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[ºÏ¾Æ¸Þ¸®Ä«] [2014] [¹Ì±¹] Àç»ý ¿¬·á¿Í È­ÇÐ ¹°ÁúÀ» »ý¼ºÇϱâ À§ÇÑ »õ·Î¿î °øÁ¤
À̸§ °ü¸®ÀÚ ÀÛ¼ºÀÏ 2014-08-26 Á¶È¸¼ö 335
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[¹Ì±¹] Àç»ý ¿¬·á¿Í È­ÇÐ ¹°ÁúÀ» »ý¼ºÇϱâ À§ÇÑ »õ·Î¿î °øÁ¤

¹Ì±¹ ¿¡³ÊÁöºÎ »êÇÏ ±¹°¡ Àç»ý ¿¡³ÊÁö ¿¬±¸¼Ò(NREL; National Renewable Energy Laboratory) ¼Ò¼ÓÀÇ ¿¬±¸ÁøÀº ¸®±×´Ñ(lignin)À» ´Ù¾çÇÑ Àç»ý ¿¬·á, È­Çй°Áú ¹× Áö¼Ó °¡´ÉÇÑ °æÁ¦¸¦ À§ÇÑ Àç·á µîÀ¸·Î ¼º°øÀûÀ¸·Î ÀüȯÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Â ±âȸ¸¦ Á¦°øÇÏ´Â °³³äÀ» Áõ¸íÇß´Ù.

¡°ÅëÇÕÀûÀÎ »ý¹°ÇÐÀû Åë·Î ¹× È­ÇÐÀû Ã˸Ÿ¦ ÅëÇÑ ¸®±×´Ñ °¡Ä¡ Áõ½Ä(Lignin Valorization Through Integrated Biological Funneling and Chemical Catalysis)¡±À̶ó´Â Á¦¸ñÀÇ ³í¹®Àº ÃÖ±Ù PNAS(Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences) Àú³Î¿¡ ¹ßÇ¥µÆ´Ù. NREL ÁÖµµÀÇ ¿¬±¸ ÇÁ·ÎÁ§Æ®´Â ¸®±×´ÑÀ» °³ÁúÇÏ´Â µ¥ Çõ½ÅÀûÀÎ ¹æ¹ýÀ» Á¶»çÇÏ°í ÀÖ´Ù.

¹ÙÀÌ¿À¸Å½º·ÎºÎÅÍ ±Û·çÄÚ¿À½º(glucose)¸¦ ¿¡Åº¿Ã°ú °°Àº ¿¬·á·Î ÀüȯÇÏ´Â °øÁ¤Àº Àß Á¤¸³µÇ¾î ÀÖ´Ù. ±×·¯³ª ½Ä¹°Àº ½Ä¹° ¼¼Æ÷º®ÀÇ ¾à 30%±îÁö »ó´çÇÑ ¾çÀÇ ¸®±×´ÑÀ» ÇÔÀ¯ÇÏ°í ÀÖ´Ù. ¸®±×´ÑÀº ½Ä¹°ÀÌ ¼¼Æ÷º®À» °­È­Çϱâ À§ÇÏ¿© »ç¿ëÇÏ´Â ¿©·¯ Á¾·ù·Î ÀÌ·ç¾îÁø ¹æÇ⼺ °íºÐÀÚ(aromatic polymer)ÀÌ´Ù. ±×·¯³ª ÀϹÝÀûÀ¸·Î ¸®±×´ÑÀº ź¼öÈ­¹°À» ºñ¿ë È¿°úÀûÀ¸·Î ¾ò´Âµ¥ °É¸²µ¹ÀÌ µÇ´Â °ÍÀ¸·Î »ý°¢µÇ°í ÀÖ´Ù. ¶Ç ¸®±×´ÑÀº À¯¿ëÇÑ ¿¬·á ¶Ç´Â È­Çй°Áú·Î ºÐÇØ ¹× °³ÁúÀÌ ¾î·Æ±â ¶§¹®¿¡, ¿©ºÐÀÇ ¸®±×´ÑÀº ¿­À» ¾ò´Â °øÁ¤¿¡ ä¿ëµÇ±â À§ÇÏ¿© Á¾Á¾ ¿¬¼ÒµÈ´Ù.

¼¿·ê·Î¿À½º¼º ¹ÙÀÌ¿À¸Å½º¸¦ ¾×ü ¼ö¼Û ¿¬·á·Î Àüȯ½ÃÅ°´Â ¹ÙÀÌ¿À¸®ÆÄÀ̳ʸ®´Â ÀüÇüÀûÀ¸·Î ¿î¿µÇϱâ À§ÇÏ¿© µ¿·ÂÀ» °ø±ÞÇϴµ¥ ¿ä±¸µÇ´Â °Íº¸´Ù ´õ ¸¹Àº ¸®±×´ÑÀ» »ý¼º½ÃŲ´Ù°í ÀÌ ³í¹®ÀÇ °øµ¿ ÀúÀÚÀ̸ç NREL ¼±ÀÓ °øÇÐÀÚÀÎ Gregg BeckhamÀº ¹àÇû´Ù. Æó±âµÇ´Â ¸®±×´ÑÀ» º¸´Ù ´õ ´Ù¾çÇÏ°í °¡Ä¡ ÀÖ´Â Á¦Ç°À¸·Î Àüȯ½ÃÅ°´Â »õ·Î¿î Á¢±ÙÀ» ÅëÇÕÇÏ´Â Àü·«ÀÌ ÇʼöÀûÀ¸·Î ¿ä±¸µÈ´Ù°í BeckhamÀº ÁöÀûÇß´Ù.

ºñ·Ï ¸®±×´Ñ ÇØÁßÇÕ(lignin depolymerization)ÀÌ °ÅÀÇ 1 ¼¼±â µ¿¾È ¿¬±¸µÇ¾î¿Ô´Ù°í ÇÏ´õ¶óµµ, ¸®±×´Ñ ÇØÁßÇÕÀ» À§ÇÑ ºñ¿ë È¿°úÀûÀÎ °³Áú °øÁ¤ÀÇ °³¹ßÀº Á¦ÇÑµÇ¾î ¿Ô´Ù.

ÀÚ¿¬¿¡¼­, ÀϺΠ¹Ì»ý¹°Àº ¸®±×´ÑÀÇ ÀÌÁú¼º(heterogeneity)À» ¾î¶»°Ô ±Øº¹ÇÏ´ÂÁö ¾Ë°í ÀÖ´Ù. ½Ä¹° °õÆÎÀÌ¿Í ÀϺΠ¹ÚÅ׸®¾Æ´Â ½Ä¹° ¼¼Æ÷º®¿¡¼­ ÀÌÁ¾ÀÇ ¹æÇ⼺ ºÐÀÚ È¥ÇÕ¹°À» »ý¼º½ÃÅ°´Â ¸®±×´ÑÀ» ºÐÇØÇϱâ À§ÇÑ °­·ÂÇÑ È¿¼Ò ¶Ç´Â È­ÇÐÀû »êÈ­Á¦¸¦ ºÐºñÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù. °Å´ëÇÑ ¹æÇ⼺ ¹°Áú ¸ðÀ½ÀÌ ÀÚ¿¬¿¡ Á¸ÀçÇϱ⠶§¹®¿¡, ÀϺΠ¹ÚÅ׸®¾Æ´Â ¹æÇ⼺ ºÐÀÚ¸¦ Èí¼öÇÏ¿© ź¼Ò¿Í ¿¡³ÊÁö °ø±Þ¿øÀ¸·Î ÀÌ¿ëÇÏ´Â Åë·Î(funneling)·Î¼­ÀÇ °æ·Î¸¦ ¹ß´Þ½ÃŲ´Ù.

ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ »õ·Î¿î ¿¬±¸´Â ¸®±×´ÑÀ» ÀÌ¿ëÇÏ´Â À¯±âü¸¦ À§ÇÏ¿© °³¹ßµÈ »ý¹°ÇÐÀû Àüȯ °øÁ¤ÀÌ ¸®±×´ÑÀÇ ÀÌÁ¾¼ºÀ» ±Øº¹ÇÏ´Â »õ·Î¿î °æ·Î°¡ µÉ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù°í Á¦¾ÈÇß´Ù. ±×¸®°í ¸®±×³ë¼¿·ê·Î¿À½º¼º ¹ÙÀÌ¿À¸Å½º¿¡¼­ À¯·¡ÇÑ ºÐÀÚ¸¦ º¸´Ù ´õ Æø³Ð°Ô °ø°ÝÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖÀ» °ÍÀÌ´Ù.

¿¬±¸ÁøÀÌ Áõ¸íÇÑ °³³äÀû Á¢±ÙÀº ¼ö¸¹Àº À¯ÇüÀÇ ¹ÙÀÌ¿À¸Å½º ¿ø·á¿¡ Àû¿ëµÉ ¼ö ÀÖÀ¸¸ç, ´Ù¸¥ Áß°£¹°ÁúÀ» »ý¼ºÇϱâ À§ÇÑ »ý¹°ÇÐÀû °æ·Î¸¦ °øÇÐÀûÀ¸·Î Á¦¾îÇÏ°í, ¸®±×´ÑÀ¸·ÎºÎÅÍ À¯·¡ÇÑ º¸´Ù ´õ Æø³ÐÀº ¹üÀ§ÀÇ ±ÍÁßÇÑ ºÐÀÚ¸¦ °³¹ßÇϱâ À§ÇÏ¿© »ý¹°ÇÐÀûÀ¸·Î À¯µµÇÑ ¹°ÁúÀ» Ã˸Ÿ¦ Àû¿ëÇÏ¿© °³ÁúÇÏ´Â µî ¸®±×´ÑÀ» ºÐÇØÇϱâ À§ÇÑ ´Ù¸¥ Àü·«°ú °áÇÕµÉ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù°í BeckhamÀº ¹àÇû´Ù. ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ °³³ä ÀÔÁõÀº ´Ù¾çÇÑ »ê¾÷ ÀÀ¿ë¿¡ ¸Å¿ì À¯¸ÁÇÏ´Ù. ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ ¿¬±¸ °á°ú°¡ ¸Å¿ì Èï¹Ì·Î¿î ÇÑÆí, ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ °øÁ¤À» °æÁ¦ÀûÀ¸·Î ½Ç¿ë¼ºÀ» °®Ãß±â À§ÇÏ¿© »ó´çÇÑ ±â¼ú °³¹ßÀÌ ³²¾Æ ÀÖ´Ù°í BeckhamÀº ÁöÀûÇß´Ù.

¸®±×´ÑÀº ¿¡³ÊÁö ¹Ðµµ°¡ ³ôÀº Æä´ÒÇÁ·ÎÆijëÀÌµå ´Ü·®Ã¼(phenylpropanoid monomer)·Î ÀÌ·ç¾îÁø ÀÌÁ¾ °íºÐÀÚÀÌ´Ù. Æä´ÒÇÁ·ÎÆijëÀÌµå ´Ü·®Ã¼´Â ½Ä¹° ±¸Á¶, ¹°ÀÇ ¼ö¼Û ¹× ¹æ¾î ±âÁ¦ µî¿¡ »ç¿ëµÇ°í, ¼¿·ê·Î¿À½º ´ÙÀ½À¸·Î Áö±¸»ó¿¡¼­ µÎ ¹ø°·Î dzºÎÇÑ »ýü°íºÐÀÚ(biopolymer)ÀÌ´Ù.

¹ÙÀÌ¿À¸Å½º¿¡¼­ ¿¬·á¿Í È­Çй°ÁúÀÇ »ý»ê¿¡¼­, ¸®±×´ÑÀº ¿ø·á·Î ÃæºÐÇÏ°Ô ÀÌ¿ëµÇÁö ¸øÇÏ°í, ¿¬¼ÒµÈ´Ù. ±× ÀÌÀ¯´Â ¸®±×´Ñ °íÀ¯ÀÇ ÀÌÁú¼º°ú ÀúÇ×¼º(recalcitrance)ÀÌ ¼±ÅÃÀûÀÎ °¡Ä¡ Áõ½ÄÀ» ¾î·Æ°Ô ¸¸µé±â ¶§¹®ÀÌ´Ù.

±×·¯³ª ÀÚ¿¬¿¡¼­, ÀϺΠÀ¯±âü´Â ź¼Ò °ø±Þ¿øÀ¸·Î¼­ ¸®±×´Ñ¿¡¼­ À¯·¡ÇÑ ¹æÇ⼺ ºÐÀÚÀÇ ÀÌ¿ëÀ» °¡´ÉÇÏ°Ô ÇÏ´Â ´ë»ç °æ·Î¸¦ Æ÷ÇÔÇÏ°í ÀÖ´Ù. ¹æÇ⼺ ÀÌÈ­ ÀÛ¿ë(aromatic catabolism)Àº ÀÌÁú¼º ±âÁúÀ» ÇÁ·ÎÅäÄ«Å×Äí(protocatechuate) ¶Ç´Â Ä«Å×ÄÝ(catechol)°ú °°Àº Á᫐ Áß°£¹°Áú·Î ÀüȯÇÏ´Â »ý¹°ÇÐÀû Åë·Î(biological funnel)·Î ÀÛ¿ëÇÏ´Â »óÀ§ °æ·Î¸¦ ÅëÇÏ¿© ÀϾ´Ù. ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ Áß°£¹°ÁúÀº °í¸® ºÐ¿­À» °Þ°í, Ãß°¡·Î ¥â-ketoadipate °æ·Î¸¦ °ÅÃÄ Áß½É Åº¼Ò ¹°Áú ´ë»ç·Î ÀüȯµÈ´Ù.

ÀÌ ¿¬±¸¿¡¼­, ¿¬±¸ÁøÀº ÀÚ¿¬ÀûÀÎ ¹æÇ⼺ ´ë»ç ÀÛ¿ëÀ» ¼öÇàÇÏ´Â ¹Ì»ý¹°ÀÎ ½´µµ¸ð³ª½º ǪƼ´Ù(Pseudomonas putida KT2440)¸¦ ÀÌ¿ëÇÏ¿© ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ ¹æÇ⼺ ´ë»ç ÀÛ¿ë °æ·Î°¡ ¹æÇ⼺ ¸ðµ¨ È­ÇÕ¹°°ú ½Ã¹ü ±Ô¸ðÀÇ ¹ÙÀÌ¿À¸Å½º Àü󸮿¡¼­ À¯·¡ÇÑ ÀÌÁú¼ºÀÇ ¸®±×´ÑÀÌ Ç³ºÎÇÑ ¹°ÁúÀ» mcl-PHAs(medium chain-length polyhydroxyalkanoates)·Î Àüȯ½ÃÅ°´Â µ¥ ÀÌ¿ëµÉ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù´Â °ÍÀ» Áõ¸íÇß´Ù. ÀÌÈÄ mcl-PHAs´Â ¼¼Æ÷¿¡¼­ ºÐ¸®µÇ¾î, ¹ÙÀÌ¿ÀÇöó½ºÆ½À¸·Î ÀÀ¿ëÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Â »ó¿ë ź¼öÈ­¹°¿¡¼­ À¯·¡ÇÑ mcl-PHAsÀÇ ¹°¸® È­ÇÐÀû Ư¼º°ú À¯»çÇÏ´Ù´Â °ÍÀ» Áõ¸íÇß´Ù.

ÀÌ ¿¬±¸¿¡ ´ëÇÏ¿© ƯÇã ÀÀ¿ëÀÌ Ãâ¿øµÆÀ¸¸ç, NRELÀÇ ±â¼ú ÀÌÀü »ç¹«¼Ò(Technology Transfer Office)´Â ±â¼úÀÇ °¡´ÉÇÑ ¸éÇã ÃëµæÀ» ±Ô¸íÇϱâ À§ÇÏ¿© ¿¬±¸Áø°ú Çù·ÂÇÒ °èȹÀÌ´Ù.

ºÎ°¡ÀûÀ¸·Î NREL ¿¬±¸ÁøÀº »çÀ̾𽺠ÀâÁö¿¡ ¹ßÇ¥µÈ ¸®±×´Ñ °¡Ä¡ Áõ½Ä¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ÃÖ±Ù °ËÅä¿¡ Âü¿©Çß´Ù. °ü·Ã ³í¹®ÀÇ Á¦¸ñÀº ¡°¸®±×´Ñ °¡Ä¡ Áõ½Ä : ¹ÙÀÌ¿À¸®ÆÄÀ̳ʸ®¿¡¼­ ¸®±×´Ñ °øÁ¤ÀÇ °³¼±(Lignin Valorization: Improving Lignin Processing in the Biorefinery)¡±ÀÌ´Ù. ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ °ËÅä´Â Àúºñ¿ë ź¼Ò ¼¶À¯, °øÇÐÀûÀ¸·Î Á¦¾îµÈ Çöó½ºÆ½, ¿­°¡¼Ò¼º ¿¤¶ó½ºÅä¸Ó, °íºÐÀÚ Æû°ú ¸· ¹× ¼®À¯·ÎºÎÅÍ ÇöÀç °ø±ÞµÇ´Â ´Ù¾çÇÑ ¿¬·á¿Í È­Çй°Áú µîÀ» Æ÷ÇÔÇÑ ¸®±×´Ñ¿¡¼­ ¾òÀ» ¼ö ÀÖ´Â °íºÎ°¡°¡Ä¡ Á¦Ç°ÀÇ Á¦Á¶¿¡ ´ëÇÑ °¡´É¼ºÀ» Á¶¸íÇß´Ù.

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New process helps overcome obstacles to produce renewable fuels and chemicals

There¡¯s an old saying in the biofuels industry: ¡°You can make anything from lignin except money.¡± But now, a new study may pave the way to challenging that adage. The study from the Energy Department¡¯s National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL) demonstrates a concept that provides opportunities for the successful conversion of lignin into a variety of renewable fuels, chemicals, and materials for a sustainable energy economy.

¡°Lignin Valorization Through Integrated Biological Funneling and Chemical Catalysis¡± was recently published in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. The NREL-led research project explores an innovative method for upgrading lignin.

The process for converting glucose from biomass into fuels such as ethanol has been well established. However, plants also contain a significant amount of lignin – up to 30 percent of their cell walls. Lignin is a heterogeneous aromatic polymer that plants use to strengthen cell walls, but it is typically considered a hindrance to cost-effectively obtaining carbohydrates, and residual lignin is often burned for process heat because it is difficult to depolymerize and upgrade into useful fuels or chemicals.

¡°Biorefineries that convert cellulosic biomass into liquid transportation fuels typically generate more lignin than necessary to power the operation,¡± NREL Senior Engineer and a co-author of the study Gregg Beckham said. ¡°Strategies that incorporate new approaches to transform the leftover lignin to more diverse and valuable products are desperately needed.¡±

Although lignin depolymerization has been studied for nearly a century, the development of cost-effective upgrading processes for lignin valorization has been limited. In nature, some microorganisms have figured out how to overcome the heterogeneity of lignin. ¡°Rot¡± fungi and some bacteria are able to secrete powerful enzymes or chemical oxidants to break down lignin in plant cell walls, which produces a heterogeneous mixture of aromatic molecules.

Given this large pool of aromatics present in nature, some bacteria have developed ¡°funneling¡± pathways to uptake the resulting aromatic molecules and use them as a carbon and energy source. This new study shows that developing biological conversion processes for one such lignin-utilizing organism may enable new routes to overcome the heterogeneity of lignin. And, that may enable a broader slate of molecules derived from lignocellulosic biomass. ¡°The conceptual approach we demonstrate can be applied to many different types of biomass feedstocks and combined with many different strategies for breaking down lignin, engineering the biological pathways to produce different intermediates, and catalytically upgrading the biologically-derived product to develop a larger range of valuable molecules derived from lignin,¡± Beckham said.

¡°It holds promise for a wide variety of industrial applications. While this is very exciting, certainly there remains a significant amount of technology development to make this process economically viable.¡± A patent application has been filed on this research and NREL¡¯s Technology Transfer Office will be working with researchers to identify potential licensees of the technology. In addition, researchers from NREL participated in a recent review on lignin valorization published in Science Magazine ("Lignin Valorization: Improving Lignin Processing in the Biorefinery").

This review highlighted the broad potential for manufacturing value-added products from lignin, including low-cost carbon fiber, engineering plastics and thermoplastic elastomers, polymeric foams and membranes, and a variety of fuels and chemicals all currently sourced from petroleum.
 
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