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¿Á½ºÆÛµå ´ëÇÐ(University of Oxford)°ú ·¯´õÆÛµå ¾ÖÇÃÅÏ ¿¬±¸¼Ò(Rutherford Appleton Laboratory)ÀÇ ¿¬±¸ÁøÀº ´ÜÀÏÃþ ±×·¡ÇÉÀÇ ¸ð¼­¸®¿¡¼­ ¶³¾îÁ® ³ª°£ ź¼Ò ÀÌ·®Ã¼(dimer) ±¸Á¶¸¦ °üÂûÇϴµ¥ ÃÖÃÊ·Î ¼º°øÇß´Ù. KED(Klein Edge Doublet)¶ó°í ºÒ¸®´Â ÀÌ·± Çö»óÀº ÀÌÀü¿¡ ÀÌ·ÐÀûÀ¸·Î ¿¹ÃøµÇ¾ú´Ù. ÀÌ ¿¬±¸°á°ú´Â ±×·¡ÇÉ ¸ð¼­¸®¸¦ ´õ Àß ÀÌÇØÇϴµ¥ µµ¿òÀ» ÁÙ ¼ö ÀÖ°í, »õ·Î¿î Àü±âÀû Ư¼ºÀ» °¡Áø Àç·á¸¦ ¸¸µå´Âµ¥ ¸Å¿ì À¯¿ëÇÏ°Ô Àû¿ëµÉ ¼ö ÀÖÀ» °ÍÀÌ´Ù.

±×·¡ÇÉ ¸ð¼­¸®´Â ³ª³ë¸®º»°ú °°Àº ¸ð¼­¸®-ÀÇÁ¸Çü ±¸Á¶ÀÇ Àüü Ư¼º¿¡ »ó´çÇÑ ¿µÇâÀ» ³¢Ä¥ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù. ÀÌ·± ¸ð¼­¸® È¿°ú¿Í ´ÜÀÏÃþ ±×·¡ÇÉÀÇ Çü»óÀ» ÀÌÇØÇÏ´Â °ÍÀº ź¼Ò ¹°ÁúÀÇ Àü±âÀû Ư¼ºÀ» ÃÖÀûÈ­Çϴµ¥ Áß¿äÇÒ °ÍÀÌ´Ù. ¶ÇÇÑ ±×·¡ÇÉÀÇ Àû¿ë ºÐ¾ß°¡ Á¡Á¡ Áõ°¡ÇÏ°í Àֱ⠶§¹®¿¡, ±×·¡ÇÉ ¸ð¼­¸® ±¸Á¶ ¼ÓÀÇ Çü»óÀû º¯È­µéÀ» ¿ÏÀüÈ÷ ¾Æ´Â °ÍÀÌ ÇʼöÀûÀÌ´Ù.

À̹ø ¿¬±¸ÁøÀº ´ÜÀÏÃþ ±×·¡ÇÉ °áÁ¤ ¸ð¼­¸®ÀÇ ºÒÆ÷È­ ź¼Ò ´õºí¸´(carbon doublet)À» °üÂûÇß´Ù. Áö±×Àç±× ¸ð¼­¸®¿¡¼­ °üÂûµÈ ´ÜÀÏ ¿øÀÚ Å¬·¹ÀÎ ¸ð¼­¸®(Klein edge)¿Í´Â ´Þ¸®, ÀÌ·± ź¼Ò ÀÌ·®Ã¼µéÀº ´Ù¾çÇÑ ¸ð¼­¸® ±¸Á¶¿¡¼­ °üÂûµÇ¾úÁö¸¸, ¾ÈÁ¤ÀûÀÎ ¾Ïü¾î ¸ð¼­¸®¿¡¼­ °¡Àå ¸¹ÀÌ °üÂûµÇ¾ú´Ù. ÀÌ ¿¬±¸°á°ú´Â KED°¡ ¾Ïü¾î ¸ð¼­¸®ÀÇ ¾ÈÁ¤¼ºÀ» Çâ»ó½ÃÅ°°í Áö±×Àç±× ¸ð¼­¸®ÀÇ ¿øÀÚ ÃßÃâÀ» À§ÇÑ °æ·ÎÀ̶ó´Â °ÍÀ» º¸¿©ÁÖ¾ú´Ù.

À̹ø ¿¬±¸ÁøÀº ¼öÂ÷ º¸Á¤ Åõ°ú ÀüÀÚ Çö¹Ì°æ(aberration-corrected transmission electron microscopy, AC-TEM)À» »ç¿ëÇؼ­ KED ±¸Á¶¸¦ °üÂûÇß´Ù. ÀÌ ±â¼úÀº ±×·¡ÇÉÀÇ ±¸Á¶¸¦ ŽħÇÏ°í Àç·á °ÝÀÚ ¼ÓÀÇ Åº¼Ò ¿øÀÚ °£ÀÇ 0.142nm ¿øÀÚ °£°ÝÀ» °üÂûÇϴµ¥ »ç¿ëµÉ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù. ¡°´ÜÀÏÃþ ±×·¡ÇÉÀº 80kV TEM ºö¿¡ ³ëÃâµÉ ¶§ ¾ÈÁ¤ÀûÀÌ´Ù¡±¶ó°í ¿Á½ºÆÛµå ´ëÇÐÀÇ Judy KimÀº ¸»Çß´Ù. ¡°Àç·á ¹ÚÆí ³»ºÎ¿Í´Â ´Þ¸® ¸ð¼­¸® ºÎºÐÀº sp3 °áÇÕÀÌ ÇʼöÀûÀÌÁö ¾Ê±â ¶§¹®¿¡, ¸ð¼­¸® ź¼Ò ¿øÀÚ¸¦ ÀüÀÚºö ½ºÆÛÅ͸µÀ¸·Î ºÐ¸®ÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ¾ú´Ù. 80 kVÀÇ ÀüÀÚ¸¦ Ãæµ¹½ÃÄÑ¾ß Çϱ⠶§¹®¿¡ ´ÜÁö TEM ¼Ó¿¡¼­¸¸ ¿øÀÚµéÀ» °üÂûÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ¾ú´Ù¡±°í KimÀº µ¡ºÙ¿´´Ù. 

À̹ø ¿¬±¸ÁøÀº À̹ÌÁö¸¦ ºÐ¼®ÇÔÀ¸·Î½á Èï¹Ì·Î¿î µ¥ÀÌÅ͸¦ µµÃâÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ¾ú´Ù. À̹ø ¿¬±¸ÁøÀº ½ÅÈ£-´ë-ÀâÀ½ ºñ(signal-to-noise ratio) ¶§¹®¿¡ 1~2ÃÊÀÇ ±â°£ µ¿¾È¿¡ À̹ÌÁö¸¦ ¼öÁýÇØ¾ß Çß´Ù. ÀÌ°ÍÀº ¸î ÃÊ µ¿¾È¿¡ Á¸ÀçÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖÀ» Á¤µµ·Î ÃæºÐÈ÷ °­Çϱ⠶§¹®¿¡ ºÒÆ÷È­ ź¼Ò ÀÌ·®Ã¼¸¦ °üÂûÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ¾ú´Ù. ÀÌ·ÐÀû °è»êÀº ´ÜÁö ÇÇÄÚ¼¼ÄÁµå(picosecond) µ¿¾È¿¡ Çü¼ºµÇ°í »ç¶óÁø´Ù°í ¾Ë·ÁÁ® ÀÖ´Ù.

À̹ø ¿¬±¸ÁøÀº ±×·¡ÇÉ °ÝÀÚ ¸ð¼­¸®¿¡ ¸Å´Þ·Á ÀÖ´Â ´ÜÀÏ Åº¼Ò ¿øÀÚ°¡ ȦÀüÀÚ ¹Ðµµ(unpaired electron density)¸¦ º¯È­½ÃŲ´Ù´Â °ÍÀ» ¾Ë°Ô µÇ¾ú´Ù. KimÀº ¡°ÀÌ »õ·Î¿î ¿¬±¸°á°ú´Â ±×·¡ÇÉ ¸ð¼­¸®ÀÇ Àü±âÀû ±¸Á¶¸¦ º¯È­½ÃÅ°´Âµ¥ ÀÌ¿ëµÉ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù¡±¸ç ¡°°Ô´Ù°¡ ¿ì¸®´Â KLD°¡ ´õ ¹«°Å¿î ¿øÀÚµé(¿¹¸¦ µé¾î, ½Ç¸®ÄÜ)À» À§ÇÑ µµÆÝÆ® ¼ö¿ë±â(dopant site receptor)·Î¼­ È°¿ëµÉ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù´Â °ÍÀ» °üÂûÇß´Ù¡±°í ¸»Çß´Ù.

¶ÇÇÑ ¡°ÀûÀýÇÑ Á¶°ÇÀÌ ÁÖ¾îÁö¸é, ¿ì¸®´Â ±×·¡ÇÉÀÇ ¾Ïü¾î ¸ð¼­¸®¸¦ µû¶ó ºñ-ź¼Ò µµÆÝÆ®ÀÇ ¶óÀÎ(line)À» Çü¼ºÇÏ´Â ÀÌ·± ¿øÀÚµéÀ» À̹ÌÁöÈ­ÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖÀ» °ÍÀÌ´Ù. ÀÌ°ÍÀº »õ·Î¿î À¯ÇüÀÇ ³ª³ë°øÇÐ ÀåÄ¡¿¡ ¸Å¿ì À¯¿ëÇÏ°Ô Àû¿ëµÉ ¼ö ÀÖÀ» °ÍÀÌ´Ù¡±À̶ó°í µ¡ºÙ¿´´Ù. ÀÌ ¿¬±¸°á°ú´Â Àú³Î ACS Nano¿¡ ¡°Formation of Klein Edge Doublets from Graphene Monolayers¡± ¶ó´Â Á¦¸ñÀ¸·Î °ÔÀçµÇ¾ú´Ù(DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.5b02730).

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Dimer structure hangs off graphene edge
Researchers at the University of Oxford and the Rutherford Appleton Laboratory in the UK are the first to have observed a carbon dimer structure that ¡°hangs off¡± the edge of monolayer graphene (a sheet of carbon just one atom thick). Finding this feature, called a Klein Edge Doublet (KLD), predicted to exist in theory, helps us better understand graphene edges, which have novel electronic properties compared to the bulk material lattice.
Graphene edges significantly affect the overall behaviour of edge-dominated structures, such as nanoribbons. Understanding these edge effects and the topology of monolayer graphene in general will be important for engineering and optimizing the electronic properties of the carbon material.

The researchers observed the KLD structures using aberration-corrected transmission electron microscopy (AC-TEM) – a technique that can be used to probe the structure of graphene, and on a good day, even image the 0.142 nm atomic spacing between the individual carbon atoms in the material lattice.

¡°Monolayer graphene is stable when exposed to the 80kV TEM beam,¡± explains team member Judy Kim of Oxford, ¡°but because we are trying to study the structure of the graphene edge, which is not necessarily sp3 bonded (unlike the interior of the material flake which is), we run into complications related to the electron beam sputtering away the edge carbon atoms. This makes the experiment very much an in situ one in which the mere act of observing the atoms in the TEM affects them as they are bombarded by the 80kV electrons.
We have to be quick off the mark to collect as much data as we can when we think we might be seeing something interesting and analyze the details of the images later. Though we try to be fast, we still need to acquire images for periods as long as 1-2 seconds to ensure a reasonable signal-to-noise ratio. This makes observing dangling carbon dimers that much more amazing since they are robust enough to exist for several seconds while we collect our data. Theory calculations imply that they could form and drop off in a matter of just picoseconds.¡±

Researchers know that a single carbon atom hanging off the edge of the graphene lattice changes the unpaired electron density in the local area around it. ¡°Our new finding of the doublet might be exploited to alter the electronic structure of the graphene edge,¡± says Kim. ¡°What is more, we have seen the KLD acting as a dopant site receptor for heavier atoms, like silicon for example,¡± she tells nanotechweb.org. ¡°Given the right conditions, we might imagine these atoms forming a line of non-carbon dopants along the so-called armchair edge of graphene, and this would be a really interesting feature for a new type of nano-engineered device.¡±
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