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À̸§ °ü¸®ÀÚ waterindustry@hanmail.net ÀÛ¼ºÀÏ 2020.09.29 Á¶È¸¼ö 724
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Global Water Issue

¡°¼öµµ¿ä±Ý Àλó ºÒ°¡ÇÇÇÏÁö¸¸ ½ÇÁúÀû Àû¿ë ¾î·Á¿ö
 ÇÕ¸®Àû¡¤Åº·ÂÀûÀÎ ¿ä±Ý Çö½ÇÈ­ ¹æ¾È ¸ð»öÇؾߡ±


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                                            (Full-cost)
¼öµµ À¯Æ¿¸®Æ¼, ÀÎÇÁ¶ó ¿î¿µ¡¤À¯Áö¡¤º¸¼ö À§ÇØ ¼öµµ¿ä±Ý Àλó ÇÊ¿ä
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¡®Äڷγª19¡¯°¡ ¼öµµ»ç¾÷ ÀÚ±Ý Á¶´Þ¿¡ ¹ÌÄ¡´Â ¿µÇâ
Can¡¯t Pay, Won¡¯t Pay : COVID-19¡¯s Implications For Water Utility Funding

ÀçÁ¤ ÀûÀÚ¿¡ ½Ã´Þ·Á¿Â »óÇϼöµµ »ç¾÷Àº ¡®Äڷγª19¡¯ È®»êÀ¸·Î ¼öÀ͸¶Àú Á¡Á¡ ÁÙ°í ÀÖ´Ù. ¼öµµ»ç¾÷Àº ¡®Äڷγª19¡¯ ¿©ÆÄ¿¡ µû¸¥ ÀçÁ¤³­¿¡ ¾î¶»°Ô ÀûÀÀÇØ »ì¾Æ³²À» °ÍÀÌ¸ç ³ª¾Æ°¡ ¾î¶»°Ô ¹ø¼ºÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖÀ»±î.  ¹Ì±¹Àº ¼öµµ¿ä±Ý Çö½ÇÈ­¶ó´Â Å« µµÀü°úÁ¦¿¡ Á÷¸éÇØ ÀÖ´Ù. ¼öµµ»ç¾÷Àº °í°´¿¡°Ô ¾ÈÀüÇÏ°í ½Å·ÚÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Â »óÇϼöµµ ¼­ºñ½º¸¦ Áö¼ÓÀûÀ¸·Î Á¦°øÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖµµ·Ï ´õ ¸¹Àº ÀÚ±ÝÀ» È®º¸ÇØ¾ß ÇÑ´Ù. ±×·¯³ª ´ëºÎºÐÀÇ °í°´Àº ¼öµµ¿ä±Ý ÀλóÀ» ²¨¸®°í ÁöºÒÇÒ ¿©·ÂÁ¶Â÷ ¾ø´Â °í°´µéµµ ÀÖ´Ù. ÀÌ ¶§¹®¿¡ ¿ä±ÝÀ» Ã¥Á¤ÇÏ´Â ¼öµµ»ç¾÷Àڵ鵵 ¿ä±Ý ÀλóÀ» ÁÖÀúÇÑ´Ù. ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ »óȲ¿¡¼­ ¡®Äڷγª19¡¯°¡ ÅÍÁ³´Ù. Áö³­ 9¿ù 15ÀÏÀÚ ¡ºWater Innovations¡» 9¿ùÈ£¿¡ ½Ç¸° ¡®Can¡¯t Pay, Won¡¯t Pay : COVID-19¡¯s Implications For Water Utility Funding¡¯ ±â»ç¿¡ ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ ³»¿ëÀÌ ¼Ò°³µÆ´Ù. ±× ³»¿ëÀ» ¹ø¿ªÇß´Ù.


 

¿ä±Ý ÀÎ»ó¿¡ ´ëÇÑ Âù¼º ÀÇ°ß
The Case For A Rate Rise

 

°¡Á¤ ¹× »ê¾÷ °í°´¿¡°Ô ó¸®µÈ ¹°À» °ø±ÞÇÏ´Â ¼öµµ»ç¾÷Àº ÀÚ»ê Áý¾àÀûÀÎ »ê¾÷ÀÌ´Ù. ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ ÀÚ»ê Áß ´ëºÎºÐÀº ÀÛµ¿ ¼ö¸íÀÌ ´ÙÇ߰ųª ÃÊ°úÇÑ °ÍµéÀÌÁö¸¸, ÀÚ±Ý Á¶´ÞÀÌ ÃæºÐÄ¡ ¾Ê¾Æ ±³Ã¼µÇÁö ¸øÇÏ°í ÀÖ´Ù. ±³Ã¼ ºñ¿ëÀ» Ãæ´çÇÏ·Á¸é ¼öµµ¿ä±Ý ÀλóÀÌ ºÒ°¡ÇÇÇϱ⠶§¹®ÀÌ´Ù. ¼öµµ ½Ã½ºÅÛ¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ¿¬¹æÁ¤ºÎ Àڱݵµ 1997³â ÃÖ°íÄ¡¸¦ °»½ÅÇÑ ÈÄ ½ÇÁúÀûÀ¸·Î 77% °¨¼ÒÇß´Ù. ¹Ì±¹ÀÇ ±Û·Î¹ú ¹°±â¾÷ ºí·¢¾ØºñÄ¡(Black & Veatch)°¡ ½Ç½ÃÇÑ ¡®2020³â Àü·«¹æÇâ : ¿öÅÍ ¸®Æ÷Æ®(2020 Strategic Directions : Water Report)¡¯ ¼³¹®Á¶»ç¿¡ Âü¿©ÇÑ »óÇϼöµµ ¹× ºø¹° Àü¹®°¡ÀÇ ¾à 80%°¡ ³ëÈÄÈ­µÈ ÀÎÇÁ¶ó¸¦ °¡Àå Å« ¹®Á¦·Î ²Å¾Ò´Ù.

 

Áö³­ 2018³â À¯Å¸ÁÖ¸³´ëÇб³ ¿¬±¸ÁøÀÌ ¹Ì±¹°ú ij³ª´ÙÀÇ ¼öµµ½Ã¼³ 200¿© °³¼Ò¸¦ Á¶»çÇÑ °á°ú, ¾à 16%°¡ À¯È¿¼ö¸íÀ» ³Ñ¾î¼± °ÍÀ¸·Î ³ªÅ¸³µ´Ù. ºÒ°ú 6³â Àü¸¸ Çصµ À¯È¿¼ö¸íÀ» ³ÑÀº ½Ã¼³Àº 8%¿¡ ºÒ°úÇß´Ù. °ü ³ëÈÄÈ­·Î ÀÎÇÑ ¼öµµ°ü ÆÄ¿­µµ 6³â »õ 27% Áõ°¡Çß´Ù. ¹Ì±¹¼öµµÇùȸ(AWWA)¿Í ¹Ì±¹Åä¸ñÇÐȸ(ASCE) ÃßÁ¤¿¡ µû¸£¸é ¼öµµ°ü ÆļÕÀº ¿¬°£ 24¸¸¿© °Ç¿¡ ´ÞÇÑ´Ù.

 

´©¼ö´Â ¼öµµ¿ä±ÝÀ» Á÷¡¤°£Á¢ÀûÀ¸·Î Áõ°¡½ÃŲ´Ù. ´©¼ö ÁöÁ¡À» ÆľÇÇÏ°í ¼ö¸®°ø»ç¸¦ ÇÏ´Â µ¥ ¸¹Àº ºñ¿ëÀÌ ¼Ò¿äµÇ±â ¶§¹®ÀÌ´Ù. ¶Ç ´©¼ö·Î À¯½ÇµÈ ¹°À» ´ëüÇϱâ À§ÇØ Ã³¸®µÈ ¹°ÀÇ ¾çÀÌ Áõ°¡ÇÏ°í, ÀÌ¿¡ µû¶ó 󸮺ñ¿ëµµ Áõ°¡ÇÑ´Ù. ´©¼ö´Â ¶ÇÇÑ ¼ö¾Ð ¾àÈ­¸¦ ÃÊ·¡ÇØ ¿¡³ÊÁö ºñ¿ëÀ» Áõ°¡½ÃŲ´Ù. ÆßÇÎ ½Ã½ºÅÛÀÌ ÇÊ¿ä ¼öÁØÀÇ ¼ö¾ÐÀ» À¯ÁöÇϱâ À§ÇØ ´õ ¸¹Àº Àü·ÂÀ» ¼ÒºñÇϱ⠶§¹®ÀÌ´Ù.

°á°úÀûÀ¸·Î, ³ëÈÄÈ­µÈ ÀÎÇÁ¶ó´Â ÀÚ»ê ±³Ã¼»Ó¸¸ ¾Æ´Ï¶ó ´õ ¸¹Àº ¿î¿µ ¹× À¯Áöº¸¼ö ºñ¿ëÀ» ¹ß»ý½ÃŲ´Ù. ±ØÇÑ ±âÈÄ »óȲÀÌ ºó¹øÇØÁü¿¡ µû¶ó ¼öµµ»ç¾÷Àº ÀÚ»êÀÇ È¸º¹Åº·Â¼º(resilience) Çâ»ó ºñ¿ë ¶Ç´Â ¼­ºñ½º ½ÇÆÐ À§Çè Áõ°¡ µî¿¡ Á÷¸éÇÏ°Ô µÈ´Ù. °Ô´Ù°¡ ²÷ÀÓ¾øÀÌ Áõ°¡ÇÏ´Â °í°´ ¼ö¿ä¸¦ ¸¸Á·½ÃÅ°±â À§ÇØ ÀÚ»ê ±â¹Ý È®Àå ºñ¿ëµµ ¸¶·ÃÇØ¾ß ÇÑ´Ù. ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ ºñ¿ëÀº ¸ðµÎ ¿ä±Ý ÀÎ»ó¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ¾Ð¹Ú¿¡ ¹Ý¿µµÈ´Ù.

 

Treating water and delivering it to domestic and industrial customers is asset intensive. Many of these assets are reaching, or have passed, the end of their operating life. They have not been replaced because rate increases have historically, and remain, insufficient to fund the capital investment necessary; and federal funding for water systems has fallen by 77 percent in real terms since its peak in 1977. Nearly 80 percent of the water, wastewater, and stormwater professionals who took part in Black & Veatch¡¯s 2020 Strategic Directions : Water Report survey cited aging infrastructure as their most challenging issue.

Utah State University researchers who examined some 200 water utilities in the U.S. and Canada in 2018 found 16 percent of mains were beyond their useful lives. Six years earlier, only 8 percent of mains had reached their end-of-life. The growing up of mains resulted in a 27 percent increase in ruptures during the six years between the two studies. The American Water Works Association(AWWA) and the American Society of Civil Engineers(ASCE) estimate 240,000 main breaks occur annually.

Leakage increases utilities expenditures directly and indirectly. Leaks are costly to locate and repair. Treatment costs rise as the volume of water processed is increased to replace the water lost through leaks. Leakage can also lead to pressure loss - which means pumping systems must consume more power, thus increasing energy bills - to maintain the required level of pressure.

In consequence, aging infrastructure burdens utilities not just with the replacing assets, but also with higher operating and maintenance costs. As extreme weather revents grow in frequency, utilities also face the cost of enhancing assets resilience  or an increased risk of service failures. In addition, they must meet the cost of expanding the asset base to meet the ever-increasing customer demand. All of these costs are reflected in the pressure to raise rates.

¿ä±Ý ÀÎ»ó¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ¹Ý´ë ÀÇ°ß
The Case Against A Rate Rise

 

¹Ì±¹ ȯ°æº¸È£Ã»(EPA)¿¡ µû¸£¸é ¹Ì±¹ ³» ÀÏ¹Ý °¡Á¤ÀÇ °¡°è ¼Òµæ ´ëºñ »óÇϼöµµ ¿ä±ÝÀº ´Ù¸¥ ¼±Áø±¹¿¡ ºñÇØ ³·Àº ÆíÀÌ´Ù. EPA´Â ÀÌ°ÍÀÌ ¹°À̶õ ¾ðÁ¦µç ½±°Ô ÀÌ¿ëÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ°í ¼öµµ ¼­ºñ½º¸¦ Á¦°øÇÏ´Â °ÍÀÌ ÀϹÝÀûÀ¸·Î Àú·ÅÇÏ´Ù´Â ÀÎ½Ä ¶§¹®À̶ó°í ¸»ÇÑ´Ù. ¹«¾ùÀ» À§ÇØ ¿ä±ÝÀ» ÁöºÒÇÏ´ÂÁö ¿ÏÀüÈ÷ ÀÌÇØÇÏÁö ¸øÇÏ°í Àֱ⠶§¹®¿¡ ¼öµµ ¼­ºñ½º¸¦ Á¦°øÇÏ°í À¯ÁöÇÏ´Â µ¥ µå´Â ÃÑ ºñ¿ë¿¡ »óÀÀÇÏ´Â ¿ä±ÝÀ» ÁöºÒÇϱ⠲¨¸®´Â °ÍÀÌ´Ù.

ºí·¢¾ØºñÄ¡ÀÇ ¡®2020³â Àü·«¹æÇâ : ¿öÅÍ ¸®Æ÷Æ®¡¯¼³¹®Á¶»ç¿¡¼­ ÀÀ´äÀÚÀÇ 3ºÐÀÇ 1Àº ¡°±ú²ýÇÑ »óÇϼöµµ ¹× ºø¹° ¼­ºñ½º¸¦ Á¦°øÇÏ´Â µ¥ ÇÊ¿äÇÑ °ÍÀ» °í°´µéÀÌ ÀÌÇØÇÏÁö ¸øÇÒ °Í¡±À̶ó°í ´äÇß´Ù. ¶ÇÇÑ ÀÀ´äÀÚ 5ºÐÀÇ 1Àº ¡°°í°´µéÀÌ ½ÇÁ¦ ÀÚ½ÅÀÌ ¹Þ´Â ¼öµµ ¼­ºñ½º¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ±âº»ÀûÀÎ Áö½ÄÀÌ ¾ø´Ù¡±°í ÀÀ´äÇß´Ù.

¶Ç ´Ù¸¥ Áß¿ä ¿äÀÎÀº ÀÎÇÁ¶ó °³¼±¿¡ ÇÊ¿äÇÑ ÀÚ±ÝÀº ¼±°Å ÁÖ±âÀÇ ÇÁ¸®Áò(prism)À» ÅëÇØ ¿ä±Ý ÀλóÀ» °áÁ¤ÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Â ½ÃÀÇȸ, ÀÌ»çȸ ¶Ç´Â ±âŸ ½Ã¹Î °¨½ÃÀÚÀÇ ¿µÇâÀ» ¹ÞÀ» ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù´Â Á¡ÀÌ´Ù. ¿ä±ÝÀ» ³·Ãß·Á´Â Á¤Ä¡Àû ¿å±¸·Î ¹°Àº ºñ¿ë¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ºÒ¸¸ÀÌ ÀáÀçÀûÀ¸·Î Áß¿äÇÑ ¿µÇâÀ» ¹ÌÄ¡´Â À¯Æ¿¸®Æ¼°¡ µÇ¾ú´Ù. ³·Àº ºñ¿ëÀ» À¯ÁöÇÏ´Â °ÍÀÌ Á¤Ä¡ÀÎÀÇ ´ç¼±°¡´É¼º¿¡ ¾î´À Á¤µµ µµ¿òÀÌ µÉ ¼ö ÀÖ°ÚÁö¸¸ ¿©±â¿¡´Â °æÁ¦ÀûÀÎ ¹®Á¦µµ ÀÖ´Ù. Àú¼Òµæ °¡±¸°¡ ¼öµµ ¼­ºñ½º¸¦ ÀÌ¿ëÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖµµ·Ï º¸ÀåÇÒ ÇÊ¿ä°¡ ÀÖ´Ù.

 

Comparatively, Americans do not pay high water bills. As a percentage of household income, U.S. households pay less for water and wastewater than other developed countries, according to the U.S. EPA. There is, the EPA has observed, a perception that water is readily available and provision of water services is generally inexpensive. So, contributing to an unwillingness to have rates that approach the true cost of providing and maintaining water services is the sense that customers do not understand fully what they are paying for.

This is borne out by Black & Veatch¡¯s 2020 Strategic Directions : Water Report, with one-third of respondents saying their customers probably do not understand whit it takes to supply them with clean, potable water, as well as wastewater and stormwater services. Also, one in five respondents felt that their customers do not have the baseline knowledge about the service they receive.

Another significant factor is that funding necessary for infrastructure upgrades may be influenced by city councils, boards, or other civic overseers who may decide rate increases through the prism of election cycles. The political desire to keep bills down makes water about the only commodity for which complaining about the cost may potentially have a significant impact. Although keeping rates low may well be, in part, about electability, there is also the issue of affordability. There remains a need to ensure low-income households have access to water services.

 

 

 

   
¡ã ±ØÇÑ ±âÈÄ »óȲÀÌ ºó¹øÇØÁü¿¡ µû¶ó ¼öµµ»ç¾÷Àº ÀÚ»êÀÇ È¸º¹Åº·Â¼º(resilience)Çâ»ó ºñ¿ë ¶Ç´Â ¼­ºñ½º ½ÇÆÐ À§Çè Áõ°¡ µî ¹®Á¦¿¡ Á÷¸éÇß´Ù. °Ô´Ù°¡ ²÷ÀÓ¾øÀÌ Áõ°¡ÇÏ´Â °í°´ ¼ö¿ä¸¦ ¸¸Á·½ÃÅ°±â À§ÇØ ÀÚ»ê ±â¹Ý È®Àå ºñ¿ëÀ» ¸¶·ÃÇØ¾ß ÇÑ´Ù. ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ ºñ¿ëÀº ¸ðµÎ ¿ä±Ý ÀÎ»ó¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ¾Ð¹Ú¿¡ ¹Ý¿µµÈ´Ù.

 

°¡µð¾ð ¹Ìµð¾î ±×·ì(Guardian Media Group)ÀÇ ¹Ì±¹ 12°³ µµ½Ã ºÐ¼® °á°ú ¡®2010¡­2018³â »óÇϼöµµ ÇÕ»ê ¿ä±Ý¡¯Àº Æò±Õ 80% ¿Ã¶úÀ¸¸ç, ÀϺΠµµ½Ã °ÅÁÖÀÚÀÇ 5ºÐÀÇ 2 ÀÌ»óÀÌ ¿ä±ÝÀ» °¨´çÇϱ⠾î·Á¿î óÁöÀÎ °ÍÀ¸·Î ³ªÅ¸³µ´Ù. ¹Ì±¹ ¼ÒºñÀÚ´ÜüÀΠǪµå ¾Ø ¿öÅÍ ¿öÄ¡(Food & Water Watch)ÀÇ 2018³â º¸°í¼­¿¡ µû¸£¸é, ¸Å³â 20°¡±¸ Áß 1°¡±¸°¡ ¿ä±Ý ¹Ì³³À¸·Î ´Ü¼ö¸¦ °Þ´Â´Ù.

¶ÇÇÑ, ÀûÀýÇÑ ¼öµµ¿ä±ÝÀ» Ã¥Á¤ÇÏ´Â °Í¿¡ °üÇÑ À¯Æ¿¸®Æ¼ÀÇ Åµµ´Â ´Ù¾çÇÏ´Ù. ºí·¢¾ØºñÄ¡(Black & Veatch)ÀÇ ¡®2020³â Àü·«¹æÇâ : ¿öÅÍ ¸®Æ÷Æ®¡¯ ¼³¹®Á¶»ç °á°ú, ÀÀ´äÀÚÀÇ 67.4%°¡ ¡®°¡°ÝÀûÁ¤¼ºÀ̶õ °í°´¿¡°Ô ¼­ºñ½º¸¦ Á¦°øÇÏ°í °³¼±À» ÀÌ·ê ¼ö ÀÖÀ» ¸¸Å­ ÃæºÐÇÑ ¿ä±ÝÀ» ºÎ°úÇÏ´Â °ÍÀ̶ó°í »ý°¢ÇÑ´Ù¡¯°í ´äÇß°í, 23.9%´Â ¡®¸ðµç °í°´¿¡°Ô ±âº»ÀûÀÎ ¼öÁØÀÇ ¹°À» ÇÕ¸®ÀûÀÎ °¡°ÝÀ¸·Î Á¦°øÇÏ´Â °Í¡¯, 4.3%´Â ¡®°¡´ÉÇÑ ÇÑ ³·Àº ¿ä±ÝÀ» À¯ÁöÇÏ´Â °Í¡¯À̶ó°í ÀνÄÇß´Ù. ¹Ì±¹ ȯ°æº¸È£Ã»(EPA)Àº ¼öµµ ¼­ºñ½º ¿ä±Ý¿¡ ÀÎÇÁ¶ó¸¦ À¯ÁöÇÏ°í ÇâÈÄ º¸¼ö, Àç°Ç ¹× ±³Ã¼ µîÀ» °èȹÇÏ°í ¼ÒºñÀÚ¿¡°Ô °íÇ°ÁúÀÇ »óÇϼöµµ ¼­ºñ½º¸¦ Á¦°øÇÏ´Â ½ÇÁ¦ ºñ¿ëÀ» Á¤È®È÷ ¹Ý¿µÇØ¾ß ÇÑ´Ù°í Á¦¾ÈÇß´Ù. ¹Ì±¹ ¼öµµÇùȸ(AWWA)¿Í ¼¼°è°æÁ¦Æ÷·³(WEF)µµ »óÇϼöµµ ¿ä±ÝÀÇ Ç® ÄÚ½ºÆ®(full-cost) Ã¥Á¤À» ÁöÁöÇÑ´Ù.

 

Analysis of 12 U.S. cities undertaken by Guardian Media Group found that the combined price of water and sewage services increased by an average of 80 percent between 2010 and 2018, with more than two-fifths of residents in some cities living in neighborhoods with unaffordable bills. As many as one in 20 homes are disconnected for unpaid bills annually, according to a 2018 report by Food & Water Watch.

In addition, utilities attitudes to what constitutes affordability vary. The 2020 Strategic Directions : Water Report found 67.4 percent of respondents felt affordability meant charging enough to serve customers and make improvement; 23.9 percent said affordability was providing a basic level of water at an affordable price to all customers; while 4.3 percent felt affordability meant keeping rates as low as possible. The EPA has proposed that the pricing of water services should accurately reflect the true costs of providing high-quality water and wastewater services to consumers to maintain infrastructure and plan for upcoming repairs, rehabilitation, and replacement of that infrastructure. AWWA and the World Economic Forum also support the full-cost pricing of water and wastewater services.

 

 

   
¡ã ¹Ì±¹ ¼ÒºñÀÚ´ÜüÀΠǪµå ¾Ø ¿öÅÍ ¿öÄ¡(Food & Water Watch)ÀÇ 2018³â º¸°í¼­¿¡ µû¸£¸é ¸Å³â 20°¡±¸ Áß 1°¡±¸°¡ ¿ä±Ý ¹Ì³³À¸·Î ´Ü¼ö¸¦ °Þ´Â´Ù.

 

±×¸®°í ¡®Äڷγª19¡¯°¡ ÅÍÁ³´Ù
And Then Came ¡®COVID-19¡¯

 

Äڷγª19·Î ÀÎÇÑ ÇÇÇØ´Â À¯Æ¿¸®Æ¼(¼öµµ»ç¾÷)¿Í °í°´ ¸ðµÎ¿¡°Ô ã¾Æ¿Ô´Ù. ÀÌ¹Ì ÀÚº»ÅõÀÚ ÀÚ±Ý Á¶´Þ¿¡ ¾î·Á¿òÀ» °Þ°í ÀÖ´Â ¼öµµ»ç¾÷Àº ÃÖ´ë ±Ô¸ðÀÇ ¼ÒºñÀÚÀÎ »ó¿ë±â¾÷°ú »ê¾÷±â¾÷µéÀÌ ¿µ¾÷À» Áß´ÜÇÔ¿¡ µû¶ó ¼öÀÍÀÌ °¨¼ÒÇÏ°í ÀÖ´Ù. °Ô´Ù°¡ Äڷγª19·Î ½Ç¾÷ÀÚ°¡ Áõ°¡Çϸ鼭 ¼öµµ¿ä±ÝÀ» ³³ºÎÇÒ ¼ö ¾ø°Ô µÇ´Â »ç¶÷µµ ´Ã¾ú´Ù. ±×·¯³ª ¼öµµ°ø±ÞÀÚ´Â ¿ä±Ý ¹Ì³³ÀÚ¿¡°Ô »óÇϼöµµ ´Ü¼ö Á¶Ä¡¸¦ À¯¿¹ÇÏ°í, ±âÁ¸ ¿ä±Ý¹Ì³³À¸·Î ´Ü¼ö ó¸® µÈ °í°´¿¡°Ôµµ ´Ù½Ã ¼öµµ¼­ºñ½º¸¦ Á¦°øÇÏ°í ÀÖ´Ù. ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ ´Ü¼öÁ¶Ä¡ À¯¿¹´Â ÀεµÀû Â÷¿ø¿¡¼­ ½ÃÇàÇÏ´Â °ÍÀ̱⵵ ÇÏÁö¸¸ ¹ÙÀÌ·¯½º¸¦ ¾ïÁ¦ÇÏ´Â µ¥ ¹°°ú À§»ýÀÌ Áß¿äÇÏ´Ù´Â °ÍÀ» º¸¿©ÁÖ´Â °ÍÀ̱⵵ ÇÏ´Ù.

2020³â 4¿ù AWWA¿Í µµ½Ã¹°°ü¸®±â°üÇùȸ(Association of Metropolitan Water Agency)°¡ ½Ç½ÃÇÑ Æò°¡¸¦ º¸¸é, Äڷγª19°¡ »ó¼öµµ»ç¾÷¿¡ ¹ÌÄ£ ÀçÁ¤ÀûÀÎ ¿µÇâÀº ¾à 139¾ï ´Þ·¯·Î, Àüü ÀçÁ¤ ÇÇÇØÀÇ 16.9%¿¡  ÇØ´çÇÑ´Ù. ÇÏ¡¤Æó¼ö»ç¾÷Àº Çϼöµµ Á¢±Ù À¯Áöºñ¿ë°ú ÇÔ²² ¾à 168¾ï ´Þ·¯ÀÇ ¼öÀÍ ¼Õ½ÇÀÌ ¿¹»óµÈ´Ù. ¹Ì±¹ ±¹¸³Ã»Á¤¼öÀÚ¿ø±â°üÇùȸ(NACWA)´Â ¡®Äڷγª19¡¯ ÆÒµ¥¹Í(pandemic) ±â°£¿¡ °í°´µéÀÇ ¿¬Ã¼¿ä±ÝÀ» ÅÁ°¨ÇÏ°í ¼­ºñ½º¸¦ ¹«»ó Á¦°øÇÏ´Â µî Áö¿øÀ¸·Î ¹ß»ýÇÏ´Â ÀçÁ¤ ÀûÀÚ´Â ±Ã±ØÀûÀ¸·Î °í°´¿¡°Ô Àü°¡µÇ¾î ÇâÈÄ ¿ä±Ý ÀλóÀ¸·Î À̾îÁú °ÍÀ̶ó°í °æ°íÇß´Ù. ¹Ý¸é ¸¹Àº »ç¶÷µéÀº °æÁ¦°¡ ȸº¹µÇ°í ¼ö¹é¸¸ ÀÏÀÚ¸®°¡ ȸº¹µÉ ¶§±îÁö ¿ä±Ý ÀλóÀ» ´õ ¿¬±âÇØ¾ß ÇÑ´Ù°í ¿ä±¸Çß´Ù.

 

The harm being wrought by COVID-19 does not discriminate between utility and customer. Utilities already struggling to fund much-needed capital investments are losing revenue as commercial and industrial enterprises - water utilities biggest volume consumers -  suspend operations. In addition, tens of millions of U.S. workers are being laid off during the outbreak, rendering many unable to pay their water bills Around the country, however, water providers have not only suspended water and wastewater shutoffs to delinquent accounts but also reconnected those previously shut off. The shutoff moratorium is both in the interest of humanity and an affirmation of the importance of water and sanitation in trying to contain the virus.

An assessment commissioned by AWWA and the Association of Metropolitan Water Agencies, in April 2020, indicated an aggregate financial impact of COVID-19 on drinking water utilities of approximately $ 13.9 billion, representing an overall 16.9 percent financial toll. Wastewater utilities were expected to lose an estimated $ 16.8 billion in revenues, along with the costs of maintaining sewer access. The National Association of Clean Water Agencies(NACWA) warned that without taxpayer help to the industry the revenue loss from forgiving customer debts and providing services without payment during the pandemic ultimately would be passed on to water customers in subsequent years and lead to future rate increases. In contrast, many expect significant pressures to further defer rate increases until the economy recovers and the millions of jobs are returned.

 

   
¡ã ¼öµµ°ø±ÞÀÚµéÀº ¿ä±Ý ¹Ì³³ÀÚ¿¡°Ô »óÇϼöµµ ´Ü¼ö Á¶Ä¡¸¦ À¯¿¹ÇÏ°í, ±âÁ¸ ¿ä±Ý¹Ì³³À¸·Î ´Ü¼ö ó¸® µÈ °í°´¿¡°Ôµµ ´Ù½Ã ¼öµµ¼­ºñ½º¸¦ Á¦°øÇÏ°í ÀÖ´Ù. ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ ´Ü¼öÁ¶Ä¡ À¯¿¹´Â ÀεµÀû Â÷¿ø¿¡¼­ ½ÃÇàÇÏ´Â °ÍÀ̱⵵ ÇÏÁö¸¸ ¹ÙÀÌ·¯½º¸¦ ¾ïÁ¦ÇÏ´Â µ¥ ÀÖ¾î ¹°°ú À§»ýÀÌ Áß¿äÇÏ´Ù´Â °ÍÀ» º¸¿©ÁÖ´Â °ÍÀ̱⵵ ÇÏ´Ù.

 

ÀÚ±Ý °ÝÂ÷ ÇؼÒ
Bridging The Funding Gap

 

À¯Æ¿¸®Æ¼ ±â¾÷Àº ÀÚ±Ý °ÝÂ÷¸¦ ÇؼÒÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Â ¿©·¯ ¿É¼ÇÀ» °®°í ÀÖ´Ù. µ·ÀÌ ¾ø´Â °Íº¸´Ù ³´´Ù´Â °üÁ¡À¸·Î º¼ ¶§, ÀϺΠ´ëÇü À¯Æ¿¸®Æ¼ ±â¾÷Àº ÁöºÒ °èȹ ±â°£À» ¿¬ÀåÇϱ⵵ ÇÑ´Ù. ÀÌ¿ë °¡´ÉÇÑ ´Ù¸¥ Ç¥ÁØ ±ÝÀ¶ »óÇ°À¸·Î´Â Áغñ±Ý ÀÎÃâ, ´Ü±â ½Å¿ë ´ëÃâ(short-term credit), ±âÁ¸ ºÎä ¸®ÆÄÀ̳½½Ì(refinancing) µîÀÌ ÀÖ´Ù.

±ÔÁ¦ Ãø¸é¿¡¼­´Â ¡®Äڷγª19¡¯ °ü·Ã ºñ¿ë ȸ¼ö¸¦ À§ÇÑ Àϸô Á¶Ç×(sunset clause)°ú ÇÒÁõ·á µîÀÌ ÀÖ´Ù. ¿¬¹æÁ¤ºÎ·ÎºÎÅÍ Áö¿øÀ» ¹ÞÀ» ¼ö ÀÖÁö¸¸ ±×·¸´Ù°í Çؼ­ ´çÀå ¼öÀÔÀÌ »ý±âÁö´Â ¾ÊÀ» °ÍÀÌ´Ù. 1970³â´ë ¿¬¹æÁ¤ºÎ°¡ ¹° ÀÎÇÁ¶ó¿¡ ¸·´ëÇÑ ÅõÀÚ¸¦ Çß´ø °Íó·³ À¯»çÇÑ ÀÏÀÌ ´Ù½Ã ÀϾ ¼öµµ ÀÖ´Ù´Â ¹ÏÀ½À¸·Î À̾îÁú ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù. ±×·¯³ª °¡´É¼ºÀº Èñ¹ÚÇÏ´Ù. À¯Æ¿¸®Æ¼ ±â¾÷ ÀÚ±ÝÀÇ ¾à 3ºÐÀÇ 1À» Â÷ÁöÇÏ´Â ÇöÀç, Áö¿ø ±â´ÉÀ» È®´ëÇÏ´Â °ÍÁ¶Â÷ ¾÷°è¿¡¼­ ±â´ëµÇ´Â »çÇ×ÀÌ ¾Æ´Ï´Ù.

°í°´ÀÇ ³³ºÎ ´É·ÂÀº Àú¼Òµæ °¡±¸ ¿¡³ÊÁö Áö¿ø ÇÁ·Î±×·¥(Low-Income Home Energy Assistance Program)°ú À¯»çÇÑ °ÍÀ» Á¦°øÇÔÀ¸·Î½á Áö¿øÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù. ¹°ÀÌ ¾Æ´Ñ ±âŸ »ýÈ° ¿µ¿ª¿¡ º¸Á¶±ÝÀ̳ª ÀÚ±Ý Áö¿øÀ» ´Ã¸®´Â °Íµµ °¡±¸ÀÇ Àü¹ÝÀûÀÎ ºÎ´ãÀ» ´ú¾îÁָ鼭 ¿¬Ã¼µÈ ¼öµµ¿ä±ÝÀ» ³³ºÎÇϵµ·Ï ÇÏ´Â µ¥ µµ¿òÀÌ µÉ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù. ¶Ç Àú·ÅÇÑ ¹°°ªÀ» ÇØ°áÇÏ´Â °ÍÀº Á¤Ä¡´ÜüµéÀÌ Ãë¾à°èÃþ¿¡ ¼­ºñ½º¸¦ Á¦°øÇÏ´Â µ¥ ´õ Å« ÀÌÁ¡ÀÌ ÀÖÀ½À» ÀνÄÇÏ´Â ÀÏÀ̹ǷÎ, ¼öµµ ¼­ºñ½º ºñ¿ëÀº °í°´Ãþ¿¡¼­ ºÎ´ãÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ°Ô µÈ´Ù.

Utilities have a number of options to bridge the funding gap. Taking the view that some money is better than none, some larger utilities may extend payment plan terms. Other standard financial instruments available include drawing upon reserves, seekiing short-term credit, and refinancing existing debt.

On the regulatory side, we may see surcharges, with a sunset clause, for the recovery of COVID-19-related cost. There is the potential to seek federal government support, but that will not generate immediate income. Significant federal investment in water infrastructure during the 1970s may lead to the belief that something similar may, or should, happen again. But this seems unlikely. Even extending current support, which accounts for about one-third of utilities¡¯ funding, is not anticipated widely within the industry.

Customers¡¯ ability to pay could be supported by the provision of something akin to the energy sector¡¯s Low-Income Home Energy Assistance Program to water. Increased grants and funding in other areas of a customer¡¯s life may help ease the overall burden on the household and thus help with delinquent water payments. Besides, addressing affordable water may mean that political bodies need to recognize there is a greater good in serving struggling customers, and therefore the costs of water services could be shared across the customer base.

 

ÀÌ·Î ÀÎÇØ ¹«½¼ ÀÌÁ¡ÀÌ »ý±æ±î?
What Good Will Come of This?

 

¼öµµ À¯Æ¿¸®Æ¼ ±â¾÷Àº ¡®Äڷγª19¡¯ ´ëÀ¯ÇàÀ̶ó´Â À§±â ¼Ó¿¡¼­ °í°´¿¡°Ô Áö¼ÓÀûÀ¸·Î ¼­ºñ½º¸¦ Á¦°øÇÑ´Ù´Â °Í¿¡ ÀںνÉÀ» °¡Á®¾ß ÇÑ´Ù. ¾î·Á¿î »óȲ¿¡¼­µµ ¼öµµ°¡ °è¼Ó ÀÛµ¿Çϵµ·Ï À¯ÁöÇÔÀ¸·Î½á À¯Æ¿¸®Æ¼´Â ¼­ºñ½º¸¦ À¯ÁöÇÏ´Â µ¥ Áß¿äÇÑ È°µ¿ÀÌ ¹«¾ùÀÎÁö¸¦ º¸´Ù ¸íÈ®È÷ ¾Ë ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù. ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ ÅëÂû·ÂÀº ÃÖ´ëÀÇ ÀÌÀÍÀ» ¾òÀ» ¼ö ÀÖ´Â ÀÏ¿¡ Á¦ÇÑµÈ ÀÚº» ¿¹»êÀ» È¿À²ÀûÀ¸·Î »ç¿ëÇÏ´Â µ¥ µµ¿òÀÌ µÉ °ÍÀÌ´Ù. ÇÙ½É È°µ¿¿¡ ÁßÁ¡À» µÎ¾î °æÇèÀº È¿À²¼ºÀ» °³¼±ÇÏ´Â ÃÖ¼±ÀÇ ¹æ¹ý°ú ´õ ÀßÇØ¾ß ÇÒ »çÇ׿¡ ´ëÇÑ ÀÌÇظ¦ ÃËÁøÇØ¾ß ÇÑ´Ù.

Äڷγª19 ´ëÀÀ ³ë·ÂÀ» ÅëÇØ À¯Æ¿¸®Æ¼ ±â¾÷Àº ÀϺΠ±âº»ÀûÀÎ ÀνÄÀ» µ¹¾Æº¼ ¼ö ÀÖ¾ú´Ù. ¿¹¸¦ µé¾î Äݼ¾ÅÍ ¾øÀ̵µ °í°´ ¼­ºñ½º¿Í °°Àº ±â´ÉÀ» ¿ø°ÝÀ¸·Î ¼º°øÀûÀ¸·Î Àü´ÞÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ¾ú´Ù. ¶Ç ºñ·Ï ½±Áö´Â ¾Ê¾ÒÁö¸¸ ¿£Áö´Ï¾î¸µ ±â´É ¹× °øÀå ±³´ë¸¦ ¿ø°ÝÀ¸·Î °ü¸®ÇÏ°í Àü´ÞÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù´Â °ÍÀ» °æÇèÇß´Ù. ÀÌÀü¿¡´Â ±×´ÙÁö °ü½ÉÀ» ²øÁö ¸øÇß´ø ¾ÆÀ̵ð¾îµéÀÌ´Ù.

±â¼ú ºÎÁ·°ú ÀηÂÀÇ °í·ÉÈ­ »óȲ¿¡¼­ ´õ À¯¿¬ÇÑ ¹æ½ÄÀ¸·Î ±Ù¹«ÇÏ´Â ¸ð½ÀÀ» º¸ÀÓÀ¸·Î½á À¯Æ¿¸®Æ¼ ±â¾÷Àº ºÐ»êµÈ Á¶Á÷¿¡¼­ ÀÏÇÏ´Â µ¥ Àͼ÷ÇÑ ÀþÀº ¼¼´ë ±Ù·ÎÀڵ鿡°Ô ´õ ¸Å·ÂÀûÀ¸·Î º¸ÀÏ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù. µû¶ó¼­ ÀÚ±Ý Á¶´Þ ¹× °æÁ¦¼º ¹®Á¦°¡ ´çºÐ°£ °è¼ÓµÉ °Í °°Áö¸¸, Äڷγª19 ÀÌÈÄ(Æ÷½ºÆ® Äڷγª) ½Ã´ëÀÇ À¯Æ¿¸®Æ¼ ±â¾÷Àº ¾Æ¸¶µµ ÀÌÀüº¸´Ù ´õ ź·ÂÀûÀÌ°í ÀûÀÀ·Â ÁÁÀº Á¶Á÷ÀÌ µÉ °ÍÀ̸ç, °á°úÀûÀ¸·Î´Â °­ÇØÁú °ÍÀÌ´Ù.

 

Without dismissing the extreme pressures water utilities have coped with during the pandemic, the fact that they have continued to serve their customers should be a cause of some pride. Keeping the faucets running under such duress has enabled utilities to see with greater clarity which activities are crucial to maintaining services. These insights should help enhance the targeting of limited capital budgets on the thing that will reap the greatest benefits. By soliciting a focus on core activities, the experience should also foster an understanding of the best ways in which to improve effectiveness, and what needs to be done better.

Rising to the COVID-19 challenge enabled utilities to reassess some of their basic perceptions. For instance, it has been possible to successfully deliver functions such as customer services remotely, without the need for a call center. Similarly, although it has been far from easy, utilities have shown that it is possible to manage and deliver engineering functions and plant shifts remotely - not an idea that gained much traction previously.

Against a backdrop of a skills shortage and aging workforce, by proving their ability to work in more flexible ways, utilities will potentially be more appealing to younger generations of workers more accustomed to working in a more diffuse organization. So, while funding and affordability challenges are likely to continue, the post-COVID-19 utilities that will have to deal with them are probably more resilient and adaptable organizations than previously, and stronger as a result.

±ØÇÑ ±âÈÄ »óȲÀÌ ºó¹øÇØÁü¿¡ µû¶ó ¼öµµ»ç¾÷Àº ÀÚ»êÀÇ È¸º¹Åº·Â¼º(resilience) Çâ»ó ºñ¿ë ¶Ç´Â ¼­ºñ½º ½ÇÆÐ À§Çè Áõ°¡ µî ¹®Á¦¿¡ Á÷¸éÇß´Ù. °Ô´Ù°¡ ²÷ÀÓ¾øÀÌ Áõ°¡ÇÏ´Â °í°´ ¼ö¿ä¸¦ ¸¸Á·½ÃÅ°±â À§ÇØ ÀÚ»ê ±â¹Ý È®Àå ºñ¿ëÀ» ¸¶·ÃÇØ¾ß ÇÑ´Ù. ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ ºñ¿ëÀº ¸ðµÎ ¿ä±Ý ÀÎ»ó¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ¾Ð¹Ú¿¡ ¹Ý¿µµÈ´Ù.

¹Ì±¹ ¼ÒºñÀÚ´ÜüÀΠǪµå ¾Ø ¿öÅÍ ¿öÄ¡(Food & Water Watch)ÀÇ 2018³â º¸°í¼­¿¡ µû¸£¸é ¸Å³â 20°¡±¸ Áß 1°¡±¸°¡ ¿ä±Ý ¹Ì³³À¸·Î ´Ü¼ö¸¦ °Þ´Â´Ù.

¼öµµ°ø±ÞÀÚµéÀº ¿ä±Ý ¹Ì³³ÀÚ¿¡°Ô »óÇϼöµµ ´Ü¼ö Á¶Ä¡¸¦ À¯¿¹ÇÏ°í, ±âÁ¸ ¿ä±Ý¹Ì³³À¸·Î ´Ü¼ö ó¸® µÈ °í°´¿¡°Ôµµ ´Ù½Ã ¼öµµ¼­ºñ½º¸¦ Á¦°øÇÏ°í ÀÖ´Ù. ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ ´Ü¼öÁ¶Ä¡ À¯¿¹´Â ÀεµÀû Â÷¿ø¿¡¼­ ½ÃÇàÇÏ´Â °ÍÀ̱⵵ ÇÏÁö¸¸ ¹ÙÀÌ·¯½º¸¦ ¾ïÁ¦ÇÏ´Â µ¥ ÀÖ¾î ¹°°ú À§»ýÀÌ Áß¿äÇÏ´Ù´Â °ÍÀ» º¸¿©ÁÖ´Â °ÍÀ̱⵵ ÇÏ´Ù.

ÇÊÀÚ¼Ò°³

¾È ºÎÀÌ(Ann T. Bui) ¹Ú»ç´Â ºí·¢¾ØºñÄ¡ ¸Å´ÏÁö¸ÕÆ® ÄÁ¼³ÆÃ(Black & Veatch Management Consulting) Àü¹«ÀÌ»ç·Î ȸ»çÀÇ ¹°½ÃÀå »ç¾÷À» À̲ø°í ÀÖ´Ù. ¾È ºÎÀÌ ¹Ú»ç´Â °í°´¿¡°Ô Àü·«Àû À繫°ü¸® Àü·«À» Á¦°øÇÔ°ú ´õºÒ¾î, À繫 ¹× ÀÚ¹® °èȹ, Áö´ÉÇü °Ëħ, °í°´ °æÇè, ÀÚ»ê ¹«°á¼º ¹× ±â¾÷ À§Çè °ü¸® ¼­ºñ½º µî ºÐ¾ß¿¡¼­ ¹° À¯Æ¿¸®Æ¼ÀÇ ¼ºÀå°ú Çõ½ÅÀ» ÁÖµµÇÏ°í ÀÖ´Ù. ±×´Â Áö±Ý±îÁö 30³â ÀÌ»ó À¯Æ¿¸®Æ¼¿Í ÇÔ²² ÀÏÇØ¿À¸ç 400°ÇÀÌ ³Ñ´Â °è¾àÀ» ¼º»ç½ÃÄ×´Ù. ¶ÇÇÑ ¼­ºñ½º Àα¸°¡ 5õ ¸í ¹Ì¸¸ÀÎ À¯Æ¿¸®Æ¼ºÎÅÍ 300¸¸ ¸í ÀÌ»óÀÎ À¯Æ¿¸®Æ¼±îÁö ´Ù¾çÇÑ ±Ô¸ðÀÇ °ø°ø ¹× ÅõÀÚÀÚ ¼ÒÀ¯ À¯Æ¿¸®Æ¼¿¡ À繫 ¹× ºñÁî´Ï½º °èȹ ¼­ºñ½º¸¦ Á¦°øÇØ¿À°í ÀÖ´Ù.

 

[Ãâó = Water Online(https://www.wateronline.com/doc/can-t-pay-won-t-pay-covid-s-implications-for-water-utility-funding-0001) / 2020³â 9¿ù 16ÀÏÀÚ]

 

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