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 Á¦28ȸ ¡®¼¼°è ¹°ÀÇ ³¯' ƯÁý  ¥²Global Water Issue
 

Æó¼öó¸®ÀåÀÌ ¹Ì¼¼Çöó½ºÆ½ ÀÚ¿¬°è À¯ÀÔ ¸¶Áö³ë¼±
         (Microplastics)                               

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Áö±¸ÃÌ °÷°÷ ¿À¿°µÆÁö¸¸ ±ÔÁ¦ ¾ÆÁ÷ ¾ø¾î¡¦´ëÃ¥ ¸¶·Ã À§ÇØ ±¹Á¦Àû Çù·Â ½Ã±Þ


 ¹°»ê¾÷ ºÐ¾ß Áö¼Ó°¡´É¼º Æ®·»µå : Æó¼ö󸮼­ ¹Ì¼¼Çöó½ºÆ½¿¡ ÃÊÁ¡
Sustainability Trends In The Water Industry: A Focus On Microplastics In Wastewater Treatment


¡®Áö¼Ó°¡´É¼º¡¯Àº Àü ¼¼°è »ê¾÷ Àü¹Ý¿¡ °ÉÃÄ Á¡Â÷ ÁÖ¸ñÇÏ´Â °ü½É»ç·Î ¹°»ê¾÷ ºÐ¾ßµµ ¿¹¿Ü´Â ¾Æ´Ï´Ù. ±×·¯³ª ÃÖ±Ù ¹Ì¼¼Çöó½ºÆ½(microplastics)À¸·Î ÀÎÇÑ È¯°æ¿À¿°ÀÌ ¹°»ê¾÷ÀÇ Áö¼Ó°¡´É¼ºÀ» ¹æÇØÇÏ´Â ¿ä¼Ò·Î ¶°¿À¸£°í ÀÖ´Ù. ¿öÅͿ¶óÀÎ(www.wateronline.com)ÀÌ ¹ßÇàÇÏ´Â ¡ºWater Innovation¡» 2020³â 1¿ùÈ£¿¡´Â ¸¶ÀÚ½º USA(Mazars USA) ¿öÅÍ ±×·ì(Water Group)ÀÇ Ã¼À̽º µå·Î¼Ò½º(Chase Drossos) ¼±ÀÓ°ü¸®ÀÚ¿Í ³ªÅ»¸® ±æ·¹Æ®(Nathalie Gilet) Áö¼Ó°¡´É¼º ¼­ºñ½º(Sustainability Services) °ü¸®ÀÚ°¡ °øµ¿ ±â°íÇÑ ¡®Çöó½ºÆ½Àº ¹Ì¼¼Çöó½ºÆ½°ú °°ÀÌ Å©°í ÀÛÀº ¹æ½ÄÀ¸·Î »çȸ¿¡ ¸·´ëÇÑ ¿µÇâÀ» ³¢ÃÆ´Ù - ¹Ì¼¼ÇÑ ¹°ÁúÀÌ °Å´ëÇÑ ¹®Á¦¸¦ ÀÏÀ¸Å°´Ù(Plastic has had tremendous impact on society in ways both large and small, such as with microplastics - tiny substances creating a huge problem)¡¯°¡ °ÔÀçµÆ´Ù. ±× ³»¿ëÀ» ¼Ò°³ÇÑ´Ù.


 Áö¼Ó°¡´É¼ºÀº ¹Ì±¹À» ºñ·ÔÇØ Àü ¼¼°èÀûÀ¸·Î Á¡Â÷ ÁÖ¸ñÇÏ´Â °ü½É»ç·Î, »ê¾÷ Àü¹Ý¿¡ °ÉÃÄ °í°´µéÀÇ ¼ö¿ä¸¦ º¯È­½ÃÅ°°í ÀÖ´Ù. ÀÌ´Â °æÁ¦¿Í »çȸ, ȯ°æ ºÐ¾ßÀÇ Áö¼Ó°¡´ÉÇÑ ¿äÀεéÀ» ±¤¹üÀ§ÇÏ°Ô »óÈ£¿¬°áÇÑ À¯¿£ÀÇ Áö¼Ó°¡´É°³¹ß¸ñÇ¥(SDGs)¿¡ ´Ù·ïÁø ÁÖÁ¦µéÀ̱⵵ ÇÏ´Ù([±×¸² 1] ÂüÁ¶).

¹°Àº »îÀ» ¿µÀ§ÇÏ´Â µ¥ ¹Ýµå½Ã ÇÊ¿äÇϱ⠶§¹®¿¡, º¹ÇÕÀûÀ¸·Î »óÈ£ ¿¬°áµÈ Áö¼Ó°¡´É°³¹ß¸ñÇ¥(SDGs)°¡ ¹°»ê¾÷ ¹× Æó¼ö»ê¾÷ÀÇ Áö¼Ó°¡´É¼ºÀ» ÁõÁø½ÃÅ°´Â µ¥ Áß¿äÇÑ Ã¥ÀÓÀÌ ÀÖ´Ù°í Çصµ °ú¾ðÀÌ ¾Æ´Ï´Ù. ÀÌ Áß ¿©¼¸ ¹ø°(¹°°ú À§»ý), ¾ÆÈ© ¹ø°(ÀÎÇÁ¶ó), ±×¸®°í ¿­³× ¹ø°(Çؾç»ýÅÂ°è º¸È£) ¸ñÇ¥´Â ¹°°ú ¹ÐÁ¢ÇÑ ¿¬°üÀÌ ÀÖ´Ù.

Sustainability is a growing concern both in American society and globally, changing customer demand across industries. It is a diverse subject as addressed in the UN¡¯s Sustainable Development Goals(SDGs), which have established a broad set of interconnecting dimensions that cover economic, social, and environmental sustainability factors (see Figure 1).

Because water is necessary for life, it is unsurprising that multiple, interconnected SDGs speak to the central responsibility that the water and wastewater industry holds in promoting sustainability: SDG 6 Clean Water and Sanitation, SDG 9 Innovation and Infrastructure, SDG 14 Life Below Water.

 

   
 

»ý¼ö »ùÇà 93%¡¤¼öµ¾¹° »ùÇà 94%¼­ °ËÃâ

¹°»ê¾÷¿¡ ƯÈ÷ ¿µÇâÀ» ³¢Ä¡°í ÀÖ´Â Áö¼Ó°¡´É¼ºÀÇ ÇÑ ¿ä¼Ò´Â Àü ¼¼°èÀûÀÎ Çöó½ºÆ½ »ç¿ë°ú Çöó½ºÆ½ ¼ö°Å¡¤ÀçÈ°¿ë¡¤Ã³¸® ¹ÌÈíÀ¸·Î ÀÎÇÑ Çöó½ºÆ½ ¿À¿°ÀÇ Áõ°¡´Ù. ÀÌ·Î ÀÎÇØ UNÀÌ ÁöÁ¤ÇÑ ¡®¼¼°è ÇؾçÀÇ ³¯(6¿ù 8ÀÏ)¡¯¿¡ ¸Å³â °­Á¶µÇ´Â ¹Ù¿Í °°ÀÌ, ÅÂÆò¾ç¿¡ °Å´ëÇÑ ¾²·¹±â Áö´ë(Great Pacific Garbage Patch)°¡ ¸¸µé¾îÁö°í Çؾ硤¿¬¾È»ý¹°ÀÇ ´Ù¾ç¼º¿¡ ¿µÇâÀ» ³¢Ä¡´Â µî ¿©·¯ ¹®Á¦°¡ ¹ß»ýÇÑ´Ù.

Çöó½ºÆ½À» º´À̳ª ºñ´ÒºÀÁö, »¡´ë¿Í °°ÀÌ ´Ü¼øÈ÷ ´«¿¡ º¸ÀÌ´Â °Íµé·Î¸¸ »ý°¢Çؼ± ¾È µÈ´Ù. Çöó½ºÆ½¿¡´Â ¹Ð¸®¹ÌÅÍ(§®) ´ÜÀ§·Î ÃøÁ¤µÇ´Â, ¹°¿¡ ¶°ÀÖ´Â ÀÛÀº ÀÔÀÚÀÎ ¹Ì¼¼Çöó½ºÆ½(ÀϹÝÀûÀ¸·Î 5§® ¶Ç´Â 0.2ÀÎÄ¡ ¹Ì¸¸À¸·Î Á¤ÀÇ)µµ Æ÷ÇԵȴÙ. ÀÌ°ÍÀº ³Ê¹« ÀÛ¾Æ ´«¿¡ º¸ÀÌÁö ¾Ê±â ¶§¹®¿¡ Á¾Á¾ ¼·Ã븦 ÅëÇØ Çؾç»ý¹°À̳ª µ¿¹°, »ç¶÷(¹°À̳ª ¸ÔÀ̻罽À» ÅëÇØ)ÀÇ ¸ö¿¡ ½×ÀÌ°Ô µÈ´Ù.

¹Ì¼¼Çöó½ºÆ½ÀÇ Ãâó´Â °íÇü Æó±â¹°ÀÇ °ü¸® ¹ÌÈíÀ¸·Î ¼ö·Î ¶Ç´Â ¹Ù´Ù¿¡¼­ Çöó½ºÆ½ÀÌ ÆļյǴ °æ¿ì -Æó¼ö¿¡¼­ Á÷Á¢ÀûÀ¸·Î ³ª¿À±âµµ ÇÑ´Ù- ¸¦ ºñ·ÔÇØ ´Ù¾çÇÏ´Ù. Ä¡¾àÀ̳ª °¢Áú Á¦°ÅÁ¦¿¡ ÷°¡µÈ ¸¶ÀÌÅ©·ÎºñÁî(Microbeads)¸¦ Æ÷ÇÔ, ´Ù¾çÇÑ Á¦Ç°¿¡¼­ °ËÃâµÈ´Ù. ½ÉÁö¾î ÇÕ¼º¼¶À¯ÀÇ »ç¿ë Áõ°¡·Î ¼¼Å¹±â¿¡¼­ °ËÃâµÇ±âµµ Çϴµ¥, ÀÌ´Â ÁÖ·Î °íÀåÀÇ ¿øÀÎÀÌ µÈ´Ù. ÀÌ »Ó¸¸ÀÌ ¾Æ´Ï´Ù. ¹Ì±¹ÀÇ ºñ¿µ¸® ¾ð·Ð±â°ü ¿Àºê ¹Ìµð¾î(Orb Media)ÀÇ ¿¬±¸¿¡ µû¸£¸é ¹Ì±¹ ³» »ý¼ö »ùÇÃÀÇ 93%, ¼öµ¾¹° »ùÇÃÀÇ 94%¿¡¼­ ¹Ì¼¼Çöó½ºÆ½ÀÌ °ËÃâµÆ´Ù.

One element of sustainability that particularly impacts the water industry is the increase in plastic pollution, driven by the global use of plastics and shortfalls in its collection, recycling, and safe disposal. As highlighted on World Oceans Day, organized by the UN each year June 8, this leads to a host of problems, including the infamous ¡°Great Pacific Garbage Patch¡± and its negative impacts on marine and coastal biodiversity.

Plastic covers more than just obvious items such as bottles, bags, and straws in the ocean. It also includes microplastics - particles suspended in water and measured in millimeters(typically defined as less than 5§®/0.2 inches). Often invisible to the eye, they can be ingested by marine life, animals, and humans (either from the water or through the food chain), building up in their bodies.

They originate from various sources, including the breakdown of plastic items that may end up in waterways and oceans due to mismanagement of solid waste - but also directly from wastewater discharges. Microplastic is found in a range of products, including microbeads added to toothpaste or exfoliants, and can even come from the use of washing machines due to increased use of synthetic fabrics, which break down during the cycle. This is not a small phenomenon: studies by Orb Media found microplastics in 93 percent of bottled water samples and 94 percent of tap water in the U.S.

 

   
¡ã ¼¼°èº¸°Ç±â±¸(WHO)°¡ 2019³â 11¿ù 25ÀÏ¿¡ ¹ßÇ¥ÇÑ º¸°í¼­¿¡ µû¸£¸é ¹Ì¼¼Çöó½ºÆ½Àº Çؾç¼ö, Æó¼ö, ´ã¼ö, À½½Ä, °ø±â, ½Ä¼ö µî ±¤¹üÀ§ÇÑ ºÐ¾ß¿¡¼­ ¹ß°ßµÈ´Ù.


ÀÎü¿¡ ¹ÌÄ¡´Â ¿µÇâÀº ¾ÆÁ÷ Àß ¾Ë·ÁÁöÁö ¾Ê¾Æ

¹Ì¼¼Çöó½ºÆ½ÀÇ ¹ß°ßÀº ÃÖ±Ù¿¡ ÀÌ·ïÁø °ÍÀ¸·Î, ÀÌ°ÍÀÌ µ¿¹°, ¹°°í±â, Àΰ£ÀÇ °Ç°­¿¡ ¾î¶°ÇÑ ¿µÇâÀ» ¹ÌÄ¡´Â Áö´Â ¾ÆÁ÷ Àß ¾Ë·ÁÁ® ÀÖÁö ¾Ê´Ù. ¼¼°èº¸°Ç±â±¸(WHO)´Â 2018³âºÎÅÍ ¹Ì¼¼Çöó½ºÆ½ÀÇ »ýü ÃàÀû ¿µÇâÀ» ¿¬±¸Çϱ⠽ÃÀÛÇßÁö¸¸, ¹Ì¼¼Çöó½ºÆ½°ú °ü·ÃµÈ ¿©´À ¿¬±¸µéó·³ ¾ÆÁ÷Àº µ¥ÀÌÅ͸¦ ¸ðÀ¸°í ÀÖ´Ù.

¹Ù´Ù´Â °øÀ¯ÀÚ¿øÀ̸ç Áö±¸ °Ç°­¿¡ Áö´ëÇÑ ¿µÇâÀ» ¹ÌÄ£´Ù. µû¶ó¼­ ¹Ì¼¼Çöó½ºÆ½ ¹®Á¦¸¦ ÇØ°áÇϱâ À§Çؼ­´Â ±Û·Î¹ú ¼Ö·ç¼Ç°ú ±¹°¡ ¹× ±Û·Î¹ú »ç¾÷°ü°èÀÚµé °£ Çù·ÂÀÌ ÇÊ¿äÇÏ´Ù. Àü Áö±¸ÀûÀÎ Çù·ÂÀ» ÇÊ¿ä·Î Çϱ⠶§¹®¿¡ ¿¬±¸¸¦ À§ÇÑ ÀÚ±Ý Áö¿ø Ç®(pool)ÀÌ ³Ð°í, È¿°úÀûÀÎ ´ëÀÀÀ» À§ÇÑ ½ÃÀåÀÌ ¸Å¿ì Å©±â ¶§¹®¿¡ ´Ù¾çÇÑ ÁÖÁ¦¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ¼Ö·ç¼ÇÀÌ ´Ù¾çÇÑ(¼¼°èÀûÀÎ) ¼ö¿ä¿¡ ÀÇÇØ ³ª¿Ã ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù.

µ¿½Ã¿¡, ¹Ì¼¼Çöó½ºÆ½ ¹®Á¦ÀÇ Àü Áö±¸ÀûÀÌ°í Æ÷°ýÀûÀΠƯ¼º¿¡ µû¸¥ ¾î·Á¿òµµ ÀÖ´Ù. È¿°úÀûÀÎ ±¹Á¦±â±¸¿Í ±â¾÷µéÀÇ ÁöÁö¿Í ´õºÒ¾î, ¸¹Àº ±¹°¡µéÀÇ ÁöÁö(buy-in)°¡ ÇÊ¿äÇϱ⠶§¹®ÀÌ´Ù.

[±×¸² 2]´Â ¹®Á¦Á¡À» º¸¿©ÁØ´Ù. ÀÌ°ÍÀÌ ¹Ì¼¼Çöó½ºÆ½ÀÇ À߸øµÈ °ü¸®¿Í Á÷Á¢ÀûÀ¸·Î °ü°èµÇ´Â °ÍÀº ¾Æ´ÏÁö¸¸, ¾îµð¿¡ ´õ ¸¹Àº ¹Ì¼¼Çöó½ºÆ½ÀÌ À¯ÀԵǰí ÀÖ´ÂÁö¸¦ ºÐ¸íÈ÷ º¸¿©ÁØ´Ù.

The discovery of microplastics is recent, and the effects of it on animals, fish, and human health are still not well known. The World Health Organization launched a study in 2018 to research the impact of bioaccumulation of microplastics in the human body, but like other studies on the topic, it is still accumulating data.

The oceans are a shared resource and critical to the health of the planet. As such, solving the microplastics issue requires global solutions and collaboration among countries and global business interests. This provides a large funding pool for research and, because the market for an effective response is so big, solutions to the various issues will be rewarded by global demand.
At the same time, the global nature of the issue can also present difficulties. Buy-in from many countries is needed, matched with effective international organization and cooperation. Figure 2 shows much of the problem. While this isn¡¯t a direct correlation to microplastic mismanagement, it does indicate where more microplastics are entering the environment.

 

   
 

À¯·´±¹°¡µé, Çöó½ºÆ½ ¾²·¹±â °³µµ±¹¿¡ º¸³» ó¸®

¾ð¶æ º¸±â¿¡ Áß±¹°ú µ¿³²¾Æ½Ã¾Æ ±¹°¡µéÀÌ Çöó½ºÆ½ Æó±â¹° °ü¸® ¼ÒȦ¿¡ ¾ÐµµÀûÀ¸·Î ±â¿©ÇÏ°í ÀÖ°í, ¹Ì±¹°ú À¯·´ ±¹°¡µéÀº Çöó½ºÆ½À» ´ë·®À¸·Î »ý»êÇÏ°í »ç¿ëÇÔ¿¡µµ ºÒ±¸ÇÏ°í ±×·¸Áö ¾ÊÀº °ÍÀ¸·Î º¸ÀδÙ(½ÇÁ¦ ¹Ì±¹Àº ¼¼°è ÃÖ´ë Çöó½ºÆ½ »ý»ê¡¤¼Òºñ ±¹°¡ Áß Çϳª´Ù). ±×¸®°í ÀÌ°ÍÀº ¹Ì±¹°ú À¯·´ÀÌ Çöó½ºÆ½ Æó±â¹°À» Àß °ü¸®ÇÏ°í ÀÖ´Â °Íó·³ º¸ÀÌ°Ô ÇÑ´Ù.

±×·¯³ª Çö½ÇÀº »ý°¢º¸´Ù º¹ÀâÇÏ´Ù. À¯·´ ±¹°¡µéÀº Çöó½ºÆ½ Æó±â¹°À» ºÐ·ùÇÑ ÈÄ ÇöÁö¿¡¼­ ó¸®ÇÏÁö ¾Ê°í °³¹ßµµ»ó±¹À¸·Î º¸³», Á» ´õ Àú·ÅÇÑ ºñ¿ëÀ¸·Î ó¸®ÇÏ°í ÀÖ´Ù. Áö³­ ¼ö½Ê ³â µ¿¾È À¯·´°ú ¹Ì±¹Àº ´ëºÎºÐÀÇ Æó±â¹°À» Áß±¹À¸·Î º¸³Â´Ù. Áß±¹Àº Àü ¼¼°è ¾à 45%¿¡ ´ÞÇÏ´Â Çöó½ºÆ½ ½ºÅ©·¦(Á¾ÀÌ, ±Ý¼Ó ¹× ¼¶À¯ Æó±â¹°)À» ó¸®ÇÏ°í ÀÖ´Ù.

±×·¯³ª Áß±¹Àº ÀÚ±¹ÀÌ ¡®¼¼°èÀÇ ¾²·¹±âÅ롯À¸·Î ÀνĵǴ °ÍÀ» ´õ ÀÌ»ó µÎ°íº¸±â ¾î·Æ°í, ó¸®Çϱâ Èûµé¸ç ºñ¿ëµµ ¸¹ÀÌ µå´Â ÀúÇ°ÁúÀÇ ¿À¿°µÈ Çöó½ºÆ½À» ¼öÀÔÇÏ´Â °Íµµ ¹«¸®¶ó°í ÆÇ´ÜÇØ Áö³­ 2018³â ´ëºÎºÐÀÇ Æó±â¹° ¼öÀÔÀ» ±ÝÁöÇϱâ·Î °áÁ¤Çß´Ù. ÀÌ¿¡ µû¶ó ¹Ì±¹°ú À¯·´ÀÇ ÀçÈ°¿ë »ê¾÷Àº Ãæ°Ý¿¡ È۽ο´´Ù. Áö³­ 2016³â ¹Ì±¹Àº ¾à 1õ600¸¸ ÅæÀÇ Æó±â¹°À» Áß±¹À¸·Î ¼öÃâÇß´Ù.

ÀÌÈÄ Àεµ³×½Ã¾Æ, ¸»·¹À̽þÆ, º£Æ®³²°ú °°Àº µ¿³²¾Æ½Ã¾Æ ±¹°¡°¡ Æó±â¹° ¼öÀÔÀ» Çã°¡ÇßÀ¸³ª, ÀÌµé ±¹°¡µéÀº ÀÎÇÁ¶ó¿Í ÀÚ¿ø Ãø¸é¿¡¼­ ÀÌ ¾öû³­ ¾çÀÇ Æó±â¹°À» ó¸®ÇÒ Áغñ°¡ µÇ¾î ÀÖÁö ¾Ê¾Ò´Ù. ±× °á°ú ºÒ¹ýÆó±âÀåÀÌ ¹øâÇÏ°í Æó±â¹°ÀÌ È¯°æÀ¸·Î À¯ÃâµÆ´Ù. »óȲÀÌ ¾ÇÈ­µÇÀÚ °á±¹ ¸»·¹À̽þƴ 2018³â ¸» Æó±â¹° ¼öÀÔ ±ÝÁö Á¶Ä¡¸¦ ³»·È°í ű¹¿¡¼­µµ 2021³â ÀÌÈÄ Æó±â¹° ¼öÀÔ ±ÝÁö ¹æħÀ» ¼±¾ðÇß´Ù.

A first reading indicates that China and Southeast Asian countries overwhelmingly contribute to plastic waste mismanagement, while the U.S. and European countries play a very small part despite producing and using a lot of plastic.(The U.S. is one of the world¡¯s largest producers and users of plastic.) We could think this means the U.S. and Europe are managing their plastic waste very well.

However, the reality is more complex: after sorting their waste, western countries do not treat it locally but instead send it to developing countries to be treated at a cheaper cost. For decades, Europe and the U.S. sent most of their waste to China, which was processing about 45 percent of the world¡¯s plastic scrap (as well as paper, metal, and textile waste).

In 2018, China, tired of being ¡°the world¡¯s trash bin¡± and receiving a majority of low-quality, mixed, and/or contaminated plastics, which are difficult and expensive - if not impossible - to recycle, abruptly decided to ban most waste imports.

After a period of panic when no one seemed to know what to do with the piling up of domestic waste (the U.S. had sent 16 million tons of waste to China in 2016), Southeast Asian countries such as Indonesia, Malaysia, and Vietnam accepted the influx. However, they were not ready to deal with this massive amount of waste, in terms of infrastructure and resources. As a result, illegal dumps are flourishing, from which waste is escaping into the environment. The situation is so problematic that Malaysia also decided to place a ban on waste imports in late 2018, and Thailand has recently announced its plans to ban waste imports after 2021.

Æó±â¹° °ü¸® ¿ª·® È®´ë À§ÇÑ ±¹Á¦Àû Á¶Ä¡ È°¹ß

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¶ÇÇÑ À¯·´ ±¹°¡ÀÇ ÀçÈ°¿ë ½Ã¼³Àº °í¿ë ÃËÁø µî À̷οî È¿°ú¸¦ °¡Á®¿Ã ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù. ±×·¯³ª ¹«¾ùº¸´Ùµµ Çöó½ºÆ½ Æó±â¹° »ý»ê ±¹°¡µéÀº Æó±â¹° ¹ß»ý·®À» ÁÙÀ̱â À§ÇØ Çöó½ºÆ½ÀÇ »ç¿ëÀ» ÁÙÀÌ·Á´Â ³ë·ÂÀ» ÇØ¾ß ÇÑ´Ù.

Æó±â¹° °ü¸® ¹®Á¦¸¦ ÇØ°áÇϱâ À§ÇÑ ±¹Á¦ÀûÀÎ Á¶Ä¡°¡ ÀÌ·ïÁö°í ÀÖ´Ù. 1992³â ±¹°¡ °£ À¯ÇØÆó±â¹° ±³¿ªÀ» ±ÔÁ¦ÇÏ´Â ³»¿ëÀÇ ¹ÙÁ©Çù¾à¿¡ µ¿ÀÇÇÑ ¸ðµç ±¹°¡´Â ÀúÇ°Áú, È¥ÇÕ, ¿À¿°µÈ Çöó½ºÆ½ÀÇ °Å·¡¸¦ ÃßÀûÇÏ°í ±ÔÁ¦°¡´ÉÇÑ ¹ýÀû ±¸¼Ó·ÂÀÌ ÀÖ´Â ÇùÁ¤À» ü°áÇß´Ù. ÀÌ ÇùÁ¤¿¡ µû¶ó ¿À¿°µÈ È¥ÇÕ Çöó½ºÆ½ ¼öÃâÀ» Èñ¸ÁÇÏ´Â ±¹°¡µéÀº ¸ÕÀú ¼öÀÔ ±¹°¡ÀÇ µ¿ÀǸ¦ ¾ò¾î¾ß ÇÑ´Ù. ÀÌ´Â À¯·´ ±¹°¡ÀÇ ÀçÈ°¿ë ¾÷üµéÀÌ Çöó½ºÆ½ ÀçÈ°¿ë·üÀ» °³¼±ÇØ¾ß ÇÑ´Ù´Â °ÍÀ» ÀǹÌÇÑ´Ù(ÇöÀç ¼¼°èÀÇ Çöó½ºÆ½ ÀçÈ°¿ë·üÀº 9%¿¡ ºÒ°úÇÏ´Ù).

¹Ì¼¼Çöó½ºÆ½ ºÐ¾ß ¾÷°è Á¾»çÀÚµéÀº ÀÌ¹Ì ¹ß ºü¸£°Ô Á¶Ä¡¸¦ ÃëÇÏ°í ÀÖ´Ù. ±× ¿¹·Î ±Û·Î¹ú ¼öó¸® ±â¾÷ÀÎ ¼ö¿¡Áî(SUEZ)°¡ ÀÖ´Ù. ¼ö¿¡Áî´Â ¼¼°è ÇؾçÀÇ ³¯ÀÎ 6¿ù 8ÀÏ, ¸¶ÀÌÅ©·ÎÆÄÀ̹ö(microfiber, Áö¸§ÀÌ ¸î ¹ÌÅ©·Ð ±½±âÀÇ Ãʹ̼¼ ÇÕ¼º ¼¶À¯)¿¡ ÁßÁ¡À» µÐ ¿¬±¸ ÇÁ·Î±×·¥À» ½ÃÀÛÇÑ´Ù°í ÃÖÃÊ·Î ¹ßÇ¥Çß´Ù.

¼ö¿¡Áî´Â ¶ÇÇÑ ¹Ì¼¼Çöó½ºÆ½¿¡ °ü·ÃµÈ Á¤È®ÇÏ°í ½Å·ÚÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Â ÃøÁ¤°ú 󸮱â¼ú °³¹ßÀ» Æ÷ÇÔÇÑ ¿¬±¸µµ ÇÏ°í ÀÖ´Ù. ÀÌ¹Ì Çؾç, È£¼ö, °­, °ø±â, ÅäÁö µîÀÌ ¹Ì¼¼Çöó½ºÆ½¿¡ ÀÇÇØ ¿À¿°µÈ °ÍÀ¸·Î ¾Ë·ÁÁ® ÀÖÀ¸³ª ¾ÆÁ÷ ¿ÏÀüÈ÷ Á¤·®È­µÈ °ÍÀº ¾Æ´Ï±â ¶§¹®¿¡ ¹Ì¼¼Çöó½ºÆ½ ŽÁö´Â ¸Å¿ì Áß¿äÇÑ ÁÖÁ¦´Ù.

To tackle this issue, multiple solutions are needed. First, management capabilities need to be scaled up to ensure that waste is managed and treated properly and does not end up in dumps or the ocean. This can be done in Southeast Asian countries, but other nations should also take steps to spread the burden and avoid blockages like the one created by the 2018 China ban.

Domestic recycling facilities in Western countries can also have a major salutary effect, including promoting employment. But, first and foremost, plastic waste-producing countries need to work on reducing use, thereby lowering the amount of waste to be treated.

International action to address waste management is shaping up: In May 2019, all countries that were part of the 1992 Basel Convention treaty on the movement of hazardous waste between nations signed a legally binding agreement to track and limit the trade of low-quality, mixed, and contaminated plastics. Under this agreement, countries wishing to export most mixed and contaminated plastics will have to obtain consent from the receiving country first. This means that recyclers in Western countries will have to improve their sorting practices, which should also improve the recycling rate of plastic (currently at a very low 9 percent globally).

On the microplastics front, industry participants are taking action - one example of this is SUEZ (a global enterprise), which announced the launch of the first-ever research program focused on microfiber pollution at World Oceans Day.
They are also involved in research on microplastics, including developing reliable and accurate measurement and treatment techniques. The detection of microplastics is a key topic because, although it is already known that oceans, lakes, rivers, air, and soil are contaminated, it is not yet fully quantified.

¿©·¯ »ê¾÷°ú ÀÌÇØ°ü°èÀÚÀÇ Çù¾÷ ÇÊ¿ä

¹Ì¼¼Çöó½ºÆ½Àº ¸ÆÁÖºÎÅÍ »ý¼ö, ¼öµ¾¹°±îÁö ¸ðµç °÷¿¡¼­ ¹ß°ßµÆ´Ù. ÀÌ·Î½á ¹Ì¼¼Çöó½ºÆ½ ŽÁö´Â ¼Ò¸ðÇ° Á¦Á¶ÀÛ¾÷ ¶§ ¹°À» »ç¿ëÇÏ´Â »ç¶÷µé»Ó¸¸ ¾Æ´Ï¶ó À¯Æ¿¸®Æ¼ ¹× À½·á »ê¾÷ °ü°èÀڵ鿡°Ôµµ Áß¿äÇØÁ³´Ù. Á¦Á¶»çµéÀº ±Û·Î¹ú ¼Ö·ç¼ÇÀÌ °³¹ßµÉ ¶§±îÁö Àüó¸® ÀÎÇÁ¶ó¸¦ Ãß°¡ÇØ Á¦Ç°ÀÇ ¹Ì¼¼Çöó½ºÆ½ ¾çÀ» ÁÙÀÏ ÇÊ¿ä°¡ ÀÖ´Ù.

¿À´Ã³¯ÀÇ Æó¼ö󸮽ü³Àº Æó¼ö¿¡¼­ ¹Ì¼¼Çöó½ºÆ½À» °É·¯³»´Â °Í¿¡ È¿°ú°¡ ¾ø¾î È£¼ö, °­ ¹× ¹Ù´Ù·Î À¯À﵃ °¡´É¼ºÀÌ ÀÖ´Ù. Æó¼ö󸮽ü³Àº ¹Ì¼¼Çöó½ºÆ½ÀÌ ¹°¼øȯ(cycle)¿¡ µé¾î°¡±â Àü ¿¹¹æÁ¶Ä¡¸¦ ÃëÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Â ¸¶Áö¸· ÁöÁ¡À¸·Î, ¹Ì¼¼Çöó½ºÆ½ ¹®Á¦ ÇØ°áÀÇ ÇÙ½É(key)ÀÌ´Ù. ¹°¼ÓÀÇ ¸¹Àº ¹Ì¼¼Çöó½ºÆ½Àº ó¸®µÈ ½Ä¼öÀÇ ¿À¿° °¡´É¼ºÀÌ ´õ ³ô´Ù´Â °ÍÀ» ÀǹÌÇÏ°í, ±×¿¡ µû¸¥ À§ÇèÀº ´õ¿í º¹ÀâÇØÁø´Ù.

È­ÀåÇ°°ú ÀǺ¹ÀÇ º¯È­ ¿Ü¿¡µµ ¹ÙÀÌ¿À¼Ö¸®µå¸¦ ºñ·á·Î »ç¿ëÇÒ ¶§ ¹ß°ßµÇ´Â È¿°ú³ª ¹Ì¼¼Çöó½ºÆ½ ¼·Ãë À§ÇèÀ» ¾È°í ÀÖ´Â ¹°°í±â°¡ ¾ç½Ä¾÷¿¡ ¹ÌÄ¡´Â ¿µÇâÀ» ÀÌÇØÇϱâ À§ÇØ Æó¼ö ¾÷°è´Â ³ó¾÷(ÅäÁö¿Í ¹Ù´Ù ¸ðµÎ)¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ÅëÂû·ÂÀ» Å°¿ö¾ß ÇÑ´Ù.

¼³°è, Àåºñ ¹× ÇÁ·Î¼¼½ºÀÇ Çõ½ÅÀº ¹Ì·¡ ¼Ö·ç¼Ç¿¡ ¸ðµÎ Ãß°¡µÉ °ÍÀ̸ç, ¿©·¯ »ê¾÷°ú ÀÌÇØ°ü°èÀÚÀÇ Çù¾÷ÀÌ ÇÊ¿äÇÒ °ÍÀÌ´Ù. ¶ÇÇÑ »ç¿ë ÈÄ È¯°æÀ¸·Î µÇµ¹·Á º¸³¾ ¼ö Àְųª ȯ°æÀ» °í·ÁÇÑ Á¦Ç°Ã³·³ »ýºÐÇØ°¡ °¡´ÉÇÑ ½Ä¹°¼º ´ëü¹° µî ´õ ¸¹Àº »ýºÐÇؼº Çöó½ºÆ½ÀÌ °³¹ßµÉ °¡´É¼ºµµ ÀÖ´Ù.

Æó±â¹° »ê¾÷ÀÇ Çõ½ÅÀº Çöó½ºÆ½ Æó±â¹°À» Àúºñ¿ëÀ¸·Î °ü¸®ÇÒ ¼ö Àִ ȯ°æģȭÀûÀÎ »õ·Î¿î ¹æ¹ýÀ» ¸¸µé¾î³»°í ÀÖ´Ù. ÇÑ ¿¹·Î ½º¿þµ§ KTH ¿Õ¸³±â¼ú¿ø(Royal Institute of Technology)ÀÇ ÇÑ ¿¬±¸ÆÀÀº ÇÞºû¿¡ ³ëÃâµÇ¸é ºÐÇصǴ Çöó½ºÆ½ Æó±â¹°¿¡ Àû¿ë °¡´ÉÇÑ ³ª³ëÄÚÆÃÀ» °³¹ßÇÏ°í ÀÖ´Ù. ÀÌ ±â¼úÀº Çöó½ºÆ½ Æó±â¹°ÀÇ À߸øµÈ °ü¸®¸¦ Å©°Ô ¿ÏÈ­½ÃÅ°´Â ȹ±âÀûÀÎ µ¹Æı¸°¡ µÉ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù. ±¹°¡°¡ Æó±â¹°À» Àú·ÅÇÑ ºñ¿ëÀ¸·Î ³·Ãß°í ÇöÀç ÀÎÇÁ¶ó¿¡ ¹ÌÄ¡´Â ¿µÇâÀ» ÃÖ¼ÒÈ­ÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ¾î, Çöó½ºÆ½ Æó±â¹° °ü¸®ºñ¿ëÀ» °¨´çÇÒ ¼ö ¾ø¾ú´ø ±¹°¡ÀÇ Á¢±Ù¼ºÀÌ Çâ»óµÉ ¼ö Àֱ⠶§¹®ÀÌ´Ù. ÀÌ ³ª³ë±â¼úÀÇ Àû¿ëÀº Æó¼ö󸮽ü³ ¹èÃâ¼ö¿¡¼­ ¹Ì¼¼Çöó½ºÆ½À» ó¸®Çϱâ À§ÇÑ ¼Ö·ç¼ÇÀÇ ÀϺεµ µÉ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù.

Detection is also critical to the utilities and beverage industries, as well as anyone who uses water in their consumable manufacturing operation, because microplastics have been found in everything from beer to bottled and tap water. Manufacturers will likely need to add pretreatment infrastructure to reduce the amount of microplastics in their products until a global solution is developed.

Wastewater infrastructure today is not effective at filtering out microplastics from effluents, allowing it to flow into lakes, rivers, and oceans. As the last possible point at which preventive measures can be taken before microplastics enter the natural water cycle, wastewater facilities are key to addressing the problem. More microplastics in water also means more potential for pollution of treated drinking water, further complicating the risk.

In addition to changes in cosmetics and apparel, wastewater will need to gain insight into agriculture (both land and sea) to understand the effects of the use of biosolids as fertilizers and the impact on aquaculture with fish at risk of microplastic ingestion.

Innovation in design, equipment, and processes will all add to the solution in the future and will require collaboration across multiple industries and stakeholders. There is also the possibility that more biodegradable plastics will be developed, such as plant-based substitutes that can be returned to the environment after use and biodegrade similarly to other environmentally conscious products.

Innovation in the waste industry is also creating new lower-cost and environmentally friendly ways of managing plastics waste. For example, a research team from KTH Royal Institute of Technology in Sweden is developing  a nanocoating that can be applied to plastic waste that will degrade the plastic after exposure o sunlight. This technology could be a breakthrough to greatly mitigate the mismanagement of plastic waste because it would enable countries to degrade their waste at a low cost and with minimal impact to current infrastructure, increasing accessibility for countries currently unable to afford the cost of proper plastic waste management. The application of this nanotech might even be part of the solution for treating microplastics in effluent before discharge.

 

   
¡ã ¹Ì¼¼Çöó½ºÆ½Àº ÇϳªÀÇ È¯°æÀû À§ÇùÀÌÀÚ ¹°»ê¾÷ÀÇ Áö¼Ó°¡´É¼ºÀ» ¹æÇØÇÏ´Â ¿ä¼Ò·Î ÀÛ¿ëÇÏ°í ÀÖ´Ù. »çÁøÀº ÁöÇ¥¼ö¿¡¼­ °ËÃâµÈ ¹Ì¼¼Çöó½ºÆ½. [»çÁøÃâó = www.waterworld.com]


¹Ì¼¼Çöó½ºÆ½ ¹®Á¦ ÇØ°á¿¡ ¼¼°èÀû ³ë·Â ¿ä±¸

ºÒÇàÈ÷µµ ¹Ì±¹¿¡¼­ È­ÀåÇ°¿¡ ¹Ì¼¼Çöó½ºÆ½ »ç¿ëÀ» ±ÝÁöÇÏ·Á´Â ³ë·ÂÀº ÀÖ¾ú¾îµµ ¹Ì¼¼Çöó½ºÆ½¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ±ÔÁ¤À̳ª ¼öó¸® ¹× Æó¼öó¸® °ü·Ã °üÇÒ±ÇÀº ¾ø´Â »óÅ´Ù. ÀÌó·³ º°´Ù¸¥ ±ÔÁ¤ÀÌ ¾ø´Â »óÅ¿¡¼­ À¯¿£ÀÇ Áö¼Ó°¡´É¹ßÀü¸ñÇ¥(UN SDGs)°¡ È°¿ë°¡´ÉÇÑ ÃÖ°íÀÇ Áöħ(guide)ÀÌ´Ù(ÇÁ·¹½º ŸÀÓ(press time)±îÁö ¿ÏÀüÇÑ È¿·ÂÀ» ¹ßÈÖÇÒ °ÍÀÌ´Ù). ±×·¯³ª ¾÷°è¿¡ ÀÇÇÑ Æí¸®ÇÏ°í È¿À²ÀûÀ̸ç Æ÷°ýÀûÀÎ ÀûÀÀÀº ½±Áö ¾Ê´Ù.

¹Ý¸é¿¡ ±ÔÁ¦ÀÇ ºÎÀç´Â Áö¿ª»çȸ¿Í ±â¾÷µéÀÌ ¸ÕÀú ÁÖµµÀûÀÎ ¿ªÇÒÀ» ¸Ã¾Æ ¼Ö·ç¼ÇÀ» °®°í ½ÃÀå¿¡ ¸ÕÀú ÁøÃâÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Â ÁÁÀº ±âȸ°¡ µÈ´Ù.

¿À´Ã³¯ ¹Ì¼¼Çöó½ºÆ½ ¹®Á¦¸¦ ÇØ°áÇÏ·Á´Â ³ë·ÂÀº ´ÙÀ½°ú °°´Ù.

¡¤°³ÀÎ Â÷¿øÀÇ Ã¥ÀÓ - ¹®Á¦¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ÀÚü ±³À°°ú ¼Òºñ½À°ü ¸ð¹ü »ç·Ê¸¦ äÅÃÇØ ¿¹»óµÇ´Â ¹Ì¼¼Çöó½ºÆ½ÀÇ Áõ°¡¸¦ ¸·±â À§ÇÑ ÀǽÄÀûÀÎ ³ë·ÂÀÌ ÇÊ¿äÇÏ´Ù.
¡¤±â¾÷ Â÷¿øÀÇ Ã¥ÀÓ - ±â¾÷ÀÇ À§Çè(¸®½ºÅ©) °ü¸® ÇÁ·Î±×·¥À¸·Î ÃßÀûÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Â Áö¼Ó°¡´É¼º ¸®½ºÅ© ÇÁ·ÎÆÄÀÏ¿¡ ¹Ì¼¼Çöó½ºÆ½ Ç׸ñÀ» Æ÷ÇÔÇÏ´Â °Í¿¡ ´ëÇÑ °í·Á, ±ÝÀ¶±â°üÀÇ Àǹ«, »çȸÀû Ã¥ÀÓ, Çõ½Å ¹× ÀÎÇÁ¶ó °³¹ß¿¡ ´ëÇÑ °í·Á»çÇ×°ú ÇÔ²² À§Çè¿¡ ±â¹ÝÇÑ ÀûÀýÇÑ ½ÇÇà °èȹÀ» °®°í ÀÖ´Ù.

¹Ì¼¼Çöó½ºÆ½°ú °°Àº ¹®Á¦¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ÇØ°áÃ¥Àº ¿©·¯ ÀÌÇØ°ü°èÀÚµéÀÇ ±â¿©¸¦ ÅëÇÑ ¼¼°èÀûÀÎ ³ë·ÂÀÌ ¿ä±¸µÈ´Ù. °¢ °ü°èÀÚµéÀÇ »óÈ£¿¬°á¼ºÀº Áö¼Ó°¡´É¼ºÀ» ³ôÀÌ´Â ¸Å¿ì Áß¿äÇÑ ¿ä¼ÒÀÌ¸ç ¼öÀͼº, ±â¹Ð¼º ¹× »çȸÀû Ã¥ÀÓ »çÀÌÀÇ º¹ÇÕÀû ±ÕÇüÀÌ µÉ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù.

Unfortunately, there are not yet regulations of microplastic in the U.S. and many other jurisdictions for water or wastewater treatment, although some effort has been made to ban the use of microbeads in cosmetic products. (By press time, this will be in full effect.) Without regulation, the UN SDGs are the best guides available. However, an expedient, efficient, and comprehensive adaptation by the industry is less likely.

On the other hand, the lack of regulation presents a great opportunity for communities and companies to take a leadership role and be first to market with solutions.

Addressing microplastics today could look like the following:
¡¤Responsibility at the individual level - a conscious effort to self-educate on the issues and adopt best practices in consumption habits to stave off the anticipated increases in microplastics
¡¤Responsibility at the business level - consideration for including microplastics within its sustainability risk profile tracked within a company¡¯s enterprise risk management program with appropriate action plans based on risk appetite with considerations for fiduciary commitments, social responsibility, and innovation/infrastructure development.

Solutions to issues like microplastics are a global effort with contributions from multiple stakeholders. This interconnectivity is a very important element of enhancing sustainability and can become a complex balance between profitability, confidentiality, and social responsibility.


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