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SWRO Ç÷£Æ®ÀÇ ¼³°è ¿£Áö´Ï¾îµéÀº ´ã¼öÈ­ ½Ã½ºÅÛÀ» ¸ÂÃã ÇüÅ·Π¼³°èÇϴµ¥ ÀÌ´Â °¢ °³º° ÇöÀåÀÇ À¯ÀÔ¼ö ȯ°æ º¯È­°¡ ´Ù¾çÇϸç, À¯ÀÔ¼ö ¼öÁú, ¿Âµµ, ÁöÇüÀûÀÎ Á¶°Ç ¹× Áö¿ªÀû ȯ°æ ±ÔÁ¦ÀÇ Á¤µµ°¡ ¼­·Î »óÀÌÇϱ⠶§¹®ÀÌ´Ù.

ÇÑÆí, ó¸®È¯°æ¿¡ µû¶ó Àû¿ëµÇ´Â °øÁ¤ÀÌ ´Þ¶óÁö°Ô µÇ¸ç ÇöÀåÀÇ Æ¯¼öÇÑ Á¶°Ç¿¡ ¸Âµµ·Ï ÃÖ»óÀÇ ½Ã½ºÅÛ ¼º´ÉÀ» °®µµ·Ï Çϱâ À§ÇØ ´Ù¾çÇÑ °øÁ¤ ±¸¼ºÀ¸·Î ¼³°èµÈ´Ù. ÀÌ·Î½á °¢°¢ÀÇ °³º° ¼³ºñ¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ÀåÁ¡À» ÃÖ´ëÈ­ÇÏ¿© Àüü ½Ã½ºÅÛ ¿îÀüÀÌ ÃÖÀûÈ­µÉ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù.


Àüó¸® ±â¼ú·Â Çâ»óÀº ¹Ì·¡ÀÇ ´ã¼öÈ­ Ç÷£Æ® ¹ßÀü¿¡ ¿µÇâÀ» ¹ÌÄ¥ °ÍÀ¸·Î ±â´ëµÈ´Ù.

ÀÌÁ¦±îÁö SWRO Ç÷£Æ® ¼³°è ¿£Áö´Ï¾îµéÀº Àüó¸® °øÁ¤ÀÇ Àû¿ë¿¡ ´ëÇØ ¸¹Àº °úÁ¦¸¦ °æÇèÇÏ°í ÀÖ´Ù. ÀÌ´Â Ç÷£Æ®ÀÇ È¿°úÀûÀÎ ¿îÀüÀ» º¸ÀåÇØ¾ß Çϸç RO ¸âºê·¹ÀÎ ±â¼ú ¼³ºñÀÇ ¸¹Àº ÅõÀÚºñ¿ë°ú ºñ±³ÇØ Àå±â°£ Áö¼Ó°¡´ÉÇÑ ¼³ºñ¸¦ °®Ãß¾î¾ß ÇÏ´Â ¸íºÐÀ» °¡Á®¾ß ÇÑ´Ù. µû¶ó¼­ RO ¸âºê·¹ÀÎ ¿îÀü¿¡¼­ ¾ÈÁ¤ÀûÀÌ°í »ç¿ë°¡´ÉÇÑ ¼öÁØÀÇ À¯ÀÔ¼ö Á¶°ÇÀ» °®±â À§ÇØ ¿Ã¹Ù¸¥ Àüó¸® ±â¼úÀ» µµÀÔÇÏ´Â °ÍÀÌ ¸Å¿ì Áß¿äÇÏ´Ù.

Seawater reverse osmosis (SWRO) process engineers will design each desalination system on a bespoke basis because each project is unique with a particular variation in feed water quality, temperature, site specific conditions and the local/national regulatory constraints that will apply.

Engineers have a number of unit processes at their disposal, which can be designed into various configurations in order to determine the best design based on all these site-specific considerations. This allows the benefits of each unit process to be maximised and the overall system fully optimised.

In our previous article on the future for desalination (see May/June 2012 issue) we recognised that many SWRO engineers and operators are facing ever increasing challenges in respect of pre-treatment requirements. This is not only to ensure the efficient operation of their plants but the long-term sustainability of their significant investment in RO membrane technology. Getting the pre-treatment right is critical in ensuring consistently stable and acceptable membrane feed conditions.

¹Ù´å¹° ¿ø¼ö´Â ÀϹÝÀûÀ¸·Î ÁöÇϼö³ª ÁöÇ¥¼ö¿¡ ºñÇØ ¸âºê·¹ÀÎ ÆĿ︵ ¹ß»ý °¡´É¼ºÀÌ ¸Å¿ì ³ôÀ¸¹Ç·Î, º¸´Ù °­È­µÈ Àüó¸® ¼³ºñ°¡ ÇÊ¿äÇÏ´Ù. ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ Àüó¸® ¼³ºñÀÇ ¿îÀüÀÌ È¿°úÀûÀÌÁö ¾Ê´Ù¸é SWRO ¸âºê·¹ÀÎÀº ÆĿ︵ÀÌ ¹ß»ýµÇ¾î ¸âºê·¹ÀÎÀÇ Ç÷°½º °ª ¹× Á¦°ÅÀ² ¼º´ÉÀÇ È¸º¹À» À§ÇÑ ¼¼Á¤ÀÛ¾÷À» º¸´Ù ÀÚÁÖ ½Ç½ÃÇØ¾ß ÇÑ´Ù.

Áï, È¿°úÀûÀÎ Àüó¸® ¼³ºñ·Î RO ¸âºê·¹ÀÎÀÇ ¿îÀü ¼ö¸íÀ» ´Ã¸®°í ¼¼Á¤ÀÛ¾÷·®À» ÁÙÀÏ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù. µû¶ó¼­ ¿îÀü ¼ö¸í ±â°£¿¡ µû¸¥ ÃÑ ¿îÀüºñ¿ëÀÇ Àý°¨ È¿°ú¸¦ °®°Ô µÈ´Ù. SWRO¿¡¼­ ÆĿ︵ ¹ß»ý¿¡ ¿µÇâÀ» ¹ÌÄ¡´Â ¿©·¯ °¡Áö ¿ä¼Ò°¡ Á¸ÀçÇϴµ¥, ¿¹¸¦ µé¾î Ç÷°½º °ªÀ» ¿Ã¸®°Å³ª ¿° Á¦°ÅÀ²À» Çâ»ó½ÃÅ°·Á´Â µî °úµµÇÑ ¸âºê·¹ÀÎ ¼³°è·Î ÀÎÇØ ÆĿ︵ Áõ°¡°¡ ¹ß»ýµÇ´Â °á°ú¸¦ °¡Á®¿Ã ¼öµµ ÀÖ´Ù.

Seawater resources typically have a higher tendency to cause membrane fouling than surface water or groundwater supplies and hence more extensive pre-treatment is required. If this pre-treatment is ineffective then SWRO membranes (see Figure 2) can become fouled, easily requiring more frequent and onerous cleaning regimes to be applied in an attempt to recover membrane flux rates and salt rejection levels.

Effective pre-treatment will maximise RO membrane life and reduce cleaning requirements, thus reducing whole life costs. But various factors are leading to a higher tendency for SWRO fouling. Increased fouling is resulting from membrane design advances such as increased flux rates and improved salt rejection levels, which lead to lower cross flow velocity in the membrane elements, higher velocity across the SWRO membrane surface and longer residence times in the RO system.

ƯÁ¤ ÇöÀ庰·Î Á¤È®ÇÑ Àüó¸® ¼³ºñÀÇ °áÁ¤Àº ½Ã½ºÅÛ ÀüüÀÇ È¿°úÀûÀÎ ¼³°è¸¦ °áÁ¤Çϴµ¥ Áß¿äÇÑ »çÇ×ÀÌ µÈ´Ù. ¿£Áö´Ï¾îµéÀº ÀÌ¿Í À¯»çÇÑ Àû¿ëºÐ¾ßÀÇ °ú°Å ¿î¿µ °æÇèÀ» °í·Á °ËÅäÇؾßÇÏ¸ç ¶ÇÇÑ ½ÇÇè½Ç ¼öÁØÀÇ Å×½ºÆ® ¹× »ùÇøµ Å×½ºÆ® µî¿¡ ÀÇÇØ ¹Ù´å¹° ¼öÁú°ú º¯È­¿¡ ´ëÇÑ Æ¯¼ºÀ» ÆľÇÇØ¾ß ÇÑ´Ù.

±×·¯³ª °øÁ¤ ¼³°èÀÇ È¿À²¼ºÀ» ÃÖ´ë·Î Çϱâ À§ÇÑ À¯ÀÏÇÑ Á¤È®ÇÑ ¹æ¹ýÀº ¼³°è»óÀÇ ¼³ºñ ºÎÇ°À» ¼Ò±Ô¸ðÈ­ÇÑ ÀåÄ¡¸¦ »ç¿ëÇØ ÆÄÀÏ·µ Å×½ºÆ®¸¦ ÇÏ´Â °ÍÀÌ´Ù. ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ ÆÄÀÏ·µ Å×½ºÆ®ÀÇ ¿îÀüÀ» ÅëÇÏ¿© ¿£Áö´Ï¾îµéÀº ¿îÀü °æÇèÀ» ÀÌ¿ëÇØ ¿©·¯ ¿îÀüÀÎÀÚµéÀ» º¯°æÇϰųª ¼öÁ¤ÇÏ°í Àüü ½Ã½ºÅÛ ¼³°è¸¦ °áÁ¤ÇØ¾ß ÇÑ´Ù.

ÆÄÀÏ·µ Ç÷£Æ®´Â º¸´Ù Á¤È®ÇÑ °á°ú¸¦ µµÃâÇس»±â À§ÇÏ¿© ÀûÀýÇÑ Å©±âÀÇ ¼³ºñ·Î ±¸¼ºµÇ¾î¾ß Çϳª, ÀÌ¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ÅõÀÚ ¿¹»ê¿¡ µû¸¥ ºÎ´ãÀ¸·Î ÆÄÀÏ·µ Ç÷£Æ®ÀÇ Å©±â ¹× ¿î¿µ Ÿ´ç¼º¸é¿¡¼­ ¿µÇâÀ» ¹ÌÄ£´Ù. °£È¤ ÆÄÀÏ·µ Å×½ºÆ®¿¡ ´ëÇÑ °æÀï»çµé°£ÀÇ ÃßÁø Àû¿ëÀÌ ÀÔÂûÁ¦¾È¼­ Á¦Ãâ ÀÌÀü¿¡ ¹ßÁÖó·ÎºÎÅÍ ±ÔÁ¤ÀÌ µÇ±âµµ ÇÑ´Ù.

ÆĿ︵À» ¹ß»ý½Ãų ¼ö ÀÖ´Â ¹Ù´å¹° ¿ø¼ö󸮷Π³ªÅ¸³ª´Â ¹®Á¦Á¡Àº ÆĿ︵ÀÇ ÇüÅÂ, °­µµ, ³óµµ¡¤Áֱ⠵ µû¶ó º¯È­ÇÏ°Ô µÈ´Ù. ÀÏ¹Ý ¼öó¸®¿Í °ü·ÃÇØ ¹ß»ýµÇ´Â ¿À¿°¹°Áú°ú º°µµ·Î ƯÈ÷ ºÎÀ¯¼º °íÇü¹°Áú, Źµµ¹°Áú, ÀÚ¿¬¹ß»ýÀ¯±â¹°ÁúÀÎ NOM ¹× oil¡¤grease µî ¹°Áú·Î¸¸ Á¦ÇѵÇÁö ¾Ê°í ¸ðµç ¿À¿°¼º ¹°ÁúÀÌ È¿°úÀûÀ¸·Î Á¦°Å ȤÀº ÃÖ¼ÒÇѵµ·Î °¨¼ÒµÇ¾î¾ß ÇÑ´Ù. ÀÌµé ¹°ÁúÀº Transparent Exopolymer Particles(TEP) ¹× polysaccharides µîÀÇ À¯±â¹°Áúµµ Æ÷ÇԵȴÙ.

Hence, to determine the correct pre-treatment for any specific site is the critical aspect of determining an efficient overall system design. Engineers will take into account past operational experiences on similar supplies, and also bench scale tests and sampling regimes can be used in an attempt to fully characterise seawater quality and variation.

However, the only sure way to maximise the effectiveness of any process design is to undertake sufficient pilot testing, using scaled down unit processes to mimic the unit process components of the proposed design. By operating a pilot system on site the engineer is able to use their expertise to change parameters and modify or re-order unit processes to determine the best overall system design. Pilot plants need to be of an adequate size to be representative and produce valid results but budgets do influence the size of the trail units and hence the validity.

Often the competitive use of pilot trials is specified by clients at the pre-tender stage. The challenges present in the seawater supply resulting in fouling are varied in terms of their type, intensity, concentration and frequency.

Apart from the normal contaminants associated with water treatment, such as but not limited to suspended solids, turbidity, natural organic matter (NOM) and oil and grease, all of which have to be efficiently and effectively removed or at least reduced, there is cellular and extracellular material to consider. These comprise organic components such as transparent exopolymer particles (TEP) and polysaccharides associated with algae.

ÇÑÆí, SWRO Ç÷£Æ®¿¡¼­´Â Ãë¼öÁ¶ ³»¿¡¼­ Á¶·ùÀÇ Áõ½ÄÇö»óÀÌ ÀÚÁÖ ¹ß»ýÇÑ´Ù. À̵éÀº ÀϹÝÀûÀ¸·Î ÀûÁ¶(Red Tides) ȤÀº Harmful Algae Blooms(HABs)À̶ó ºÒ¸®¸ç ´ã¼öÈ­¼³ºñ°¡ Á÷¸éÇÏ´Â Áß¿äÇÑ ¹®Á¦·Î ºÎ»óµÇ°í ÀÖ´Ù.

ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ Á¶·ù Áõ½ÄÀº ¸¹Àº ¾çÀÇ TEP, polysaccharides ¹× À¯µ¶¼º ¹°ÁúÀ» ¹æÃâÇØ SWRO Ç÷£Æ®¿¡ Ä¿´Ù¶õ ¹®Á¦¸¦ ¾ß±â½ÃŲ´Ù. HABs ¹°ÁúÀº SWRO ½Ã½ºÅÛ¿¡ Ä¿´Ù¶õ ¼Õ»óÀ» ÀÏÀ¸Å°¸ç, ¼ö»ý½Ä¹°¿¡ Ä¡¸íÀû ¶¼Á×À½À» ¹ß»ý½ÃÄÑ ÁÖº¯ Áö¿ª¿¡ Ä¿´Ù¶õ È¥¶õÀ» ºÒ·¯¿Â´Ù.



¹Ù´å¹°À» ó¸®ÇÏ´Â °úÁ¤¿¡¼­ ¹ß»ýµÇ´Â ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ ¹®Á¦µéÀ» ¹æÁöÇϱâ À§ÇÑ ¸ñÀûÀ¸·Î ¼³°è ¿£Áö´Ï¾îµéÀÌ ÃßÁøÇÏ´Â Àüó¸® °³º° °øÁ¤À¸·Î´Â chemical¿¡ ÀÇÇÑ Àüó¸®, ±âÁ¸ ÀϹݹæ½ÄÀÇ Àüó¸® ¹× ¸âºê·¹Àο¡ ÀÇÇÑ Àüó¸® ¹æ½ÄÀÌ ÀÖ´Ù.

As reported in the May/June issue of Filtration+Separation, algae bloom events are becoming more frequent at the intake to SWRO plants. These are generally referred to as Red Tides or Harmful Algae Blooms (HABs) and such events are a major challenge facing the desalination industry.

These algae blooms can result in the release of high levels of TEP, polysaccharides and other toxins, providing a significant challenge for the SWRO facility. HABs can not only result in severe disruption to the SWRO system but they can also cause illness and mortality amongst marine life and general chaos in the area affected.

Unit processes available to the process design engineer to tackle the various challenges presented in seawater supplies can be grouped into three main categories: chemical pretreatment, conventional pre-filtration and membrane pre-filtration. We will now consider each in turn.

Chemical¿¡ ÀÇÇÑ Àüó¸®(Chemical pre-treatment)
1960³â´ë RO ±â¼ú¿¡ ÀÇÇÑ ´ã¼öÈ­ ó¸® Ãʱâ Àû¿ë ÀÌ·¡, ÄÝ·ÎÀ̵强 ¹°Áú ¹× ÀÔÀÚ¼º ¹°Áú µî ÆĿ︵ À¯¹ß ¹°ÁúÀÇ Á¦°Å¿ëÀ¸·Î ÀÀÁý(coagulation) ±â¼úÀÌ °¡Àå ÀϹÝÀûÀÎ Àüó¸® ±â¼úÀ̾ú´Ù. ÀÀÁý°øÁ¤Àº ÀÔÀÚ¹°Áú°ú ¿¬°üÀÌ ÀÖ´Â Àü±â ÀüÇϹ°ÁúÀ» Áß¼ºÈ­ÇÔÀ¸·Î½á ÀÛÀº Å©±âÀÇ ÀÔÀÚ¼º ¹°ÁúÀ» Å« Å©±âÀÇ Ç÷ÏÀ¸·Î Çü¼º½ÃÅ°´Â °úÁ¤À¸·Î À̸¦ ƯÈ÷ ȥȭ°øÁ¤(flocculation)À̶ó ºÎ¸¥´Ù.

¿°È­Á¦2ö(ferric chloride)°ú °°Àº ¹«±â¼º ÀÀÁýÁ¦°¡ º¸Åë SWRO Ç÷£Æ®¿¡¼­ »ç¿ëµÇ´Âµ¥ À̵éÀº ÇÕ¼º °íºÐÀÚ ¹°ÁúÀÎ polyelectrolyte µîÀÇ À¯±â¼º ȥȭÁ¦¿Í °áÇյǾî ħÀü(clarification) ¹× ¿©°ú(filtration) °øÁ¤ÀÇ Àü´ÜºÎ¿¡ ÁÖÀԵȴÙ.

ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ ÀÔÀÚ¼º ¹°Áú¿¡ ÀÇÇÑ ÆĿ︵ ÀÌ¿Ü¿¡ SWRO ¸âºê·¹ÀÎÀº ½ºÄÉÀÏ ¹ß»ý ¹× ¿°ºÐ¹°ÁúÀÇ Ä§ÀüÀÛ¿ë¿¡ Ãë¾àÇÑ ¸éÀÌ ÀÖ´Ù. ÀÌ´Â ¹Ù´å¹° 󸮿¡¼­ 50%ÀÇ È¸¼öÀ²·Î ¿îÀüµÇ´Â °æ¿ì RO ¸âºê·¹ÀÎÀ» °ÅÄ¡¸é¼­ ³óÃà¼ö Ãø¿¡¼­ÀÇ ¿°ºÐ ³óµµ´Â À¯ÀÔ ³óµµÀÇ 2¹è°¡ µÉ ¼ö Àֱ⠶§¹®ÀÌ´Ù. ½ºÄÉÀÏ ¹ß»ýÀ» ¾ïÁ¦ÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Â ¹æ¹ýÀº »êÀ» ÁÖÀÔÇØ pH¸¦ ³·Ã߰ųª ºØ¼Ò¿Í °°Àº °úÆ÷È­¼º ÀÌ¿Â Á¦°Å¸¦ ¸ñÇ¥·Î ÀûÀýÇÑ ½ºÄÉÀÏ ¹æÁöÁ¦¸¦ ÁÖÀÔÇÔÀ¸·Î½á °¡´ÉÇÏ´Ù.

¶ÇÇÑ È޹ͻêÀ̳ª ÆÞºò»ê µîÀÇ NOM ¹°Áú Á¦°Å¸¦ ¸ñÇ¥·Î RO ¸âºê·¹Àο¡ »ý¹°ÇÐÀû ÆĿ︵À» ¹æÁöÇÏ´Â ¹æ¹ýÀ¸·Î pre-oxidation ±â¼úÀÌ Àû¿ëµÈ´Ù. ±×·¯³ª ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ ¹æ¹ýÀº ÀϺΠ¸âºê·¹ÀÎ ¼º´É¿¡ ºÎÁ¤ÀûÀÎ È¿°ú¸¦ Á¦°øÇϱ⵵ ÇÑ´Ù. ÇÑÆí, ¿°¼ÒÁÖÀÔ(chlorination) ±â¼ú·Î´Â ¼¼Æ÷ÀÇ ºÐÇظ¦ ¹ß»ý½ÃÅ°¸ç ¼¼Æ÷ ¼ºÀåÀ» ÀÏÀ¸Å°´Â ¹°ÁúµéÀ» ¹èÁ¦½ÃÅ°´Â ¿ªÇÒÀ» ÇÑ´Ù. ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ pre-oxidation °øÁ¤¿¡ »ç¿ëµÇ´Â ¾àÇ°À¸·Î´Â chlorine, bromide, iodine ȤÀº ozone µîÀÌ ÀÖ´Ù.

¶ÇÇÑ UV Á¶»ç ±â¼úÀÌ ¿µ¾ç¿°·ùÀÇ Á¦°Å¿ëÀ¸·Î ¹Ì»ý¹°¿©°ú ¹æ¹ý°ú ÇÔ²² »ç¿ëµÉ ¼ö ÀÖÀ¸¸ç ƯÁ¤ÀÇ biocide ¹°ÁúÀÌ Áö¼ÓÀûÀÎ ÁÖÀÔ ÇüÅ·ΠȤÀº ¸âºê·¹ÀÎ ¼¼Ã´ÀÇ °úÁ¤µ¿¾È ÁÖÀԵDZ⵵ ÇÑ´Ù.

UV ±â¼úÀÌ ¿ÀÁ¸ ±â¼ú°ú º´Çà »ç¿ëµÇ´Â °Í°ú °°ÀÌ pre-oxidationÀ» »ç¿ëÇÑ ¿©·¯ Á¶ÇÕ°øÁ¤ÀÌ »ç¿ëµÉ ¼öµµ ÀÖ´Ù. ÇÑÆí electro-chlorination ±â¼úÀÌ Àü±â Àü·ù¿¡ ÀÇÇÏ¿© ¿°¼Ò¸¦ »êÈ­½ÃÅ°´Â ¸ñÀûÀ¸·Î »ç¿ëµÇ´Âµ¥ À̴ ƯÁ¤ ÇöÀå¿¡¼­´Â ºñ¿ëÀûÀÎ Ãø¸é¿¡¼­ ºÎÁ¤ÀûÀÎ ¹æ¹ýÀÌ µÉ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù.

Coagulation has been one of the most popular pre-treatment processes for the removal of potential foulants such as colloidal and particulate matter since the onset of desalination by reverse osmosis in the 1960s. Coagulation combines small particulates into larger flocs by neutralising the electrostatic charges associated with the particles, a process termed flocculation.

Inorganic coagulants are typically used in SWRO systems, such as ferric chloride, and these can be combined with organic flocculants, such as polyelectrolyte, for dosing in-line ahead of downstream clarification and filtration processes.

In addition to particulate fouling, SWRO membranes are susceptible to scaling and salt precipitation. This is because they typically operate at up to 50% system recovery on seawater applications and hence the concentration of salts can be twice the incoming level in the reject stream from the RO membranes. Scale control can be achieved by dosing acid (to reduce the pH) and various proprietary antiscalant chemicals targeted at certain supersaturated ions, such as boron.

Pre-oxidation is also employed in an attempt to reduce RO biofouling by targeting NOM, such as humic and fulvic acids, but this can have a detrimental effect on membranes that are intolerant to oxidation, and some microorganisms and microbiota are resistant to oxidation. Also, chlorination can cause cell lysis and hence release of substrate which encourages growth. Pre-oxidation chemicals used include chlorine, bromide, iodine or ozone.

UV irradiation can also be used along with biofiltration to remove nutrients, and proprietary biocides can be added as a continuous dose or as part of the membrane cleaning regime. Various combinations of pre-oxidation methods can be employed such as UV in conjunction with ozone. Electrochlorination is used to produce oxidative chlorine from seawater using an electric current although this can be cost prohibitive in some locations.



±âÁ¸ ÀϹݹæ½ÄÀÇ Àüó¸®(Conventional pre-treatment)
SWRO °úÁ¤À» °ÅÄ¡µµ·Ï ¼³°èµÈ ¹Ù´å¹° ó¸®ÀÇ ±âÁ¸ ÀüÇüÀûÀÎ ¹æ¹ýÀ¸·Î´Â sedimentation, media filtration ¹× cartridge filtration µîÀÌ ÀÖÀ¸¸ç ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ ¿©°ú¹æ¹ýÀº single stage ȤÀº double stage¸¦ °¡Áø dual media filtration(DMF)ÀåÄ¡·Î 󸮵ȴÙ.

ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ ¿©°ú±â¼úÀº ³·Àº ³óµµÀÇ ºÎÀ¯¼º ¹°Áú°ú ´Ù¸¥ ¿À¿°¹°ÁúÀ» ó¸®ÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖÀ½¿¡µµ ¹°¿¡ ¶°ÀÖ´Â Á¶·ù¹°ÁúÀ» ó¸®Çϱ⿡´Â Á¡Á¡ ´õ ¾î·ÁÀ§Áö°í ÀÖ´Ù. ÇÑÆí Á¶·ù¹ß»ýÀÌ ¿Õ¼ºÇÑ ½Ã±â¿¡ ÀÀÁýÁ¦ Åõ¿©·®À» Áõ°¡½Ãų Çʿ伺ÀÌ Ä¿Áö¸ç µû¶ó¼­ ÇÊÅÍÀåÄ¡¿¡ À¯ÀԵǴ °íÇü¹° ºÎÇÏ·®ÀÌ Áõ°¡µÇ¸ç ÇÊÅÍÀÇ ¿îÀü½Ã°£ÀÌ Âª¾ÆÁø´Ù. ÀÌ·Î ÀÎÇØ ÀæÀº ¿ª¼¼°¡ ÇÊ¿äÇÏ°í °á±¹ ¿îÀüºñ¿ëÀÇ Áõ°¡¸¦ °¡Á®¿Â´Ù.

´Ã¾î³ª´Â Á¶·ù¹°ÁúÀÇ ºÎÇÏ·®À» È¿°úÀûÀ¸·Î ¾ïÁ¦ÇÏ°í ÈļӰøÁ¤¿¡ °íÇü¹° ºÎÇÏ·®À» °¨¼Ò½ÃÅ°´Â, ¶ÇÇÑ ÀÀÁýÁ¦ Åõ¿©·®À» ÃÖ¼ÒÈ­ÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Â ¹æ¹ýÀ¸·Î Àß ¾Ë·ÁÁ® ÀÖ´Â ±â¼ú·Î °¡¾ÐºÎ»ó±â¼ú(dissolved air flotation, DAF) ÀÌ ÀÖ´Ù. DAF ±â¼úÀº ¿ëÁ¸¼º °ø±âÀÇ °ø±Þ ¹× À¯ÀÔ¼ö ¶óÀο¡ ÀÀÁýÁ¦¸¦ Åõ¿©ÇØ Ã³¸®Çϸç, ±× °á°ú ³óÃàµÈ »óÅÂÀÇ ½½·¯Áö°¡ ¹°¿¡ ¶°ÀÖ´Â ÇüÅ·Π¹ß»ýµÈ´Ù. ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ ¹°ÁúÀº °¡¾ÐºÎ»óÀåÄ¡ Ç¥¸é À§¿¡¼­ ȸ¼ö 󸮵ȴÙ.

DAF ÀåÄ¡¿¡ ¹°ÀÇ ºÎÇÏ·®À» º¯È­½ÃÅ´À¸·Î½á ¶ÇÇÑ °ø±âÀÇ ³óµµ, ÀÀÁýÁ¦ÀÇ ³óµµ, ½½·¯ÁöÀÇ Á¦°ÅÀ²À» ÃÖÀûÈ­Çϸç, DAFÀÇ È¿À²À» ÃÖ´ë·Î ÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù. Á¶·ù¹°ÁúÀº º»ÁúÀûÀ¸·Î °¡º±°í ¹Ðµµ°¡ ³·À¸¹Ç·Î ħÀü¿¡ ÀÇÇÑ °øÁ¤º¸´Ù´Â DAF ±â¼ú¿¡ ÀÇÇÏ¿© ºÎ»ó½ÃÅ°±â¿¡ ÀûÇÕÇÑ ¹°ÁúÀÌ´Ù. µû¶ó¼­ DAF ±â¼úÀÇ Àû¿ëÀº µµ½ÃÀÇ ¸Ô´Â ¹° °ø±Þ ¹× »ê¾÷¿ë °øÁ¤ ó¸®¿ë µî ´Ù¾çÇÑ ¹°»ê¾÷¿¡ Àû¿ëµÇ¾î ÀÌÁ¦´Â ¾ÈÁ¤ÀûÀÌ°í È®°íÇÑ ±â¼ú·Î ÀÚ¸®Àâ°Ô µÇ¾ú´Ù.

The traditional conventional methods of treating seawater intended for processing via SWRO have included sedimentation (following in-line coagulation), media filtration and cartridge filtration. Filtration tends to include single or double stages of dual media filtration (DMF).

Whilst this filtration technology has generally been able to cope with lower suspended solids levels and other contaminants, they have found it increasingly more difficult to cater for the more buoyant and fragile nature of algae. In addition, there is the need to increase the level of coagulant dosing at times of algae blooms ultimately resulting in an increased solids load onto the filters and invariably shorter filter run times or more frequent backwashing, all factors increasing operational costs.

One established technology that is recognised as able to efficiently remove the algae load, and hence reduce the solids load onto downstream processes, but also minimise coagulant chemical requirements, is dissolved air flotation (DAF). DAF essentially works by the release of previously dissolved air and dosing coagulants into the feed supply to produce a treated subnatant and a concentrated waste ¡®sludge¡¯ that is captured and floats to the surface of the DAF unit.

By varying the hydraulic loading on the DAF unit, along with optimising air concentration, coagulant concentration and the sludge removal rate and mechanism, the best DAF efficiency can be determined. As algae are intrinsically light and of low density, the material is naturally suited to flotation using DAF rather than settlement processes.

The application of DAF in the wider water industry for both municipal potable supply and industrial processing is well established and it has been demonstrated that this technology is reliable and robust.

DAF ÀåÄ¡´Â Enpure»ç µî ¿©·¯ Á¦Á¶¾÷üµéÀÌ °ø±ÞÇÏ°í ÀÖÀ¸¸ç Enpure»çÀÇ Enclo-DAF ºê·£µåÀÇ ÀåÄ¡´Â ȥȭÀÇ Ã¼·ù½Ã°£À» 10ºÐ ȤÀº ±× ÀÌÇÏ·Î ÃÖ¼ÒÈ­ÇÏ°í ÀÖ´Ù. ¶ÇÇÑ ÀÌÁ¦±îÁö SWROÀÇ Àüó¸® Àû¿ë¿¡¼­ 30m/h ¼öÁØÀÇ ³ôÀº À¯¼ÓÀ¸·Î ¿îÀüµÇ¾î ¿ÔÀ¸¸ç °á±¹ ¼³Ä¡ Ç÷£Æ®ÀÇ ºÎÁö¸éÀûÀ» ÁÙÀÌ´Â È¿°ú¸¦ ÁÖ°í ÀÖ´Ù.

ÀÌ¿Ü¿¡ ÀϹÝÀûÀÎ Àüó¸® ¹æ¹ý ÇüÅ·δ ÈíÂø(adsorption) ¹× º¹ÇÕ¿©Àç ÇÊÅÍ(multi-media filtration, MMF) ±â¼úÀÌ ÀÖ´Ù. ÈíÂø ±â¼úÀº NOM ¹°ÁúÀ» Á¦°ÅÇÏ´Â ¸ñÀûÀ¸·Î ÇÊÅÍ ¸Þµð¾ÆÀÇ ¼ö´ÜÀ¸·Î ȤÀº Á¢Ã˹æ½ÄÀÇ ÀåÄ¡¸¦ ÅëÇÏ¿© ÁÖÀÔÇÏ´Â ¹æ¹ý µîÀ¸·Î ÀÔÀÚ¼º È°¼ºÅº(granular activated carbob)À» »ç¿ëÇÏ´Â °ÍÀÌ´Ù. MMF ½Ã½ºÅÛÀº ºü¸¥ ¼Óµµ·Î ¿îÀüµÇ´Â ÇÊÅÍ ÀåÄ¡À̳ª Å« Áß·ÂÀÇ ÃßÁø·Â¿¡ ÀÇÇÑ DMFÀåÄ¡º¸´Ù ´À¸° À¯¼ÓÀ¸·Î 󸮵Ǵ °¡¾ÐÇü ÇÊÅÍÀÌ´Ù.

DAF units can be supplied by a number of contractors including Enpure Ltd. Enpure¡¯s packages, such as the Enflo-DAF¢â products, minimise the flocculation residence time requirements at typically 10 minutes or less and to date operate at a high-rate, up to 30m/h in SWRO pre-treatment applications, thereby reducing the footprint required for the overall plant.

Other types of conventional pre-filtration include adsorption and multi-media filtration (MMF). Absorption is typically achieved by using granular activated carbon for the reduction of NOM either as a filter media or by being dosed and recirculated through a contact system. MMF systems are typically
pressurised filters that operate at a higher velocity but tend to treat lower flows than the larger gravity fed DMF processes.

»ç·Ê¿¬±¸ - Ras Al Khair ÇÁ·ÎÁ§Æ®
Enpure»ç´Â »ç¿ìµð¾Æ¶óºñ¾Æ Ras Al Khair ÇÁ·ÎÁ§Æ®¿¡ Âü¿©¡¤ÃßÁøÇÏ°í ÀÖÀ¸¸ç DAF ¹× DMF ±â¼úÀ» SWRO °øÁ¤ÀÇ Àüó¸® °ø¹ýÀ¸·Î »ç¿ëÇÏ°í ÀÖ´Ù. ÀÌ Ç÷£Æ®´Â µÎ»ê Áß°ø¾÷ÀÌ °è¾àÁÖü·Î SWCC(Saline Water Conversion Corporation) ÇöÀå¿¡¼­ ÃßÁøÇÏ°í ÀÖ´Ù. ÀÌ Ç÷£Æ®ÀÇ DAF ¼³ºñ´Â 4¸¸1õ922§©/h ¿ë·®, DMF ¼³ºñ´Â 3¸¸9õ654§©/h ±Ô¸ðÀÌ´Ù. Enpure»ç´Â ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ ¼³ºñÀÇ ½Ã½ºÅÛ ¼³°è, ÁÖ¿ä¼³ºñÀÇ °ø±Þ, ¼³Ä¡¿îÀü ¹× ½Ã¿îÀüÀ» ´ã´çÇÏ¸ç ¿À´Â 5¿ù ¿Ï°ø ¿¹Á¤ÀÌ´Ù.

ÇÁ·ÎÁ§Æ® ¼³°èÀÇ Àüü ¼³ºñ´Â ÆÄÀÏ·µ Å×½ºÆ®ÀÇ ÇöÀ弳ġ ¹× ¿îÀü¿¡ µû¸¥ °á°ú·Î ¼³°èµÇ¾ú´Ù. ÀÌ Áö¿ªÀº »ç¿ìµð¾Æ¶óºñ¾Æ µ¿ºÎ ÇؾȰ¡·Î ¹Ù´å¹° ¿ø¼ö ¼º»óÀº ¾Æ¶óºñ¾Æ °ÉÇÁ¸¸ ºÏºÎ¿¡¼­ÀÇ ¼öÁú°ú À¯»çÇß´Ù. ÆÄÀÌ·µ Ç÷£Æ®ÀÇ ¼³°è´Â TDS (total dissolved solids)°ªÀÌ 3¸¸8õ¡­4¸¸7õ§·/L ¹üÀ§À̸ç TSS(total suspended solids)°ªÀº 20¡­40§·/LÀÇ ¼öÁúÀ» °®´Â ¹Ù´å¹°À» ó¸®Çϵµ·Ï ¼³°èµÆ´Ù.

ÀüÀÚµ¿ Çü½ÄÀÇ full scaleÀÇ DAF ½Ã½ºÅÛÀº Enpure»çÀÇ ´ë¿ë·® EnFlo-Vite ÇÁ·Î¼¼½º¸¦ ÀÌ¿ëÇÑ ÃÑ 16°è¿­·Î ±¸¼ºµÇ¾úÀ¸¸ç ÀÌ¿Ü¿¡ ÃÖ±Ù °³¹ßµÈ distribution system ¹× static mixers, nozzles, headers, air saturators, recycle pumps, dosing pumps, valves, instrumentations ±×¸®°í penstocks µîÀÌ Æ÷ÇԵƴÙ. DAF·ÎºÎÅÍ Ã³¸®µÈ ¹°Àº Áß·Â ÀÛ¿ë¿¡ ÀÇÇØ 40±âÀÇ DMF ½Ã½ºÅÛÀ¸·Î À̵¿µÇ¸ç DMF ½Ã½ºÅÛÀº filter media, filter floors, blowers, backwash pumps, valves ¹× instrumentation µîÀ¸·Î ±¸¼ºµÇ¾î ÀÖ´Ù.

Enpure is currently working on the Ras Al Khair Project in Saudi Arabia, a GBP16.3 million DAF/DMF SWRO pre-treatment plant for the Doosan Heavy Industries and Construction Company Ltd at a Saline Water Conversion Corporation site (see Figure 3).

The DAF plant is sized to treat 41,922§©/h, and the DMF treats 39,654§©/h. Enpure was contracted to design the system, supply key equipment and supervise installation, with commissioning scheduled for completion in May 2013.

An integral component of the project philosophy was the supply and operation of an integrated pilot testing phase. Ras Al Khair is located on the Eastern seaboard of Saudi Arabia and the raw seawater conditions are generally typical of those found in the northern end of the Arabian Gulf. A pilot plant was designed to treat seawater with total dissolved solids (TDS) ranging from 38,000 mg/l to 47,000§·/L and total suspended solids (TSS) ranging from 20§·/L to 40§·/L.

The fully automated full scale DAF system comprises 16 streams of Enpure¡¯s high-rate EnFlo-ViteTM process, incorporating a recently developed distribution system, static mixers, nozzles, headers, air saturators, recycle pumps, dosing pumps, instrumentation, valves and penstocks.

The treated filtrate from the DAF system passes forward via gravity flow to 40 DMF streams comprising filter media, filter floors, blowers, backwash pumps, instrumentation and valves.

DAF ¹× DMF °øÁ¤¿¡¼­´Â SWRO °øÁ¤ÀÇ À¯ÀÔ¼ö·Î °ø±ÞÇϱâ Àü¿¡ ¾ö°ÝÇÑ À¯ÀÔ¼ö ±âÁØ¿¡ ¸Â°Ô ¹Ù´å¹°À» ó¸®ÇÒ ÇÊ¿ä°¡ ÀÖ´Ù. ÀÌ ±âÁØÀº DMF ÈÄ´ÜÀÇ »ý»ê¼ö ¼öÁúÀÇ Å¹µµ°ªÀÌ 0.5 NTUº¸´Ù À۾ƾßÇϸç SDI(silt density index) °ªÀÌ 4º¸´Ù ÀÛ¾Æ¾ß ÇÑ´Ù. ÆÄÀÏ·µ Ç÷£Æ®¿¡¼­ DAF ÀåÄ¡´Â ÇϳªÀÇ EnFlo-Vite °è¿­·Î ±¸¼ºµÇ¾î 61.2§©/h ±Ô¸ð·Î ó¸®ÇÑ ÈÄ 4±âÀÇ DMF ÀåÄ¡·Î Èê·¯ º¸³»¸ç °¢°¢ÀÇ DMF ÀåÄ¡´Â 2.5§©/h ó¸® ±Ô¸ðÀÌ´Ù.

ÆÄÀÏ·µ Å×½ºÆ®´Â 9°³¿ù µ¿¾È Áö¼ÓÀûÀ¸·Î ¿î¿µ, ÀÌÁ¦±îÁö ¸ñÇ¥ ¼º´É ±âÁØÄ¡ À̳»¿¡¼­ Àß ¿î¿µµÇ¾î ¿ÔÀ¸¸ç DMF¿¡¼­ÀÇ »ý»ê¼ö ¼öÁúµµ SWRO À¯ÀÔ¼ö Á¶°ÇÀ» ÃæÁ·ÇÏ°í ÀÖ´Ù. ÆÄÀÏ·µ Ç÷£Æ® ¼³ºñ´Â º¸Á¶¿ë ÆßÇÁ, ¾àÇ°ÁÖÀÔÀåÄ¡ ¹× ÄÜÆ®·Ñ ÆdzÚ, ÃæºÐÇÑ ½ÇÇè½Ç¿ë Àåºñ µîÀ¸·Î ±¸¼ºµÇ¾î ÀÖÀ¸¸ç 2°³ÀÇ ¿¡¾îÄܵð¼î´× ÀåÄ¡°¡ ºÎÂøµÈ ÄÜÅ×ÀÌ³Ê ³»ºÎ¿¡ ¼³Ä¡µÆ´Ù.

The DAF and DMF stages are required to treat the seawater to meet strict criteria (post DMF) prior to pumping to the SWRO process stage. These are turbidity <0.5 NTU and SDI (silt density index, after a 15 minute test) <4 at the DMF common filtrate.

The DAF pilot plant comprised a single EnFlo-Vite¢â stream, treating 61.2§©/h followed by four DMF units each treating 2.5§©/h. The pilot plant has completed over nine months of continuous operation. Enpure say that the results to date demonstrate that the process is operating well within the specified performance limits; with the DMF achieving the required SWRO feed water specification.

The pilot plant included ancillary pumps, chemical dosing systems, control panels (inclusive of programmable logic control, with human interface, to provide automatic operation) and a fully equipped laboratory, all built into two, fully air-conditioned container units.

¸âºê·¹Àο¡ ÀÇÇÑ Àüó¸®(Membrane pre-treatment)
À§¿¡ ¾ð±ÞµÈ °Í°ú °°Àº ÀüÇüÀûÀÎ ¿©·¯ °øÁ¤ÀÌ SWROÀÇ Àü󸮿ëÀ¸·Î ´Ù¾çÇÏ°Ô »ç¿ëµÇ¾î ¿ÔÀ¸³ª, º¸´Ù ¼¼¹ÐÇÑ ¼³°èÀÇ ÁøÇà ¹× Á¤±³ÇÑ ¿îÀü Á¶Àý µîÀÇ Çʿ伺ÀÌ ´ëµÎµÊ¿¡ µû¶ó ÀϹÝÀûÀ¸·Î UF¡¤MF ¸âºê·¹ÀÎÀ» »ç¿ëÇÏ·Á´Â °æÇâÀÌ Áõ°¡ÇÏ°í ÀÖ´Ù.

ÇÑÆí NF¡¤RO ¸âºê·¹ÀÎÀÇ »ç¿ëµµ ±ØÈ÷ ÀϺΠÁ¦ÇÑÀûÀ¸·Î »ç¿ëÀÌ µÇ°í ÀÖ´Â Ãß¼¼ÀÌ´Ù. ´ëºÎºÐÀÇ UF¡¤MF ¸âºê·¹ÀÎ Á¦Á¶»çµéÀº SDI °ªÀ» 2º¸´Ù ÀÛµµ·Ï º¸ÁõÇÏ°í ÀÖÀ¸¸ç ¿©·¯ ´Ù¾çÇÑ ÆÄÀÏ·µ Å×½ºÆ®¸¦ ¼ö½Ê³â °£ ½ÇÇàÇØ ¿Ô´Ù.

UF ¸âºê·¹ÀÎ ±â¼úÀº °øÁ¤¼³°è ¿£Áö´Ï¾îµé¿¡°Ô ¿À¿°¹°Áú Á¦°Å¿Í RO ÀåÄ¡ÀÇ À¯ÀÔ¼öÀÇ ¼öÁú°£ÀÇ ÃÖÀûÀÇ ±ÕÇü»óŸ¦ Á¦°øÇÏ°í ÀÖ´Ù. ±×·¯³ª ÀÌ¹Ì ¾ð±ÞÇÑ ¹Ù¿Í °°ÀÌ ¾î¶² ´ÜÀÇ °øÁ¤ÀÇ ¼±Åõµ ÇöÀåÀÇ Æ¯¼öÇÑ È¯°æ Á¶°Ç¿¡ µû¶ó º¯ÇÏ°Ô µÈ´Ù.

UF ½Ã½ºÅÛµµ ƯÁ¤ Á¶°ÇÇÏ¿¡¼­´Â ÀÚüÀÇ Àüó¸® °øÁ¤ÀÌ ÇÊ¿äÇϸç ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ °øÁ¤À¸·Î´Â ÀÌ¹Ì ¾ð±ÞÇÑ °øÁ¤µé·Î 󸮵Ǿî¾ß ÇÑ´Ù. DAF ±â¼úÀÌ UF ±â¼ú°ú °øµ¿À¸·Î »ç¿ëµÇ±âµµ Çϸç Á¶·ù¹°Áú Á¦°ÅÀÇ °æ¿ì¿¡´Â DMF ±â¼úÀÇ ´ëü °øÁ¤À¸·Î Àû¿ëµÇ±âµµ ÇÑ´Ù.

SWROÀÇ À¯ÀÔ¼ö ¼öÁúÀ» °³¼±Çϱâ À§ÇÑ ¸ñÀûÀ¸·Î UF ½Ã½ºÅÛ Àü´Ü°è¿¡¼­ ÀÀÁýÁ¦°¡ »ç¿ëµÉ ¼öµµ ÀÖ´Ù. °¡Àå È¿À²ÀûÀÎ ¹æ¹ýÀ¸·Î´Â ÀÚµ¿È­µÈ ½Ã½ºÅÛÀ¸·Î ¼³°èÇÏ´Â °ÍÀÌ¸ç ¼öÁúÀÌ ¾ÈÁÁÀº °æ¿ì¿¡´Â ÀÀÁýÁ¦ Åõ¿©¸¦ Á¶ÀýÇϸç ÀÏ¹Ý ÀüÇüÀûÀÎ Àü󸮿¡¼­ ¼Ò¸ðµÇ´Â ³óµµÀÇ 1/3 Á¤µµ·Î Á¶ÀýÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù. ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ ÀÀÁýÁ¦ ³óµµ´Â À¯ÀÔ¼ö ¼öÁúÀÌ ¾ÆÁÖ ÁÁÀº °æ¿ì¿¡´Â °ÅÀÇ Á¦·Î ¼öÁØÀ¸·Î ³·Ãâ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù.

With the exception of DAF, whilst conventional processes have been widely used for SWRO pre-treatment, the need for careful design and close operator control has resulted in the increasing popularity of using ultrafiltration (UF), microfiltration (MF) and also, to a lesser extent, nanofiltration (NF) systems for SWRO pre-treatment. Various manufacturers of MF/UF technology will guarantee SDI < 2 (providing specified inlet parameters are not exceeded) and extensive pilot testing has been undertaken over recent decades.

UF membranes probably give the process design engineer the best balance between contaminant removal and RO feed quality but, as we have stated, any unit process selection would be dependent on site specific conditions. It is important to note that UF systems may require their own pre-treatment in certain conditions and these could include the processes already described. DAF technology can be combined with UF and could, in the example of algae removal, provide an alternative to either single or two stage DMF.

Coagulation can be used up front of UF systems with the potential to improve SWRO feed quality further. The best option can be to use an automated system to utilise a low coagulant dose during periods of poor feed quality, typically at a third or less of the concentration required by conventional pretreatment. This concentration can then be reduced, potentially to zero, when feed quality is good.

RO ±â¼úÀÇ ¿ø¸®¿¡ µû¶ó »ïÅõÇö»ó(osmosis)À» È°¿ëÇÏ´Â °¡Àå È®½ÇÇÑ ¹æ¹ýÀº °øÁ¤À» ¿ªÀ¸·Î Áï, ¿ª»ïÅõ(reverse osmosis) ÇüÅ·ΠÇÏ´Â °ÍÀÌ´Ù. ¸âºê·¹ÀΠǥ¸é¿¡ »ý±â´Â »ïÅõ¾Ð ÀÌ»óÀ¸·Î saline water Ãø¿¡ ¾Ð·ÂÀ» °¡ÇÏ¸é ¹°Àº ¸âºê·¹ÀÎ ¸éÀ» °æ°è·Î saline waterÃø¿¡¼­ fresh waterÃøÀ¸·Î À̵¿µÈ´Ù.

±×·¯³ª ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ RO ±â¼ú ¿ø¸®¿Í ´Ù¸£°Ô Á÷Á¢»ïÅõ(direct osmosis)¿¡ ÀÇÇÑ Ã³¸® °øÁ¤Àº »ïÅõÀÇ ¿ø¸®¸¦ ÀÌ¿ëÇÔÀ¸·Î½á »ý±â´Â ¿¡³ÊÁö¸¦ È°¿ëÇØ Ã³¸®¸¦ ÇÏ´Â »õ·Î¿î ±â¼úÀÌ´Ù. ÀÌ´Â SWRO ½Ã½ºÅÛÀÇ Àüó¸® °øÁ¤À¸·Î RO ¿©°úó¸®µÈ ¹°À» ÀÌ ±â¼úÀ» ÀÌ¿ëÇØ Ã³¸® µÇµµ·Ï ¼³°èµÈ ½Ã½ºÅÛÀ» Á¤»ïÅõ ±â¼ú (forward osmosis, FO) À̶ó ºÎ¸¥´Ù. ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ FO ±â¼ú¿¡¼­´Â FO ¸âºê·¹ÀÎÀ» °ÅÃļ­ ¹°ÀÌ Åë°úµÇµµ·Ï ÇÏ´Â ÃßÁø·ÂÀ¸·Î draw solution À̶ó ºÎ¸£´Â ÃßÁø·ÂÀÌ »ç¿ëµÈ´Ù.

ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ draw solutionÀº ¹Ù´å¹°º¸´Ù ´õ ³óÃàÀÌ µÈ °í³óµµÀÇ ¿ë¾×ÀÌ »ç¿ëµÇ¸ç ´ëÇ¥ÀûÀÎ °ÍÀ¸·Î ammonium bicarbonate°¡ ÀÖ´Ù. FO ¸âºê·¹ÀÎÀº saline water¿Í ÇÔ²² °ø±ÞµÇ¸ç ¸âºê·¹ÀÎ ¾ç´Ü°£ÀÇ ³óµµ Â÷ÀÌ·Î ÀÎÇÑ direct osmosis¿¡ µû¶ó 󸮵Ǵ ¹°Àº draw solution ÂÊÀ¸·Î À̵¿ÇÏ°Ô µÈ´Ù. draw solution ³»ÀÇ ¿ëÁúÀº ´Ù½Ã ȸº¹µÇ¾î Àç»ç¿ëµÇµµ·Ï º¸ÃæÀÌ µÇ¸ç, »ïÅõ Çö»ó¿¡ ÀÇÇØ Ã³¸®°¡ ÀÌ·ç¾îÁø Á¤È­µÈ ±ú²ýÇÑ ¹° »óÅÂÀÇ draw solution ¿ë¾×Àº SWRO °øÁ¤¿¡¼­ ÈļӰøÁ¤ÀÇ »ý»ê¼ö·Î µÈ´Ù.

As described in a previous article on cost effective desalination (Filtration+Separation July/August 2011), the established way of exploiting osmosis is to operate the process in reverse (reverse osmosis) by applying pressure to the saltwater side of the membrane to overcome the osmotic pressure and drive water from the saline to the freshwater side of the membrane.

However, direct (as opposed to reverse) osmosis processes offer a different novel approach through the potential for harnessing energy by exploiting the osmotic principle. Systems which are designed to treat filtered water as a pre-treatment technology directly prior to SWRO system are called Forward Osmosis (FO) systems. A draw solution is used in the FO process to create a driving force for freshwater to pass through the FO membrane.

This draw solution is more concentrated than the seawater and is a solution of an osmotic agent, typically ammonium bicarbonate. The FO membrane is supplied with saline water and the permeate passes through into the draw solution by direct osmosis due to the difference in concentration. The solutes in the draw solution are then recovered and reused and the purified draw solution forms the treated water for downstream processing in the SWRO system.

°á·Ð(Conclusions)
»ç¿ëµÇ´Â Àüó¸® ±â¼ú¿¡ µû¶ó ¼±ÅÃÀûÀ¸·Î ƯÁ¤ÀÇ ¿À¿°¹°ÁúÀ» ¹èÁ¦ÇÏ°Ô µÇ¸ç, SWRO ¸âºê·¹ÀÎÀÇ ÆĿ︵ ¹ß»ý¿¡µµ ¼­·Î ´Ù¸¥ È¿°ú¸¦ ¹ÌÄ£´Ù. µû¶ó¼­ È¿°úÀûÀ̸ç ÃÖÀûÀÇ ½Ã½ºÅÛÀ» º¸ÁõÇϱâ À§ÇÏ¿© ÀûÀýÇÑ ´ÜÀ§ °øÁ¤À» ¼±ÅÃÇÏ´Â ¹æ¹ý¿¡¼­ °øÁ¤¼³°è ¿£Áö´Ï¾îÀÇ ¿ªÇÒÀº ¸Å¿ì Áß¿äÇÏ´Ù. ¿¹¸¦ µé¾î Á¶·ù¹°Áú°ú °°Àº ¿À¿°¹°ÁúÀÌ ÇÔÀ¯µÈ ¿ø¼ö ¼öÁúº¯È­°¡ Å« °æ¿ì¿¡´Â ó¸®ÇϱⰡ ¸Å¿ì ³­ÇØÇϸç À̴ ó¸®°øÁ¤ ¼³°è¿¡ Ä¿´Ù¶õ ¹®Á¦Á¡À¸·Î ¹ß»ýµÇ°í ÀÖ´Ù.

µû¶ó¼­ ´Ù¸¥ ÇöÀå¿¡¼­ ¾ò°Ô µÇ´Â °æÇè µ¥ÀÌÅ͸¦ ÀÌ¿ëÇϰųª ±×¸®°í È¿°úÀûÀÎ ÆÄÀÏ·µ Å×½ºÆ® ÇÁ·Î±×·¥À¸·Î ÇÁ·ÎÁ§Æ®¸¦ ÁøÇàÇÏ´Â ¹æ¹ýÀ¸·Î È¿°úÀûÀÎ ½Ã½ºÅÛ ¼³°è°¡ µÉ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù. ±×¸®°í ÃÖÀû ¼±Á¤µÈ °øÁ¤¼³°èÀÇ ½Ã½ºÅÛÀÌ Æ¯Á¤ ¿­¾ÇÇÑ È¯°æÁ¶°Ç, Áï ¹Ù´å¹°ÀÇ ±¸¼º¼ººÐ°ú ¿Âµµ µî¿¡ ¿µÇâÀ» ÁÙ ¼ö ÀÖ´Â ±âÈÄȯ°æ º¯È­ÀÇ °æ¿ì¿¡¼­´Â ¿î¿µÀÌ Á¤»óÈ­µÇÁö ¾ÊÀ» ¼öµµ ÀÖ´Ù´Â °ÍÀ» ÀÌÇØÇØ¾ß ÇÑ´Ù. µû¶ó¼­ ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ º¯È­¸¦ »çÀü¿¡ ¸ð´ÏÅÍÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖµµ·Ï ´ã¼öÈ­ ¼³ºñ¿¡¼­ÀÇ »çÀü ÇöÀå ¸ð´ÏÅ͸µ ¹× ÀûÀýÇÑ ÃÖÀûÈ­ ½Ã½ºÅÛ ±¸ÃàÀÌ ÇÊ¿äÇÏ´Ù.

º¸ÆíÈ­µÈ UF ±â¼úÀÇ »ç¿ë, Á¶·ù¹°Áú Á¦°Å¸¦ À§ÇÑ DAF ÀåÄ¡ÀÇ ÀûÀý¼º ±×¸®°í Àü·Â ¼Ò¸ð·®À» ÁÙÀ̱â À§ÇÑ FO ±â¼úÀÇ Àû¿ë µî, ¿©·¯ °¡Áö Àüó¸® ¹æ¹ýÀ» È¿°úÀûÀ¸·Î ¼­·Î °áÇÕ »ç¿ëÇÔÀ¸·Î½á SWRO Ç÷£Æ®ÀÇ Àüü ½Ã½ºÅÛ ¾ÈÁ¤¼ºÀº Ä¿Áö°Ô µÇ¸ç ÇÑÆíÀ¸·Î´Â Áö¼ÓÀûÀ¸·Î ¿îÀü¼ö¸í¿¡ µû¸¥ ºñ¿ë Àý°¨À» °¡Á®¿À°Ô µÈ´Ù. ¶ÇÇÑ º¸´Ù Á¤±³ÇÑ °øÁ¤ ÄÁÆ®·Ñ ¹× ¿îÀüÇöȲ ¸ð´ÏÅ͸µ ±â¼ú·Î ±âÈĺ¯È­¿¡ ´ëÇÑ Áï°¢ÀûÀÎ ´ëó°¡ °¡´ÉÇÏ°Ô µÉ °ÍÀÌ´Ù.

Different pre-treatment technologies will often preferentially remove certain contaminants and will have different effects on SWRO membrane fouling. Hence, the role of the process design engineer in selecting the appropriate unit processes is critical to ensure an efficient and optimised system. Highly variable feed water with contaminants such as algae, which have been traditionally difficult to treat, presents considerable challenges.

Only by using experiences gained on other sites and projecting this onto an effective pilot testing programme can an effective system be developed. It may then also be important to note that the chosen process design may not operate efficiently under certain conditions or with changing climate or weather conditions affecting local seawater composition and temperature (see Figure 4).

Hence, ongoing monitoring and optimisation of the desalination system is required to ensure any changes are detected early. By effectively and efficiently combining various pre-treatment processes, such as the popularity of UF membranes, the suitability of DAF for solving algae problems and the implementation of FO to reduce power requirements, it will be possible to increase the overall reliability of SWRO systems whilst continuing to drive down whole life costs. More sophisticated process control and operational monitoring will also enable systems to be adapted in response to the challenges of climate change.

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