NASA에 의해 수행된 새로운 연구에 따르면 2012년에서 2015년 사이 캘리포니아의 강수량은 약 20인치 규모 ‘비 부채(rain debt)’를 축적하고 있다. 이는 한 해 동안 떨어질 것으로 예상되는 평균량으로 수증기가 풍부한 태평양에서 내륙으로 이동하는 공기의 흐름이 부족함에 따른 결과이다.

그린벨트에 위치한 NASA의 고다드(Goddard) 우주 비행센터의 주 연구원 Andrey Savtchenko와 동료들은 강수량이 위성관측을 통한 17년의 데이터를 검토한 총 36년 간의 데이터를 조사해 1979년부터 캘리포니아 강수량에 어떤 변화가 나타났는지를 이해할 수 있다.

According to a new study conducted by NASA, the state of California accumulated a debt of about 20 inches of precipitation between 2012 and 2015 -- the average amount expected to fall in the state in a single year. The deficit was driven primarily by a lack of air currents moving inland from the Pacific Ocean that are rich in water vapor.

Lead Author Andrey Savtchenko at NASA's Goddard Space Flight Center in Greenbelt, Md., and his colleagues examined data from 17 years of satellite observations and 36 years of combined observations and model data to understand how precipitation has varied in California since 1979.

In an average year, 20 to 50 percent of California's precipitation comes from relatively few but extreme events called atmospheric rivers that move from over the Pacific Ocean to the state's coast. The state as a whole can expect an average of about 20 inches of precipitation each year, with regional differences. But, the total amount can vary as much as 30 percent from year to year, according to the study.

In non-drought periods, wet years often alternate with dry years to balance out in the short term. However, from 2012 to 2014, California accumulated a deficit of almost 13 inches, and the 2014-2015 wet season increased the debt another seven inches, for a total 20 inches accumulated deficit during the course of three dry years.

The majority of that precipitation loss is attributed to a high-pressure system in the atmosphere over the eastern Pacific Ocean that has interfered with the formation of atmospheric rivers since 2011. Earlier this year, a NASA research aircraft participated in the CalWater 2015 field campaign to improve understanding of when and how atmospheric rivers reach California.

Some of the water vapor rains out over the ocean, but it takes full effect when an atmospheric river reaches land. Two reached California around Dec. 1 and 10, 2014, and brought more than three inches of rain, according to NASA's Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM)'s multi-satellite dataset (see related article).

The current drought isn't the first for California. Savtchenko and his colleagues recreated a climate record for 1979 to the present using the Modern-Era Retrospective Analysis for Research and Applications, or MERRA. Their efforts show that a 27.5-inch deficit of rain and snow occurred in the state between 1986 and 1994.

The current drought has been notably severe because, since the late 1980s, California's population, industry and agriculture have experienced tremendous growth, with a correlating growth in their demand for water. Human consumption has depleted California's reservoirs and groundwater reserves, as shown by data from NASA's Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment (GRACE) mission (see related article), leading to mandatory water rationing.

According to Climatologist Bill Patzert at NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory in Pasadena, Calif., this study added nuance to how scientists may interpret the atmospheric conditions that cause atmospheric rivers and an El Nino's capacity to bust the drought. Since March, rising sea surface temperatures in the central equatorial Pacific have indicated the formation of El Nino conditions. These conditions are often associated with higher rainfall to the western U.S., but it's not guaranteed.

Savtchenko and his colleagues show that El Nino contributes only six percent to California's precipitation variability and is one factor among other, more random effects that influence how much rainfall the state receives. While it's more likely El Nino increases precipitation in California, it's still possible it will have no, or even a drying, effect.

A strong El Nino that lasts through the rainy months, from November to March, is more likely to increase the amount of rain that reaches California, and Savtchenko noted the current El Nino is quickly strengthening. The National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), which monitors El Nino events, ranks it as the third strongest in the past 65 years for May and June. Still, it will likely take several years of higher than normal rain and snowfall to recover from the current drought.

[출처 = Water World / 2015년 7월 31일]