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¸¹Àº ±¹°¡ÀÇ ¿¡³ÊÁö Á¤Ã¥Àº dz·ÂÀ̳ª žç¹ßÀü °°Àº Àç»ý°¡´ÉÀÚ¿øÀÌ ¹ßÀü °úÁ¤¿¡¼­ »ý»êµÇ´Â ¿Â½Ç°¡½º ¹èÃâ(Greenhouse Gas Emissions)À» Å©°Ô Àý°¨Çϱâ À§Çؼ­´Â ´ë±Ô¸ð ÀúÀå´É·ÂÀÌ ÇÊ¿äÇÏ´Ù´Â ÀüÁ¦¸¦ ±ò°í ÀÖ´Ù. ±×·¸Áö¸¸ ÇϹöµå´ëÇÐÀÇ »õ·Î¿î ¿¬±¸´Â ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ ÀϹÝÀûÀÎ »çȸÀû Åë³ä¿¡ »õ·Î¿î ¹æÇ⼺À» Á¦½ÃÇÏ°í ÀÖ´Ù. Energy & Environmental Science Àú³ÎÀ» ÅëÇØ ¼Ò°³µÈ À̹ø ¿¬±¸³»¿ëÀº dz·Â ¹× žç¹ßÀü °ø±ÞÀÌ Ãß°¡ÀûÀÎ ÀúÀå´É·Â ¾øÀ̵µ 10¹è Á¤µµ ¼ºÀåÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù°í ÁÖÀåÇß´Ù.

ÇϹöµå ´ëÇÐÀÇ David Keith ±³¼ö´Â ¡°Áö±Ýº¸´Ù ¿ì¼öÇϸ鼭 ´õ ¸¹Àº ¼öÀÇ ÀúÀå´É·ÂÀ» È®º¸ÇÏ°í Àå±âÀûÀÎ Ãø¸é¿¡¼­ ±×¸®µå¿¡ ´õ ¸¹Àº ÀúÀå ´É·ÂÀ» ±¸ÃàÇÏ´Â ÀÏÀº Ʋ¸²¾øÀÌ ÁÁÀº ÀÏÀÌ´Ù. ±×·¯³ª Áö±Ýº¸´Ù ´õ ´Ù¾çÇÑ Àç»ý°¡´É ¿¡³ÊÁö¸¦ Àû¿ëÇϱâ À§Çؼ­ À̸¦ ±â´Ù¸± ÇÊ¿ä´Â ¾ø´Ù¡±°í ¸»ÇÑ´Ù.

Keith ±³¼ö¿Í ÇÏ¹Ùµå °øÇÐÀÀ¿ë°úÇдëÇÐ(School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, SEAS) ´ëÇпø»ýÀÎ Hossein Safaei°¡ ¼öÇàÇÑ À̹ø ¿¬±¸´Â ¹ßÀü °úÁ¤¿¡¼­ ¹ß»ýÇÏ¿© Áö±¸¿Â³­È­ÀÇ ¿øÀÎÀÌ µÇ°í Àִ ź¼Ò¹èÃâÀÌ ±ØÀûÀ¸·Î Àý°¨µÇ±â À§Çؼ­ ¿¡³ÊÁö ÀúÀå ±â¼úÀÌ ¾ó¸¶³ª ¸¹Àº Àü±â¸¦ ÀúÀåÇؾ߸¸ °æÁ¦ÀûÀ¸·Î È¿À²¼ºÀÌ Àִ°¡¸¦ ¹¯°í ÀÖ´Ù. ¿©±â¼­ Àü±â¸¦ ÀúÀåÇÏ´Â ±â¼úÀ̶ó´Â °ÍÀº ¾ç¼ö¹ßÀü(Pumped Hydroelectric) ¼³ºñ³ª È帧ÀüÁö(Flow Battery)¸¦ ÀÌ¿ëÇÏ´Â °ÍÀÌ´Ù.

Àç»ý°¡´É ÀÚ¿øÀÇ ´ëÇ¥ÀûÀÎ ¿¹ÀÎ ¹Ù¶÷Àº Ç×»ó Á¸ÀçÇÏ´Â °ÍÀº ¾Æ´Ï¸ç ž絵 ¾ðÁ¦³ª ¹à°Ô ºñÃßÁö ¾Ê±â ¶§¹®¿¡ Á¤ÀÛ ¿¡³ÊÁö°¡ ÇÊ¿äÇÑ ½Ã±â¿¡ Àü±â¸¦ °ø±ÞÇϱ⠾î·Á¿ï ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù. µû¶ó¼­ ¸¹Àº »ç¶÷µéÀº dz·ÂÅͺóÀ̳ª žç¹ßÀü ´ÜÁö°¡ ±¹°¡ Àü±â¼ö¿äÀÇ Å« ºÎºÐ¿¡ ±â¿©Çϱâ À§ÇØ ´ë±Ô¸ð ¿¡³ÊÁö ÀúÀåÀÌ ÇʼöÀûÀÌ¶ó º¸°í ÀÖ´Ù. ±×·¯³ª Safaei´Â ¿¡³ÊÁö ÀúÀåÀÌ Àúź¼Ò Àü±â±×¸®µå¸¦ ±¸ÇöÇϱâ À§ÇÑ À¯ÀÏÇÑ Àü·«Àº ¾Æ´Ï´Ù°í ¹àÇû´Ù. ¿¹¸¦ µé¾î °¡½º Åͺó(Gas Turbine)Àº ¿ì¼öÇÑ ¹èÃâ ¼º´É°ú ³·Àº ÀÚº»ºñ·Î °æÁ¦ÀûÀΠź¼Ò ¿ÏÈ­ ¹æ¾È È帰¡ µÉ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù. ¶ÇÇÑ ¼ö·Â, ¿øÀÚ·Â ¹× ¹ÙÀÌ¿À¸Å½º(Biomass)¿Í °°Àº Á¦·Îź¼Ò(Zero-carbon) ¹ßÀü ±â¼úÀº °£ÇæÀûÀΠƯ¡À» °¡Áø Àç»ý°¡´É ¿¡³ÊÁö¸¦ ´ëüÇϰųª ¿¬°èÇÏ¿© Àû¿ëµÉ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù¡±°í ¹àÇû´Ù.

½ºÅÄÆ÷µå ´ëÇÐ(Stanford University) Sally M. Benson ±³¼ö´Â ±×¸®µå ±Ô¸ðÀÇ Àü·Â ÀúÀå¿¡ ÀÖ¾î ¹èÅ͸® Àû¿ëÀ» È®´ëÇÏ´Â ÀÏÀº ¿ì¸®°¡ »ç¿ëÇÏ´Â Àç»ý°¡´É ¿¡³ÊÁöÀÇ ¾çÀ» Å©°Ô Áõ´ë½ÃÅ°±â À§ÇÑ ÀüÁ¦Á¶°ÇÀº ¾Æ´Ï¶ó°í ¹àÇû´Ù. À̹ø ¿¬±¸¿¡ Âü¿©ÇÏÁö ¾Ê¾Ò´ø Benson ±³¼ö´Â ÀüÁ¦Á¶°ÇÀÌ µÇÁö ¸øÇÏ´Â ÀÌÀ¯°¡ ´ë±Ô¸ð ¿¡³ÊÁö ÀúÀåºñ¿ë °¨¼Ò ¹× »ý»ê È®´ë¸¦ À§Çؼ­´Â Áö±Ýº¸´Ù ´õ ¸¹Àº ½Ã°£°ú R&D°¡ ÇÊ¿äÇϱ⠶§¹®À̶ó°í ¼³¸íÇÏ¿´´Ù. ¶ÇÇÑ Ä«³×±â¸á·Ð ´ëÇÐ(Carnegie Mellon University) Jay Apt ±³¼ö´Â À̹ø ¿¬±¸°¡ ¹ßÀü °úÁ¤¿¡¼­ »ý»êµÇ´Â °øÇع°ÁúÀ» Á¦°ÅÇÏ´Â ºñ¿ëÀÌ À§¿¡¼­ ¾ð±ÞµÇ¾ú´ø ¸ðµç Àü·«ÀÌ Àû¿ëµÇ¾úÀ» ¶§ °¡Àå ³·Àº ¼öÁØÀ¸·Î ³ªÅ¸³µ´Ù°í ¼³¸íÇÏ¿´´Ù.

Keith ±³¼ö¿Í Safaei´Â À̵éÀÌ ½Ç½ÃÇÑ ºÐ¼®ÀÌ R&D ÅõÀÚ°áÁ¤°ú Á¤ºÎ Á¤Ã¥¹æÇâ¿¡ ¿µÇâÀ» ÁÙ ¼ö Àֱ⸦ ¹Ù¶ó°í ÀÖ´Ù. Keith´Â ¡°¿ì¸®´Â ¿¡³ÊÁö ÀúÀå±Ô¸ðÀÇ ºñ·ÊÀû Áõ°¡°¡ ¾ø´Ù¸é ´Ù¾çÇÑ Àç»ý°¡´É ¿¡³ÊÁö¸¦ È®´ëÇÒ ¼ö ¾ø´Ù°í ¸»ÇÏ´Â ÀϹÝÀûÀÎ Åë³ä¿¡ ´ëÇØ ´Ù¸¥ ½Ã°¢À» Àü´ÞÇÏ°íÀÚ ³ë·ÂÇÏ°í ÀÖ´Ù. ¿¹¸¦ µé¾î õ¿¬°¡½º¿Í Àç»ý°¡´É ¿¡³ÊÁö¸¦ ÀûÀýÈ÷ ¿¬°èÇϸé Àç»ý°¡´É ¿¡³ÊÁö°¡ °¡Áø °£Ç漺ÀÇ ´ÜÁ¡À» ¸¸È¸ÇÏ¿© Àü±âºÐ¾ß ź¼Ò¹èÃâÀ» ÇöÀç ¼öÁØÀÇ 1/3 ¼öÁØÀ¸·Î Àú°¨ÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖÀ» °ÍÀÌ´Ù. ±×·¯³ª À̸¦ À§Çؼ­´Â ¼ÛÀü ±â¹Ý½Ã¼³ÀÇ Áö¼ÓÀûÀÎ È®´ë°¡ ÇÊ¿äÇÒ °ÍÀÌ´Ù. ¼ÛÀü°ú ÀúÀåÀº ¾î´À ÂÊÀÌ ¿ì¼¼ÇÏ´Ù°í ¸»ÇÒ ¼ö ¾ø´Ù. ¸¸¾à ºÎÁö¿Í °ü·ÃÇÑ ³íÀïÀ¸·Î ½Å±Ô ¼ÛÀü±â¹Ý¼³ºñ µµÀÔÀÌ Áß´ÜµÈ´Ù¸é ¿ì¸®´Â ¿¡³ÊÁö ÀúÀå´É·ÂÀ» È®´ëÇØ¾ß ÇÒ °Í¡±À̶ó°í ¸»Çß´Ù.
 
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Greening the electric grid with gas turbines

Much of the nation's energy policy is premised on the assumption that clean renewable sources like wind and solar will require huge quantities of storage before they can make a significant dent in the greenhouse gas emissions from electricity generation. A new Harvard study pokes holes in that conventional wisdom. The analysis published in the journal Energy & Environmental Science finds that the supply of wind and solar power could be increased tenfold without additional storage.

"There's no question that it would be better to have more and better storage and a sensible long-term strategy for the grid will have much more storage than today," said coauthor David Keith, Gordon McKay Professor of Applied Physics at Harvard John and Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences (SEAS) and Professor of Public Policy at the Harvard Kennedy School. "But you don't have to wait for that before deploying more variable renewables."

The parametric study conducted by Keith and SEAS graduate student Hossein Safaei asked: In order to drastically reduce planet-warming carbon emissions from electricity generation, what amount of "bulk electricity storage" -- technologies that can store electricity for hours at a time, such as pumped hydroelectric facilities or flow batteries -- is economically efficient?

Since the wind doesn't always blow and the sun doesn't always shine at the time that energy is needed, many assume that bulk storage technologies are essential in order for wind turbines and solar farms to contribute a larger share of the nation's electricity demand.

But storage "is not the only strategy to achieve a low-carbon electricity grid," according to Safaei. "Low capital cost in addition to good emissions performance make gas turbines cost-effective carbon mitigation candidates. Moreover, dispatchable zero-carbon generation technologies such as hydropower, nuclear, and biomass can be deployed instead of, or in conjunction with, the intermittent renewables."

The finding that widespread deployment of batteries for grid-scale storage is not a prerequisite for dramatically increasing the amount of renewable energy we use is "good news," said Sally M. Benson, professor of energy resources engineering and executive director of Stanford University's Global Climate and Energy Project. That's because "more time and R&D is needed to decrease the cost of [bulk electricity story] and to scale-up production," said Benson, who was not involved with the research.

Another independent observer, Jay Apt, professor of engineering and public policy and co-director of the Electricity Industry Center at Carnegie Mellon University, added that the Harvard study makes clear that "the cost of removing pollution from electric generation is lowest when an all-of-the-above strategy is used."

Keith and Safaei hope that their analysis will inform both R&D investment decisions and government policy directions.

"We're trying to knock out a salient policy meme that says that you can't grow variable renewables without a proportionate increase in storage," Keith said. "We could cut electric-sector carbon emissions to less than a third their current levels using variable renewables with natural gas to manage the intermittency, but this will requires us to keep growing the electricity transmission infrastructure." Keith added, "There is a saw-off between transmission and storage, if siting battles stop new transmission then we must increase storage."
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