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[ºÏ¾Æ¸Þ¸®Ä«] [2015] [¹Ì±¹] ¹é±Ý¿¡ ÇÊÀûÇÏ´Â ºñ±Ý¼Ó ºÐÀÚ Ã˸Š½Ã½ºÅÛ
À̸§ °ü¸®ÀÚ ÀÛ¼ºÀÏ 2015-07-23 Á¶È¸¼ö 631
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[¹Ì±¹] ¹é±Ý¿¡ ÇÊÀûÇÏ´Â ºñ±Ý¼Ó ºÐÀÚ Ã˸Š½Ã½ºÅÛ


¹Ì±¹ À§½ºÄܽŴëÇб³ ¸Åµð½¼ Ä·ÆÛ½º(UW-Madison; University of Wisconsin-Madison) ¼Ò¼ÓÀÇ È­ÇÐÀÚ ¿¬±¸ÆÀÀº ¹é±ÝÀÇ È¿À²¿¡ ±ÙÁ¢ÇÏ´Â ¿¬·áÀüÁö »ê¼Ò ȯ¿ø ¹ÝÀÀ(ORR; oxygen reduction reaction)À» À§ÇÑ »õ·Î¿î ºñ±Ý¼Ó Ã˸Š½Ã½ºÅÛ(non-metallic catalyst system)À» Áõ¸íÇß´Ù. ºÐÀÚ Ã˸Š½Ã½ºÅÛ(molecular catalyst system)Àº °ú°Å¿¡µµ Á¶»çµÆÁö¸¸, °ú°ÅÀÇ »ç·Ê´Â ÀüÅëÀûÀÎ ¹é±Ý Ã˸ź¸´Ù´Â ±× È¿À²ÀÌ ÈξÀ ´õ ³·¾Ò´Ù. °ü·Ã ¿¬±¸´Â ACS Central Science Àú³Î¿¡ °³¹æÇü ³í¹®À¸·Î ¹ßÇ¥µÆ´Ù.

»õ·Î¿î Ã˸Ŵ ³ªÀÌÆ®·Ï½Ç(nitroxyl)°ú Áú¼Ò»êÈ­¹°(nitrogen oxide, NOx)ÀÇ È¥ÇÕ¹°·Î ±¸¼ºµÈ´Ù. ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ ºÐÀÚ ÆÄÆ®³Ê´Â ÇÔ²² Àß ÀÛµ¿ÇÑ´Ù. ÇÑ °¡Áö´Â Àü±Ø°ú ¿øÈ°ÇÏ°Ô ¹ÝÀÀÇÏ´Â ÇÑÆí, ´Ù¸¥ ÇÑ °¡Áö´Â »ê¼Ò¿Í È¿À²ÀûÀ¸·Î ¹ÝÀÀÇÑ´Ù.

ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ Ã˸ŠÁ¶ÇÕÀÌ ÀÌÀü¿¡´Â È£±â¼º »êÈ­(aerobic oxidation)¿¡¼­ »ç¿ëµÈ ¹Ý¸é, ¿¬±¸ÆÀÀº ÀÌ Ã˸Ű¡ ¿ì¼öÇÑ ¿¬·á ÀüÁö Ã˸Ű¡ µÉ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù´Â »ç½ÇÀ» Á¦¾ÈÇß´Ù. »õ·Î¿î Ã˸Š½Ã½ºÅÛÀº ÀÌÁ¦±îÁö º¸°íµÆ´ø Ã˸ŠÁß °¡Àå È¿°úÀûÀÎ ºÐÀÚ Ã˸ÅÀÓÀÌ ÆǸíµÆ´Ù.

¿¬·á ÀüÁö´Â ¼ö¼Ò¿Í °°Àº ¿¬·áÀÇ »êÈ­¿Í »ê¼Ò¸¦ ¹°·Î ȯ¿ø½ÃÅ°´Â µî µÎ °¡Áö »óº¸ÀûÀÎ ¹Ý-¹ÝÀÀ(half-reaction)À» ±â¹ÝÀ¸·Î ÇÑ´Ù. ¿¬·á ÀüÁö È¿À²À» À§ÇÑ °áÁ¤ ¿äÀÎ(gating factor) Áß Çϳª´Â »ê¼Ò ȯ¿øÀÇ ´À¸° ¹ÝÀÀ ¼ÓµµÀÌ´Ù. ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ ¹®Á¦¸¦ ±Øº¹ÇÏ´Â µ¥´Â ³ôÀº È¿À²ÀÇ Àü±âÃ˸Ű¡ ÇÊ¿äÇÏ´Ù. ÀÌ °üÁ¡¿¡¼­ ¿ì¼öÇÑ Àç·á´Â ¹é±ÝÀÌ´Ù.

»ê¼Ò¸¦ ¹°·Î È¿À²ÀûÀ¸·Î ȯ¿ø½ÃÅ°´Â °ÍÀº ¿¡³ÊÁö Àüȯ°ú ¼ö¸¹Àº È£±â¼º »êÈ­ ¹ÝÀÀ¿¡¼­ Áß¿äÇÑ µµÀü °úÁ¦ÀÌ´Ù. ÀÌ ¿¬±¸¿¡¼­, ¿¬±¸ÆÀÀº Àü±âÈ­ÇÐÀû »ê¼Ò ȯ¿ø ¹ÝÀÀÀÌ ¼ö¿ë¼º À¯±â ³ªÀÌÆ®·Ï½Ç°ú Áú¼Ò »êÈ­¹° ÁßÀçÀÚ¸¦ ÀÌ¿ëÇÏ¿© ³ôÀº ÀüÀ§¿¡¼­ ´Þ¼ºµÉ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù´Â °ÍÀ» º¸¿© ÁÖ¾ú´Ù.

±Ý¼Ó Æ÷¸£ÇǸ°(metalloporphyrin)°ú °ü·ÃµÈ ´ëȯ½Ä ±Ý¼Ó º¹ÇÕü(macrocyclic metal complexes)¿Í °°Àº ºÐÀÚ ORR Ã˸Ŵ °í°¡ÀÇ ¹é±Ý¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ´ë¾ÈÀ¸·Î Á¶»çµÇ¾î ¿Â ÇÑÆí, ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ Ã˸Ŵ ¿­¿ªÇÐÀû ÇÑ°è°¡ ¾Æ´Ñ ÀüÀ§¿¡¼­ ÀüÇüÀûÀ¸·Î ¿î¿µµÇ°í, Á¾Á¾ °ú»êÈ­¼ö¼Ò(hydrogen peroxide, H2O2)¸¦ »ý¼ºÇÑ´Ù. ´Ù¸¥ È£±â¼º »êÈ­ ¹ÝÀÀ ¿ª½Ã À¯»çÇÑ ¹®Á¦¿¡ Á÷¸éÇÑ´Ù.

Áú¼Ò»êÈ­¹° °øµ¿ Ã˸Å(co-catalysts)ÀÇ »ç¿ëÀº À§¿¡¼­ ¾ð±ÞÇÑ ÇѰ踦 ±Øº¹ÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Â °¡´ÉÇÑ ±âȸ¸¦ Á¦°øÇÑ´Ù. »ê¼Ò¿Í »êÈ­Áú¼Ò(nitric oxide, NO)ÀÇ ¹ÝÀÀÀº ¼Óµµ·ÐÀû Ãø¸é¿¡¼­ ¿ìÈ£ÀûÀÎ µ¿½Ã¿¡ ¿ëÀÌÇϸç, Áß°£ »ý¼º¹°Áú ¶Ç´Â ºÎ»ê¹°·Î H2O2¸¦ Çü¼ºÇÏÁö ¾Ê°í ÀÌ»êÈ­Áú¼Ò(nitrogen dioxide, NO2)¿¡ Á¦°øÇϱâ À§ÇÑ »ê¼ÒÀÇ O−O °áÇÕÀÇ Á÷Á¢ÀûÀÎ ºÐÇØ·Î À̾îÁø´Ù.

°Ô´Ù°¡, »êÈ­Áú¼Ò·Î ÀÌ»êÈ­Áú¼ÒÀÇ È¯¿øÀ» À§ÇÑ ¾ç¼ºÀÚ¿Í Â¦À» ÀÌ·ç´Â ´Ü°è´Â ¹°·Î »ê¼Ò ȯ¿øÀ» À§ÇÑ ¿­¿ªÇÐÀû ÀüÀ§(thermodynamic potential)¿Í À¯»çÇÑ Ç¥ÁØ ÀüÀ§¸¦ ³ªÅ¸³½´Ù. ±×·¯³ª ³ôÀº ÀüÀ§ÀÇ ORRÀ» ´Þ¼ºÇϱâ À§ÇÏ¿© Áú¼Ò»êÈ­¹° ±â¹ÝÀÇ ÁßÀçÀÚ(NOx-based mediator)¸¦ »ç¿ëÇÏ´Â °ÍÀº Áú¼Ò»êÈ­¹° Á¾ÀÇ ¿­¾ÇÇÑ Á÷Á¢ÀûÀÎ Àü±âÈ­ÇÐÀû ȯ¿ø¿¡ ÀÇÇØ Á¦ÇѵȴÙ. ÀÌ»óÀûÀÎ ÁßÀçÀÚ´Â Àü±Ø¿¡¼­ ¿ëÀÌÇÑ µ¿¿ªÇÐÀ» ³ªÅ¸³»°í, Ãß°¡·Î »ê¼Ò ȯ¿øÀ¸·ÎºÎÅÍ À¯·¡ÇÑ Áú¼Ò»êÈ­¹° Á¾°ú ±Þ¼ÓÇÑ ¹ÝÀÀÀ» °Þ´Â °ÍÀÌ´Ù.

ÀÌ»óÀÇ °í·ÁµéÀº ¿¬±¸ÁøÀÌ Áú¼Ò »êÈ­¹° ±â¹ÝÀÇ °øµ¿ ÃË¸Å¿Í ÇÔ²² TEMPO(2,2,6,6- tetramethylpiperidinyl-N-oxyl) ¶Ç´Â ´Ù¸¥ À¯±â ³ªÀÌÆ®·Ï½ÇÀ» ä¿ëÇϴ ȣ±â¼º ¾ËÄÚ¿Ã »êÈ­ ¹ÝÀÀÀ» Ã˸ÅÈ­Çϴµ¥ °ü½ÉÀ» °¡Áö°Ô ¸¸µé¾ú´Ù.

ÇÑ °¡Áö¸¸À» »ç¿ëÇÒ ¶§, TEMPO¿Í °°Àº À¯±â ³ªÀÌÆ®·Ï½Ç(organic nitroxyl)µµ ¾ÆÁú»ê³ªÆ®·ý(sodium nitrite)°ú °°Àº Áú¼Ò»êÈ­¹° Á¾µµ È¿°úÀûÀÎ ORR ÁßÀçÀÚ°¡ ¾Æ´Ï´Ù. ±×·¯³ª ³ªÀÌÆ®·Ï½Ç/Áú¼Ò»êÈ­¹° Á¾ÀÇ °áÇÕÀº Æ®¸®Ç÷οÀ·Î¾Æ¼¼Æ®»ê(trifluoroacetic acid)À» ÇÔÀ¯ÇÏ´Â ¾Æ¼¼Åä´ÏÆ®¸±(acetonitrile)¿¡¼­ 300mV±îÁö ³·Àº °úÀüÀ§¿¡¼­ »ê¼Ò ȯ¿øÀ» ÁßÀçÇÑ´Ù.

¿¬±¸ÁøÀº ¾ËÄÚ¿Ã ±âÁúÀÌ ³ªÀÌÆ®·Ï½Ç/Áú¼Ò»êÈ­¹°-ÁßÀçÀÇ Àü±âÃ˸Š»ê¼Ò ȯ¿ø(electrocatalytic O2 reduction)À» À§ÇÑ ±âÃʸ¦ Á¦°øÇϱâ À§ÇÏ¿© Àü±ØÀ» ´ëüÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù°í ÃßÃøÇß´Ù.

ÀÌ ¿¬±¸¿¡¼­ Á¦½ÃÇÑ °á°ú´Â À§¿¡ ¾ð±ÞÇÑ °³³äÀ» ÀÔÁõÇÏ¿´À¸¸ç, ³ªÀÌÆ®·Ï½Ç/NOx °øµ¿ Ã˸Ű¡ ºÐÀÚ ORR Àü±âÃ˸ſ¡¼­ ÀÌÀü¿¡ ´Þ¼ºÇß´ø °Íº¸´Ù ´õ ³·Àº ÃÖ¼Ò 200mVÀÇ °úÀüÀ§¿¡¼­ »ê¼Ò ȯ¿øÀ» ¼öÇàÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù´Â °ÍÀ» º¸¿©ÁÖ¾ú´Ù.

¿¬±¸ÆÀÀÇ Á¢±ÙÀÌ ±âü, ¾×ü ¹× °íü »çÀÌÀÇ È­ÇÐ ¹ÝÀÀÀ» Æ÷ÇÔÇÏ°í Àֱ⠶§¹®¿¡, °³³ä¿¡¼­ Áõ¸íÀ¸·Î À̵¿Çϴµ¥ »ó´çÇÑ ¼º°ú¸¦ ÀÌ·ç¾ú´Ù. ¿¬±¸ÆÀÀº ¸ðµ¨ ½Ã½ºÅÛ¿¡¼­ ¸ðµç »çÇ×À» Å×½ºÆ®Çϱâ Àü¿¡ ¿¬±¸ÁøÀÌ ¿°µÎ¿¡ µÎ¾ú´ø ¼³Ä¡ ±¸¼º ¿ø¼Ò °¢°¢À» ¿¬±¸ ¹× ÃÖÀûÈ­Çϴµ¥ ¼ö °³¿ùÀ» ¼Ò¿äÇß´Ù.

ÀÌ ¿¬±¸´Â ºÐÀÚ Ã˸Ű¡ ¹é±Ý È¿À²¿¡ ±ÙÁ¢ÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù´Â °ÍÀ» óÀ½À¸·Î º¸¿©ÁÖ¾ú´Ù. ±×¸®°í ºÐÀÚÀÇ ÀåÁ¡Àº º¸´Ù ´õ ¿ì¼öÇÑ È¿À²À» ´Þ¼ºÇϱâ À§ÇÏ¿© ºÐÀÚÀÇ ±¸Á¶¿¡ ´ëÇÑ º¯°æÀ» Áö¼ÓÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù´Â Á¡ÀÌ´Ù.

ÀÌ ¿¬±¸´Â ¿¡³ÊÁö ÇÁ·ÐƼ¾î ¿¬±¸¼Ò(Energy Frontiers Research Center)ÀÎ ºÐÀÚ Àü±â Ã˸Š¹ÝÀÀ ¿¬±¸¼Ò(Center for Molecular Electrocatalysis)¸¦ ÅëÇÏ¿© ¹Ì±¹ ¿¡³ÊÁöºÎÀÇ Áö¿øÀ¸·Î ¼öÇàµÆ´Ù. UW-Madison È­Çаú ±³¼öÀÎ Shannon Stahl°ú ¿¬±¸¿¡ Âü¿©ÇÑ James GerkenÀº ÀÌ ¿µ¿ª¿¡¼­ ¹Ì·¡ Áøº¸¸¦ À§ÇÑ ÁöÆòÀ» ¿­±â À§ÇÏ¿© ´Ù¾çÇÑ È­ÇÐ ¿ø¸®¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ±³Â÷ÀûÀÎ ¿¬±¸¸¦ µ¶·ÁÇϱâ À§ÇÑ ¿¬±¸¼Ò¿¡ ¼Ò¼ÓµÇ¾î ÀÖ´Ù.
 
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New non-metallic molecular catalyst system approaches efficiency of platinum in fuel cell oxygen reduction reaction

A team of chemists from the University of Wisconsin-Madison has demonstrated a new molecular (i.e., non-metallic) catalyst system for the fuel cell oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) that approaches the efficiency of platinum. Although molecular catalysts have been explored before, earlier examples were much less efficient than the traditional platinum catalyst. An open access paper on their work is publishedin the journal ACS Central Science.

The new catalyst is composed of a mixture of nitroxyls and nitrogen oxides. These molecular partners play well together; one reacts well with the electrode while the other reacts efficiently with the oxygen.
 
Fuel cells are based on two complementary half-reactions: fuel (such as H2) oxidation and reduction of O2 to water. One of the gating factors for fuel cell efficiency is the slow kinetics of oxygen reduction; overcoming this requires a high-efficiency electrocatalyst. The predominant material at this point is platinum.

While molecular ORR catalysts—such as metalloporphyrins and related macrocyclic metal complexes—have been explored as alternatives to expensive platinum, these catalysts typically operate at potentials far from the thermodynamic limit and often generate hydrogen peroxide. Other aerobic oxidation reactions face similar issues.

The researchers speculated that the alcohol substrate could be replaced with an electrode to provide the basis for nitroxyl/NOx-mediated electrocatalytic O2 reduction.

The results presented in their paper validated this concept and showed that the nitroxyl/NOx co-catalysts enable O2 reduction at overpotentials at least 200 mV lower than those previously attained with molecular ORR electrocatalysts.

Because the approach involves chemical reactions between gases, liquids and solids, moving from concept to demonstration was no small feat. Gerken spent months studying and optimizing each component of the setup they had envisioned before testing everything in a model system.

The work was supported by the US Department of Energy through the Center for Molecular Electrocatalysis, an Energy Frontiers Research Center. Stahl and Gerken credit the center for promoting cross-pollination among various chemistry disciplines to open the door for future advances in this area.
 
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