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[À¯·´] [2014] [EU] ¼ö¼Û ºÐ¾ß¿¡ ÀÌ»êȭź¼Ò¸¦ ¸ÞźÀ¸·Î ÀüȯÇÏ´Â ¼±Åà »çÇ׿¡ ´ëÇÑ Æò°¡
À̸§ °ü¸®ÀÚ ÀÛ¼ºÀÏ 2014-05-30 Á¶È¸¼ö 453
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[EU] ¼ö¼Û ºÐ¾ß¿¡ ÀÌ»êȭź¼Ò¸¦ ¸ÞźÀ¸·Î ÀüȯÇÏ´Â ¼±Åà »çÇ׿¡ ´ëÇÑ Æò°¡

½ºÆäÀÎ Tecnalia EPRS(European Parliamentary Research Service)¿Í ÇÔ²² ÀÌÅ»¸®¾Æ ISIS (Institute of Studies for the Integration of Systems)´Â À¯·´¿¡¼­ ÀÚµ¿Â÷ ¼ö¼Û¿¡¼­ °¡´ÉÇÑ ¸Þź¿Ã(methanol) »ç¿ë»Ó ¾Æ´Ï¶ó ÀÌ»êȭź¼Ò(carbon dioxide)·ÎºÎÅÍ ¸Þź¿ÃÀ» Á¦Á¶ÇÏ´Â ±â¼úÀû, ȯ°æÀû ¹× °æÁ¦Àû Àå¾Ö¸¦ ³íÀÇÇß´Ù. 

ÀÌ ¿¬±¸´Â ÀÌ»êȭź¼Ò·ÎºÎÅÍ ¾ò´Â ¸Þź¿ÃÀÇ ÀáÀçÀûÀÎ À̵æÀ» ¹Ý¿µÇÏ°í, ¸Þź¿Ã »ý»êÀ» À§ÇÑ ´Ù¾çÇÑ ¿øÀç·á¸¦ ºñ±³Çϱâ À§ÇÏ¿© ¼ö¸í Ãø¸é¿¡¼­ À̵æ°ú ºñ¿ëÀ» Æò°¡Çß´Ù. º¸°í¼­´Â ÀÜ·ùÇÏ´Â ¿Â½Ç°¡½º¸¦ ÀÌ¿ëÇÏ¿© ´ëü ¿¬·á¸¦ ¾ò´Â °ÍÀÌ »ó¿ë È­¼® ¿¬·á¿¡ ´ëÇÑ À¯·´ÀÇ ÀÇÁ¸¼ºÀ» ÁÙÀÌ°í, °ø±Þ ¾Èº¸ÀÇ À§ÇèÀ» ÃÖ¼ÒÈ­ÇÏ´Â ¹æ¾ÈÀ̱⠶§¹®¿¡, Áß±â ¹× ´Ü±â Ãø¸é¿¡¼­ À̵æÀÌ ¿¹ÃøµÉ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù°í °á·ÐÁö¾ú´Ù. 

¼ö¼Û ºÐ¾ß»Ó ¾Æ´Ï¶ó ´Ù¸¥ »ê¾÷ ºÐ¾ß¿¡µµ ¸Å·ÂÀûÀÎ »ó´çÇÏ°í Áö¼Ó °¡´ÉÇÑ ¿¬±¸ ³ë·ÂÀÌ ÀÌ»êȭź¼Ò¸¦ È¿À²ÀûÀÌ°í, °æÀï·ÂÀÌ ÀÖ´Â ÁÖ¿ä Àç·á·Î ÀüȯÇϴµ¥ ÇÊ¿äÇÏ´Ù´Â Áõ°Å´Â ¾ø´Ù°í µ¿ º¸°í¼­´Â ¹àÇû´Ù. ¿¬±¸´Â ¸Þź¿ÃÀÇ »ý¼ºÀ» À§ÇÏ¿© ¹è¿¬ °¡½º·ÎºÎÅÍ Æ÷ȹÇÑ ÀÌ»êȭź¼ÒÀÇ »ç¿ëÀ» ÃËÁøÇÏ´Â ÀÏ·ÃÀÇ Á¤Ã¥Àû ¼±Åà »çÇ×(policy option)°ú ¼ö¼Û¿¡¼­ ¸Þź¿ÃÀÇ ÈļÓÀû »ç¿ëÀ» Á¦¾ÈÇß´Ù. 

Á¤Ã¥Àû ¼±Åà »çÇ×ÀÇ ÇüÅ¿¡¼­ °á·ÐÀº ÀçÈ°¿ëµÈ ÀÌ»êȭź¼Ò¸¦ ±ÍÁßÇÑ ÁÖ¿ä ¿ø·á·Î ÀüȯÇÏ°í, ¼ö¼Û¿¡¼­ ÈξÀ ´õ Å« ¿¬·á ´Ù¾ç¼ºÀ¸·ÎºÎÅÍ ¹ß»ýÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Â ±âȸ»Ó ¾Æ´Ï¶ó ÀÌ»êȭź¼Ò Æ÷ȹ°ú Àüȯ °øÁ¤°ú °ü·ÃµÈ ±â¼úÀû ¹× °æÁ¦Àû ¾î·Á¿òÀ» ¾î¶»°Ô ±Øº¹Çϴ°¡¿¡ ´ëÇÑ °¡´ÉÇÑ ÇØ´äÀ» Á¦¾ÈÇß´Ù. 

±×·¯³ª À¯·´¿¡¼­ ¼ö¼ÛÀ» À§ÇÑ ¿¡³ÊÁö ¼Òºñ¿¡¼­ Àå±â µ¿ÇâÀº ÀÌ»êȭź¼Ò ¿ÏÈ­¿¡ ´ëÇÑ °¡´É¼º°ú º¸´Ù ´õ Å« ¿¬·á À¯¿¬¼ºÀÌ ÀϹÝÀûÀ¸·Î À¯·´ °æÁ¦¿Í »çȸ¸¦ À§ÇÑ °ø±ÞÀÇ °­È­µÈ ¾Èº¸ Ãø¸é°ú µðÁ© µµ·Î ¼ö¼Û ¹× Ç×°ø¿¡ ´ëÇÏ¿© »ó´çÇÑ ÀÇÀÇ°¡ ÀÖ´Ù´Â °ÍÀ» º¸¿©ÁÖ¾ú´Ù. ´Ù¸¥ µ¿·Â ¹ß»ý°ú Àü´Þ ÀåÄ¡ ±â¼ú°ú ÇÔ²² ¸Þź¿Ã È¥ÇÕ¹°, ¼ö¼Ò, ¹ÙÀÌ¿À¿¬·á ¹× Àü±â ¹× ÇÏÀ̺긮µå ÀÚµ¿Â÷ µîÀº ÀÚüÀûÀÎ Àå¼Ò¿¡¼­ °¡Àå ÀûÇÕÇÑ ½ÃÀåÀ» ãÀ» ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù. ¼ÒÀ¯±ÇÀÇ Àüü ºñ¿ëÀÌ ½Ã°£¿¡ µû¶ó ÁýÁߵǴ °æÇâÀÌ ÀÖÁö¸¸, Á¤Ã¥ ÀÔ¾ÈÀÚ¿Í ¼ÒºñÀÚ´Â ÇöÀç ÀÌ¿ëÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Â ÀÚ·á·Î ¼öÇàÇϱ⠾î·Á¿î ´Ù¸¥ ¿¬·á¿Í ±â¼úÀÇ Ã¶ÀúÇÑ ºñ±³¸¦ ÅëÇÑ WTW(well-to-wheel) ºÐ¼®À» ±â¹ÝÀ¸·Î ÇÏ´Â ¼±ÅÃÀ» ÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖÀ» °ÍÀÌ´Ù. 

º¸°í¼­´Â ÀÌ»êȭź¼Ò¿¡¼­ À¯·¡ÇÑ ¸Þź¿ÃÀÇ ¹Ì·¡ °æÀï·ÂÀ» À§ÇÏ¿© ƯÈ÷ Áß¿äÇÑ ¹®Á¦°¡ ´ÙÀ½°ú °°´Ù°í ¹àÇû´Ù. 

1. ¿ì¼±¼øÀ§ ¼öÁØÀÌ °ø±Þ ¾Èº¸ ¿ì·Á¿Í ¹«¾ùº¸´Ù ÀÌ»êȭź¼Ò ¿ÏÈ­¿Í °°Àº ȯ°æ °í·Á¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ¼ö¼Û Á¤Ã¥¿¡ Á¿ìµÈ´Ù. 

2. ¼ö¼Û ºÐ¾ß¿¡¼­ ¹Ì·¡ ±â¼ú °³¹ßÀÇ ºÒÈ®½Ç¼º°ú Áß±â ¹× Àå±â Ãø¸é¿¡¼­ °ü·ÃµÈ ÅõÀÚ¸¦ ÇÇÇϱâ À§ÇÑ Çʿ伺 

3. Æ÷ȹµÈ ÀÌ»êȭź¼ÒÀÇ ºñ¿ëÀ» »è°¨ÇÏ°í ¸Þź¿Ã »ý»ê Áß ÀÌ»êȭź¼ÒÀÇ »ç¿ë °¡´É¼º ÃËÁø¿¡ ´ëÇÑ Çʿ伺 

4. ¸Þź¿Ã ¿¬·á ÀüÁöÀÇ °æÀï·ÂÀ» °³¼±ÇÏ´Â ÇÑÆí, ÀÚÀ¯ ½ÃÀå ±ÔÁ¦ÀÇ Á¸Áß. 

5. ´Ù¸¥ À¯ÇüÀÇ ¼ö¼Û Â÷·®À» À§ÇÑ ´Ù¾çÇÑ ÇØ°á ¹æ¾ÈÀÇ Çʿ伺 °í·Á¿Í ¸ðµç ¼ö¼Û ºÐ¾ß »çÀÌÀÇ ¿¬·á¸¦ À§ÇÑ °æÀï·ÂÀÇ ³ôÀº °¡´É¼º 

º¸°í¼­ÀÇ ÀúÀÚ´Â 4 °¡Áö Á¤Ã¥ ¼±Åà »çÇ×À» Á¦½ÃÇß´Ù. ¨ç ½ÃÀåÀ¸·Î À¯¹ßµÇ´Â Á¢±Ù, ¨è ź¼Ò Æ÷ȹ°ú »ç¿ëÀ» ÃßÁøÇÏ´Â ±ÔÁ¦, ¨é ¸Þź¿Ã ¼¶(methanol islands) ¹× ¨ê ½Ã³ª¸®¿À·Î À¯¹ßµÇ´Â Àüȯ Àü·« µîÀÌ´Ù. 

¨ç ½ÃÀåÀ¸·Î À¯¹ßµÈ Á¢±Ù 

°øÆòÇÑ °æÀïÀÇ ÀåÀº ÀÚµ¿Â÷ À¯Çü¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ³íÀÇ¿Í ÃÖÁ¾ °í°´ÀÌ »ç¿ëÇÏ´Â ¿¬·á¿¡ ³²°ÜÁø´Ù. ¹Ì±¹ OFA ¹ý¾È(Open Fuel Standard Act) ±âȹÀÚ¿¡ ÀÇÇØ Áö¿øµÇ´Â ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ Á¢±ÙÀº ½ÃÀå¿¡¼­ Ç÷¯±×-ÀÎ Àü±â ÀÚµ¿Â÷ ¶Ç´Â À¯¿¬ÇÑ ¿¬·á»Ó ¾Æ´Ï¶ó õ¿¬°¡½º, ¼ö¼Ò, ¹ÙÀÌ¿ÀµðÁ©, ¸Þź¿Ã µîÀ¸·Î ¿î¿µµÉ ¼ö ÀÖ´Â ÀÚµ¿Â÷ÀÇ »ó´ç¼ö°¡ ÀÚµ¿Â÷ »ê¾÷¿¡¼­ Àǹ«ÀûÀ¸·Î Á¦Á¶µÈ´Ù. ¹Ì±¹ ¸Þź¿Ã Á¦Á¶ÀÚ°¡ ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ À̴ϼÅƼºê¸¦ Áö¿øÇÏ´Â ÇÑÆí, º¸°í¼­ ÀúÀÚµéÀº ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ Á¢±ÙÀÌ ´ÜÁ¡À» °¡Áö°í ÀÖ´Ù°í ÁöÀûÇß´Ù. 

ù ¹ø° Áß¿äÇÑ ¹®Á¦´Â ÀÌ»êȭź¼Ò·ÎºÎÅÍ »ý»êµÈ ¸Þź¿Ã°ú ¼ö¼Ò°¡ ¸ðµÎ ¾ÆÁ÷±îÁö °¡°Ý °æÀï·ÂÀÌ ¶³¾îÁö±â ¶§¹®¿¡, ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ ¿¬·á°¡ ÈÖ¹ßÀ¯¿Í »ó¿ë µðÁ© °¡°ÝÀÌ ºñ¾àÀûÀ¸·Î Áõ°¡ÇÏÁö ¾Ê´Â´Ù¸é ÇâÈÄ ¸î ½Ê ³â ³»¿¡ ½ÃÀå ºÐ¹è¸¦ ¾òÀ» °Í °°Áö ¾Ê´Ù´Â °ÍÀÌ´Ù. Ãß°¡·Î °ø°³ ±âÁØÀº 1¼¼´ë ¹ÙÀÌ¿À¿¬·áÀÇ »ç¿ë°ú °ü·ÃÀÌ ÀÖ´Â ½ÄÇ° ¶Ç´Â ¿¬·á µô·¹¸¶¸¦ Áõ°¡½Ãų ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù´Â °ÍÀÌ´Ù. ¶Ç »ý»êÀÇ ´Ù¸¥ ȯ°æ ¿µÇâ ¹× ¿¬·áÀÇ »ç¿ëÀÌ ¾î¶»°Ô °í·ÁµÉ ¼ö ÀÖ´ÂÁö´Â ºÒ¸íÈ®ÇÏ´Ù. 

µÎ ¹ø° ¹®Á¦´Â ¼ÒºñÀÚ°¡ Á¤º¸¸¦ °âºñÇÑ ¼±ÅÃÀ» ÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖÀ» °ÍÀΰ¡ÀÌ´Ù. 

ÀÌ ¿¬±¸ÀÇ µÎ ¹ø° Áß°£º¸°í¼­°¡ º¸¿©ÁØ °Í°ú °°ÀÌ ´Ù¸¥ ¿¬·á¿Í ÀÚµ¿Â÷ ¼º´ÉÀ» ºñ±³ÇÏ´Â ´Ù¼öÀÇ Áõ°Å¸¦ ÇöÀç ÀÌ¿ëÇÒ ¼ö ¾ø±â ¶§¹®¿¡, ÀÌ°ÍÀº Á¤Ã¥ ÀԾȿ¡ »ó´çÇÑ ¿µÇâÀ» °¡Áø´Ù. ½ÃÀå¿¡¼­ ÀÚµ¿Â÷¿Í ¿¬·á¿¡¼­ ¹èÃâµÇ´Â ÀÌ»êȭź¼Ò¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ÀÚµ¿Â÷ Á¦Á¶»ç¿¡ ÀÇÇØ ÁÖ¾îÁø ¼öÄ¡Á¶Â÷ ÀÌ¹Ì ¹Ýº¹ÀûÀ¸·Î Àǹ®ÀÌ Á¦±âµÇ¾î ¿Ô´Ù. ÀûÀýÇÑ °ªÀ» ¾ò´Â °ÍÀº ¼ÒºñÀÚ ±¸¸Å¿Í ÀÚµ¿Â÷ ¼ÒÀ¯ÁÖ¿¡ ÀÇÇØ ÁöºÒµÇ´Â ¼¼±ÝÀ» Á¤ÀÇÇϱâ À§ÇÏ¿© Á¤ºÎ °ü°èÀÚ¿¡ ÀÇÇØ ºó¹øÇÏ°Ô »ç¿ëµÇ°í ÀÖ´Â ÀÌ»êȭź¼Ò ¹èÃâ ¼öÁØÀÇ »êÃâ¿¡ Á÷Á¢ÀûÀ¸·Î ¿µÇâÀ» ³¢Ä£´Ù. 

¨è ±ÔÁ¦Àû Á¢±Ù 

Æ÷°ýÀûÀÌ°í ºñ±³ÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Â WRW ¶óÀÌÇÁ»çÀÌŬ ºÐ¼®°ú °ø±Þ ¾Èº¸ÀÇ °í·Á¸¦ ±â¹ÝÀ¸·Î ÇÏ´Â ´Ù¾çÇÑ À¯ÇüÀÇ ¿¬·á¿Í ÀÚµ¿Â÷ ±â¼ú »çÀÌÀÇ °æÀïÀ» À§ÇÑ À¯·´ÀÇ ¹ý±Ô´Â ÀÌ»êȭź¼ÒÀÇ ÀçÈ°¿ëÀ» ¼±È£ÇÑ´Ù°í º¸°í¼­´Â °á·ÐÁö¾ú´Ù. ¶Ç ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ Á¢±ÙÀº Áß±¹ÀÇ Á¢±Ù°ú À¯»çÇÑ ÀÌ»êȭź¼Ò Æ÷ȹ ºñ¿ëÀÌ °æÀï·ÂÀÌ ÀÖ´Â ¼öÁØÀ¸·Î ³»·Á°¥ ¼ö ÀÖÀ¸¸ç, ÀÌ»êȭź¼Ò·ÎºÎÅÍ ¸Þź¿Ã »ý»êÀÇ ¿¡³ÊÁö ±ÕÇü°ú ȯ°æÀÌ »ó´çÈ÷ °³¼±µÈ´Ù¸é Áß¿äÇÑ ¹Ì·¡ ÁÖ¿ä Àç·á·Î ÀÌ»êȭź¼ÒÀÇ ¾ÆÀ̵ð¾î¸¦ Æ÷¿ëÇÏ´Â °Í°ú °­·ÂÇÑ Åº¼Ò Æ÷ȹ ¹× »ç¿ë(CCU; carbon capture and utilization)°ú °ü·ÃµÈ »ê¾÷ÀÇ Âø¼ö¸¦ ¾Ï½ÃÇÑ´Ù. 

ÀÌ Á¢±ÙÀÇ ÀåÁ¡Àº Æ÷ȹµÈ ÀÌ»êȭź¼Ò¸¦ À§ÇÑ ºÎ°¡ÀûÀÎ ÀáÀçÀû ½ÃÀåÀ» ã´Â ±âȸ¿Í À¯·´ ±â¼ú ¸®´õ½Ê°ú Àü¹®°¡¿¡ ´ëÇÑ °¡´É¼ºÀ» ºÎ¿©ÇÑ´Ù´Â µ¥ ÀÖ´Ù. ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ Àü·«°ú °ü·ÃµÈ À§Çè¿¡´Â R&D¿¡¼­ Áö¼Ó °¡´ÉÇÑ ÅõÀÚ¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ÇÊ¿ä¿Í ÀÌ»êȭź¼Ò¿¡¼­ À¯·¡ÇÑ °æÀï·ÂÀÌ ÀÖ´Â Á¦Ç°ÀÇ ½ÃÀå¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ½Ã°£°ú °ü·ÃµÈ ºÒÈ®½Ç¼º µîÀÌ Æ÷ÇԵȴÙ. 

¨é ¸Þź¿Ã ¼¶(methanol islands) 

´ë±Ô¸ð ³íÁõ À§Ä¡¿¡¼­ Á¶»çµÉ ¼ö ÀÖ´Â ¼øȯ °æÁ¦¿Í »ê¾÷Àû °ø»ý °³³ä¿¡ ´ëÇÑ Èï¹Ì·Î¿î °¡´É¼ºÀÌ ÀÖ´Ù´Â »ç½ÇÀ» º¸°í¼­´Â ¹ß°ßÇß´Ù. IRENA Àü¹®°¡¿Í ¸Þź¿Ã ¾÷°è´Â ¸ðµÎ ÀÌ»êȭź¼Ò¿¡¼­ Á¦Á¶µÇ´Â ¸Þź¿ÃÀÇ ¸Å¿ì ³·Àº Àü±â °¡°ÝÀ» º¸ÀÌ´Â ¾ÆÀ̽½¶õµå¿Í °°Àº ±¹°¡°¡ ÀÌ¹Ì ÈÖ¹ßÀ¯¿¡ °æÀï·ÂÀ» °®Ãß°í Àִٴµ¥ µ¿ÀÇÇß´Ù. 

ÀÌ»êȭź¼Ò¿¡¼­ À¯·¡ÇÑ ¸Þź¿Ã »ý»ê ´Ü°¡ÀÇ °¡°ÝÀ» ³·Ãß´Â Ãß°¡ÀûÀÎ ÇÙ½É ¿äÀÎÀº ¼ö¼Ò¿Í ¸Þź¿Ã »ý»êÀ» À§ÇÏ¿© Àϱ¤ÀÌ Ç³ºÎÇÑ Áö¿ªÀÌÁö¸¸ °í¸³µÇ¾î »ý»êµÈ žç Àü±âÀÇ ¹èÄ¡ ¶Ç´Â ±×¸®µå¸¦ Á¦°ÅÇÒ ¼ö ¾ø´Â dz·Â ´ÜÁö¿¡¼­ »ý»êµÈ Àü±âÀÇ »ç¿ëÀÌ Æ÷ÇԵȴÙ. ¶Ç ´Ù¸¥ ÇÙ½É ¿äÀÎÀº µÎ °¡Áö À¯ÇüÀÇ ±âü¸¦ ¼ö¼ÛÇϴµ¥ ¼Ò¿äµÇ´Â ºñ¿ëÀÇ »ó½ÂÀ» ÇÇÇϱâ À§ÇÏ¿© ¼ö¼Ò¿Í ¸Þź¿Ã »ý»ê À§Ä¡¿¡ ÀÌ»êȭź¼Ò ¹èÃâ¿øÀÇ Á¢±Ù¼ºÀÌ´Ù. 

µû¶ó¼­ ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ Á¤Ã¥ ¼±Åà »çÇ×Àº ¸Þź¿Ã ¿¬·á ÀüÁö »ç¿ëÀÇ ¿ä±¸, Áõ°¡µÈ °ø±Þ¿¡ µû¸¥ Áõ°¡µÈ ¼ö¿äÀÇ ¿¬°á µî°ú °°Àº ½ÃÀå Çõ½ÅÀ» ÁöÁöÇÏ´Â ÀÌ»êȭź¼Ò¿¡¼­ »ý»êµÈ ¸Þź¿ÃÀÇ °¡°Ý °¨ÃàÀ» À§ÇÑ ¿µ¸®ÇÑ Àü·«À» °áÇÕÇÏ´Â °ÍÀÌ´Ù. 

¨ê ½Ã³ª¸®¿À·Î À¯¹ßµÇ´Â Àüȯ Àü·« 

ÀÌ Á¤Ã¥ ¼±Åà »çÇ×Àº ±âº»ÀûÀ¸·Î À¯·´ Àü¿ªÀ» ÅëÇÏ¿© »ó½ÂÇÏ´Â ¼ö¼Û °¡°ÝÀÇ Á÷Á¢ ¹× °£Á¢ °Å½Ã°æÁ¦ ÆÄ±Þ È¿°ú(macroeconomic effect)¸¦ Æò°¡ÇÔÀ¸·Î½á Á¤ÀÇµÉ ¼ö ÀÖ´Â ¿¡³ÊÁö ¾Èº¸¿¡ ´ëÇÑ °¡°ÝÀ» ¸Å±â´Â °ÍÀ» ¾Ï½ÃÇÑ´Ù. º¸´Ù ´õ ³ôÀº ¿¬·á °¡°ÝÀº ¸ðµç À¯ÇüÀÇ »óÇ°¿¡ ´ëÇÑ °¡°Ý ¼öÁØÀ» Áõ°¡½ÃÅ°°í, Ãë¾àÇÑ Áö¿ª °æÁ¦¿Í ¼ÒºñÀÚ ±º»Ó ¾Æ´Ï¶ó ¼öÃâ ÁöÇâÀûÀÎ ±â¾÷ÀÇ °æÀï·Â¿¡ ¿µÇâÀ» ³¢Ä£´Ù. 

±×·¯³ª ¿¡³ÊÁö ¾Èº¸¿¡ ´ëÇÑ °¡°ÝÀ» ¼³Á¤ÇÏ´Â °ÍÀº ¼ö¼Ò¿Í ¸Þź¿ÃÀ» Æ÷ÇÔÇÑ ´ëü ¿¬·á¸¦ À§ÇÑ º¸´Ù ´õ È¿À²ÀûÀÎ Àüȯ °øÁ¤À» ã±â À§ÇÑ Çʿ伺ÀÌ È¿·ÂÀÌ ¾ø´Ù´Â °ÍÀ» ÀÔÁõÇÒ ¼ö ¾øÀ¸¸ç, ÀçÈ°¿ëµÈ ÀÌ»êȭź¼Ò¸¦ Æ÷ÇÔÇÑ ¸ðµç À¯ÇüÀÇ ¿¡³ÊÁö ÀÚ¿øÀ» °¡Àå ÀûÀýÇÏ°Ô »ç¿ëÇÏ´Â °ÍÀ» ÃËÁøÇÒ ¼ö ¾ø´Ù. 

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Study for European Parliament assesses options for turning CO2 into methanol for use in transport

A report prepared by ISIS (Institute of Studies for the Integration of Systems - Italy) together with Tecnalia (Spain) for the European Parliamentary Research Service (EPRS) discusses the technological, environmental and economic barriers for producing methanol from carbon dioxide, as well as the possible uses of methanol in car transport in Europe.

The study evaluated costs and benefits from a life cycle perspective in order to compare various raw materials for producing methanol and in order to reflect the potential benefits of methanol obtained from CO2. The report concluded that benefits in the medium- and long-term can be anticipated since the obtaining of an alternative fuel using a residual greenhouse gas would allow European dependence on conventional fossil fuels to be cut, and that way the risks in supply security to be minimized.

Noting that it is ¡°evident that considerable and sustained research efforts are necessary to turn CO2 into an efficient and competitive prime materials, which would be attractive not only for the transport sector, but also other industries,¡± the study proposes a series of policy options to promote the use of CO2 captured from flue gases for the production of methanol and its subsequent use in transport.

Issues that are particularly critical for the future competitiveness of CO2-derived methanol, according to the report, include:

The level of priority awarded in transport policy to environmental considerations—first of all CO2 abatement—and to security of supply concerns.

The uncertainty of future technology developments in the transport sector and the need to avoid stranded investments in the medium and long-term.

The need for bringing down the costs of captured CO2 and stimulating its potential uses, among them methanol production.

Improving the competitiveness of methanol fuel cells while respecting the free market rules.

Considering the need for diverse solutions for different types of transport fleets and the high likelihood of competition for fuels between all transport sectors

The report¡¯s authors presented four policy options: (1) market-driven approach; (2) regulatory push for carbon capture and utilization; (3) ¡°methanol islands¡±; and (4) scenario-driven transition strategies.

Market-driven approach. The market-driven approach—the ¡°level playing field¡±—leaves the decision on the type of car and fuel used to the final customer. This approach, supported by the promoters of the Open Fuel Standard Act in the US, would oblige the car industry to put a substantial number of vehicles in the market, which can run on natural gas, hydrogen, biodiesel, methanol, as well as flexible fuel or plug-in electric drive vehicles, among others. While US methanol producers support this initiative, the report authors noted that there are shortcomings to this approach.

The first critical issue is since both hydrogen and methanol produced from CO2 are still far from being price-competitive, they are unlikely to gain market shares in the next decades unless there is a drastic increase in prices for gasoline and conventional diesel. Further, open standards could increase the ¡°food or fuel¡± dilemma associated to the use of first generation biofuels, i.e. biocrops, and the competition for land and water resources. It is also unclear how other environmental impacts of the production and use of different fuels would be accounted for.

Regulatory approach.European rules for competition between different types of fuels and vehicle technologies based on a comprehensive and comparable well-to-wheel life-cycle analysis and considerations of security of supply would favor CO2 recycling, the report concluded. Such an approach would also imply embracing the idea of CO2 as an important future prime material and setting up a powerful carbon capture and utilization (CCU) industry, similar to the Chinese approach, once CO2 capture costs can be brought down to a competitive level (estimated at around 20¢æ/t of CO2 captured) and once the environmental and energy balance of methanol production from CO2 has been considerably improved.

Advantages to this approach are the opportunity of exploring additional potential markets for captured CO2 and the chance for European technology leadership and exports. Risks associated with this strategy include the need for sustained investment in R&D and the uncertainties about the time to market of CO2-derived and competitive products.

Methanol islands. There is an interesting potential for circular economy and industrial symbiosis concepts, which could be explored in large-scale demonstration sites, the report finds. Both the IRENA experts and the methanol industry agree that under very specific circumstances, such as in Iceland with its very low electricity prices, methanol produced from CO2 is already competitive with gasoline.

Further key elements for bringing down production cost for methanol from CO2 include the use of electricity from wind farms that cannot be evacuated to the grid or employing solar electricity generated in isolated, but sun-rich regions for hydrogen and methanol production. Another key factor is proximity of the CO2 emission source to the hydrogen and methanol production sites, in order to avoid the elevated costs of transporting both types of gas.

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