³­¿¡µµ »ç¿ëµÉ ¼ö ÀÖµµ·Ï ½ºÆÝÁö¸¦ ¹Ì¼¼ÇÏ°Ô Á¶ÀýÇÏ´Â °ÍÀÌ´Ù. ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ ÃÖÁ¾ÀûÀÎ ¸ñÇ¥´Â ¼öÇàÇϱâ À§ÇÏ¿©, ¿¬±¸ÁøÀº ÇöÀç ¾÷°èÀÇ ÆÄÆ®³Ê¸¦ ã°í ÀÖ´Ù.

½ºÆÝÁö¸¦ À§ÇÑ ±âº»ÀûÀÎ Àç·áÀÎ NFC(Nanofibrillated Cellulose)´Â ¸ñÀç ÆÞÇÁ(wood pulp), ¹Ð¤°ú °°Àº ³ó¾÷ ºÎ»ê¹° ¶Ç´Â ÀçÈ°¿ëµÈ Á¾ÀÌ¿Í °°Àº Æó±â¹°°ú °°Àº ¼¿·ê·Î¿À½º¸¦ ÇÔÀ¯ÇÏ´Â Àç·á(cellulose-containing materials)¿¡ ¹°À» Ãß°¡ÇÏ°í °í¾Ð¿¡¼­ ¸î °¡Áö Á¼Àº ³ëÁñÀ» ÅëÇÏ¿© ¼ö¿ë¼º ÆÞÇÁ¸¦ ¾ÐÂø½ÃÅ´À¸·Î½á ÃßÃâµÈ´Ù. ÀÌ°ÍÀº ±æ°í »óÈ£ ¿¬°áµÈ ¼¿·ê·Î¿À½º ³ª³ë¼¶À¯(cellulose nanofibre)¸¦ ÇÔÀ¯ÇÏ´Â Á©°ú °°Àº Ư¡À» °¡Áö´Â ºÎÀ¯¹°À» »ý¼ºÇÑ´Ù.

Á©·ÎºÎÅÍ ¹°ÀÌ ³Ãµ¿ °ÇÁ¶¿¡ ÀÇÇÑ °ø±â·Î ´ëüµÉ ¶§, ³ª³ë¼¿·ê·Î¿À½º ½ºÆÝÁö´Â ¹°°ú ¿ÀÀÏ ¸ðµÎ¸¦ Èí¼öÇϵµ·Ï Çü¼ºµÈ´Ù. ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ ¿ø·¡ÀÇ Àç·á´Â ¹°¿¡ °¡¶ó¾É°í, µû¶ó¼­ ±¸»óÇÑ ¸ñÇ¥¸¦ À§ÇÏ¿© À¯¿ëÇÏÁö ¾Ê´Ù. Empa ¿¬±¸ÁøÀº ³Ãµ¿ °ÇÁ¶Çϱâ Àü Á©¿¡ È°¼º ¾ËÄ۽ýǶõ ºÐÀÚ(alkoxysilane molecule)¸¦ È¥ÇÕÇÔÀ¸·Î½á ´ÜÀÏ °øÁ¤ ´Ü°è¿¡¼­ ³ª³ë¼¿·ê·Î¿À½ºÀÇ È­ÇÐÀû Ư¼ºÀ» º¯ÇüÇÏ´Â µ¥ ¼º°øÇß´Ù. ³ª³ë¼¿·ê·Î¿À½º ½ºÆÝÁö´Â ÀÚüÀûÀΠģ¼ö¼º Ư¼ºÀ» ÀÒ°Ô µÇ°í, ¹°°ú ´õ ÀÌ»ó ÆÛÁöÁö ¾Ê°í ¿ÀÀϼº ¹°Áú°ú¸¸ °áÇÕÇÑ´Ù.

½ÇÇè½Ç¿¡¼­ ½Ç·¹ÀÌƼµå ³ª³ë¼¿·ê·Î¿À½º ½ºÆÝÁö´Â ¼ö ÃÊ À̳»¿¡ ¿£Áø ¿ÀÀÏ, ½Ç¸®ÄÜ ¿ÀÀÏ, ¿¡Åº¿Ã, ¾Æ¼¼Åæ ¶Ç´Â Å¬·Î·ÎÆ÷¸§ µî°ú °°Àº Å×½ºÆ® ¹°ÁúÀ» Èí¼öÇß´Ù. µû¶ó¼­ NFC ½ºÆÝÁö´Â ¸î °¡Áö ¹Ù¶÷Á÷ÇÑ Æ¯Â¡ÀÌ Á¶È­¸¦ ÀÌ·é´Ù. ÀÌ ¹°ÁúÀº ÈíÂøÁ¦ÀÌ¸ç ¿ÏÀüÈ÷ Æ÷È­µÉ ¶§Á¶Â÷ ¹° À§¿¡¼­ È®½ÇÇÏ°Ô ¶ß°í »ý¹° ºÐÇØ°¡ °¡´ÉÇÏ´Ù.

ÀÌ ¿¬±¸¿¡¼­, ¿¬±¸ÁøÀº ¹°¿¡¼­ ±â¹ßÇÏ°í È¿À²ÀûÀÎ ½Ç¸±È­ °øÁ¤(silylation process)À» ÀÌ¿ëÇÏ¿© ¼Ò¼ö¼ºÀ̸ç À¯¿¬ÇÒ »Ó ¾Æ´Ï¶ó ÃÊ°æ·®(¥ñsponge ¡Â 17.3 mg/cm3)ÀÎ ³ª³ë¼¿·ê·Î¿À½º ½ºÆÝÁöÀÇ ¿ëÀÌÇÑ ÇÕ¼ºÀ» º¸°íÇß´Ù. ³ôÀº Åõ°ú¼º(porosity, ¡Ã99%)À» °¡Áö´Â ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ ±â´É¼º Àç·á´Â ´Ù¾çÇÑ ³óµµÀÇ ¸ÞÆ¿Æ®¸®¸ÞÅå½Ã½Ç¶õ ±³Áú ¿ë¾×(methyltrimethoxysilane sol) Á¸Àç ÇÏ¿¡¼­ Àç»ý ÀÚ¿øÀ¸·ÎºÎÅÍ °Ý¸®µÈ ÀÚ¿¬ÀûÀÎ ³ª³ëÀç·áÀÎ NFCÀÇ ³Ãµ¿ °ÇÁ¶ ¼öÁß ºÎÀ¯(water suspension)¿¡ ÀÇÇØ ¿ëÀÌÇÏ°Ô °øÇÐÀûÀ¸·Î Á¦¾îµÈ´Ù.

Çö¹Ì°æ ¹× °íü NMR(solid state nuclear magnetic resonance) ºÐ¼®Àº ½ºÆÝÁö°¡ Æú¸®½Ç·Ï»ê(polysiloxane)À¸·Î µ¤¿© ÀÖ´Â ¾ãÀº ½ÃÆ®¿Í ³ª³ëÇʶó¸àÆ®ÀÇ 3Â÷¿ø ¼¿·ê·Î¿À½º¼º ³×Æ®¿öÅ©·Î ±¸¼ºµÈ´Ù´Â °ÍÀ» ±Ô¸íÇß´Ù. »ó¿ë ¹«±â ´Ù°ø¼º Àç·á¿Í ºñ±³ÇßÀ» ¶§, ½Ç·¹ÀÌƼµå NFC ½ºÆÝÁö´Â 50% ¾ÐÃà º¯Çü ÀÌÈÄ ¿ø·¡ µÎ²²ÀÇ 96%±îÁö »óÀÀÇÏ´Â ÃÖ´ë ÇüÅ ȸ¼ö¸¦ º¸¿©ÁÖ¾úÀ¸¸ç, ÀÌ·ÊÀûÀÎ À¯¿¬¼ºÀ» ±â·ÏÇß´Ù. ¶Ç ½ºÆÝÁö´Â Ä£¼ö¼º°ú Ä£À¯¼º Ư¡À» º¸µÎ °áÇÕÇÏ°í ÀÖÀ¸¸ç, ¶Ù¾î³­ ¼±Åüº°ú Àç¼øȯ¼ºÀ» °¡Áö°í ¹° Ç¥¸éÀ¸·ÎºÎÅÍ µµµ¥Ä­(dodecane) À¯ÃâÀ» Á¦°ÅÇÏ´Â µ¥ ¸Å¿ì È¿À²ÀûÀ̶ó´Â »ç½ÇÀÌ ÀÔÁõµÆ´Ù.

ÃÖÁ¾ÀûÀ¸·Î ½ºÆÝÁö´Â ¾×üÀÇ ¹Ðµµ¿¡ µû¶ó ÀÚüÀûÀÎ Áß·®ÀÇ 100¹èÀÇ ÈíÂø ¿ë·®À¸·Î ´Ù¾çÇÑ À¯±â ¿ë¸Å¿Í ¿ÀÀÏÀ» ¼öÁýÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù. ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ ´ÙÀç´Ù´ÉÇÑ ¹æ¾ÈÀº Á¦¾îµÈ Ư¼ºÀ» °¡Áö´Â »õ·Ó°í °³¼±µÈ ±â´É¼º ¹ÙÀÌ¿ÀÀç·áÀÇ °í¾ÈÀ» À§ÇÑ »õ·Î¿î ±âȸ¸¦ ¿­¾ú´Ù.
 
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Nanocellulose sponges to combat oil pollution

A new, absorbable material from Empa wood research could be of assistance in future oil spill accidents: a chemically modified nanocellulose sponge. The light material absorbs the oil spill, remains floating on the surface and can then be recovered.

The absorbent can be produced in an environmentally-friendly manner from recycled paper, wood or agricultural by-products ("Ultralightweight and Flexible Silylated Nanocellulose Sponges for the Selective Removal of Oil from Water").

All industrial nations need large volumes of oil which is normally delivered by ocean-going tankers or via inland waterways to its destination. The most environmentally-friendly way of cleaning up nature after an oil spill accident is to absorb and recover the floating film of oil. The Empa researchers Tanja Zimmermann and Philippe Tingaut, in collaboration with Gilles Sèbe from the University of Bordeaux, have now succeeded in developing a highly absorbent material which separates the oil film from the water and can then be easily recovered, ¡°silylated¡± nanocellulose sponge.

In laboratory tests the sponges absorbed up to 50 times their own weight of mineral oil or engine oil. They kept their shape to such an extent that they could be removed with pincers from the water. The next step is to fine tune the sponges so that they can be used not only on a laboratory scale but also in real disasters. To this end, a partner from industry is currently seeked.

One step production – from cellulose plants Nanofibrillated Cellulose (NFC), the basic material for the sponges, is extracted from cellulose-containing materials like wood pulp, agricultural by products (such as straw) or waste materials (such as recycled paper) by adding water to them and pressing the aqueous pulp through several narrow nozzles at high pressure. This produces a suspension with gel-like properties containing long and interconnected cellulose nanofibres . When the water from the gel is replaced with air by freeze-drying, a nanocellulose sponge is formed which absorbs both water and oil.

This pristine material sinks in water and is thus not useful for the envisaged purpose. The Empa researchers have succeeded in modifying the chemical properties of the nanocellulose in just one process step by admixing a reactive alkoxysilane molecule in the gel before freeze-drying. The nanocellulose sponge loses its hydrophilic properties, is no longer suffused with water and only binds with oily substances.

In the laboratory the ¡°silylated¡± nanocellulose sponge absorbed test substances like engine oil, silicone oil, ethanol, acetone or chloroform within seconds. Nanofibrillated cellulose sponge, therefore, reconciles several desirable properties: it is absorbent, floats reliably on water even when fully saturated and is biodegradable.

 
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