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À̸§ °ü¸®ÀÚ waterindustry@hanmail.net ÀÛ¼ºÀÏ 2013.10.31 Á¶È¸¼ö 1094
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¿¬°£ ¼ö½Ê ¾ï À¯·Î¿¡ À̸£´Â ºñ¿ëÀÌ ¸Å³â ¹ß»ýÇÏ´Â 1Á¶ ¸®ÅÍ¿¡ ´ÞÇÏ´Â Æó¼ö¸¦ ó¸®ÇÏ´Â µ¥ ¼Ò¿äµÉ »Ó ¾Æ´Ï¶ó, »ó´çÇÑ ¾çÀÇ ¿¡³ÊÁö ¿ª½Ã ¼ÒºñµÇ°í ÀÖ´Ù. ±×·¯³ª ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ Æó¼ö´Â Àç»ý °¡´ÉÇÑ ÀÚ¿øÀ¸·Î ÀÛ¿ëÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖÀ¸¸ç, ¸¹Àº ¾çÀÇ ¿¡³ÊÁö¿Í ºñ¿ëÀ» Àý°¨ÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù.
 
±× ÀÌÀ¯´Â Æó¼ö°¡ Àü±â, ¼ö¼Ò ¹× °¡¼º¼Ò´Ù(caustic soda) °°Àº °íºÎ°¡ °¡Ä¡ÀÇ È­Çй°Áú µîÀ» »ý»êÇϴµ¥ ÀÌ¿ëµÉ ¼ö ÀÖ´Â À¯±â ¿À¿°¹°Áú(organic pollutant)À» ÇÔÀ¯ÇÏ°í Àֱ⠶§¹®ÀÌ´Ù.

À¯±â¹°ÀÌ Æó¼ö¸¦ Á¤È­½ÃÅ°´Â µ¿½Ã¿¡ Àü±âÈ­ÇÐÀû ÀüÁö¿¡¼­ Àü±âÀûÀ¸·Î È°¼ºÀ» ¶ì´Â ¹ÚÅ׸®¾Æ¿¡ ÀÇÇØ ºÐÇصȴٸé, Æó¼ö·ÎºÎÅÍ Àü±â¸¦ ºñ·ÔÇÑ °íºÎ°¡ °¡Ä¡ È­Çй°ÁúÀ» »ý¼º½ÃÅ°´Â °øÁ¤ÀÌ ´Þ¼ºµÉ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù. ¹ÙÀÌ¿À-Àü±âÈ­ÇÐÀû ½Ã½ºÅÛ(bio-electrochemical system)°ú °°Àº »ç·Ê¿¡´Â ¹Ì»ý¹° ¿¬·á ÀüÁö(MFCs; microbial fuel cells)¿Í ¹Ì»ý¹° Àü±â ºÐÇØ ÀüÁö(MECs; microbial electrolysis cells) µîÀÌ Æ÷ÇԵȴÙ.

EU´Â »ó´çÇÑ ¿¡³ÊÁö Àý°¨À¸·Î À̾îÁú ¼ö ÀÖ´Â Çõ½ÅÀû ÇÁ·ÎÁ§Æ®¸¦ µ¶·ÁÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Â ¹æ¾ÈÀ» ã°í ÀÖ´Ù. ±×·¯ÇÑ À̴ϼÅƼºê Áß Çϳª·Î ¾ÆÀÏ·£µå °øÈ­±¹ ¼Ò¼ÓÀÇ ¿¬±¸ÁøÀº »õ·Î¿î ¿¬±¸¸¦ ¼öÇàÇßÀ¸¸ç, ÀÌ ¿¬±¸´Â ¹ÙÀÌ¿À-Àü±âÈ­ÇÐÀû ½Ã½ºÅÛÀÇ ÇöÀå¿¡ ÃÊÁ¡À» ¸ÂÃß¾î, Àü±Ø Ç¥¸é È­ÇÐÀ» ¾î¶»°Ô º¯°æÇÏ´Â °ÍÀÌ ´õ ¸¹Àº Àü±â¸¦ »ý¼ºÇÒ ¼ö Àִ°¡¸¦ Á¶¸íÇß´Ù.

°ü·Ã ³í¹®ÀÇ Á¦¸ñÀº ¡°°³¼±µÈ ¹Ì»ý¹° Àü±âÃ˸ŠÀÛ¿ëÀ» À§ÇÑ Åº¼Ò ¾ç±ØÀÇ ¾Æ¸±¾Æ¹Î ±â´ÉÈ­(Arylamine functionalization of carbon anodes for improved microbial electrocatalysis)¡±À̸ç, ¸¶¸® Äû¸® ÇÁ·Î±×·¥(Marie Curie Programme)ÀÇ Áö¿øÀ¸·Î ¼öÇàµÆ´Ù. ÀÌ ¿¬±¸´Â Æó¼ö ó¸®¿Í »ýÈ­ÇÐ ¹× ¹ÙÀÌ¿À¿¬·á »ý»ê µîÀ» Æ÷ÇÔÇÑ È¯°æ ¹× ¿¡³ÊÁö ¼öÇà·ÂÀ» °³¼±Çϱâ À§ÇÏ¿© Á¶¸íµÈ ´Ù¼öÀÇ ºÐ¾ß¿¡ Áï°¢ÀûÀÎ ¿µÇâÀ» ÃÊ·¡ÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖÀ» °ÍÀ¸·Î ±â´ëµÈ´Ù.

ÇÁ·ÎÁ§Æ®´Â ¹Ì»ý¹°-Àü±Ø °è¸é(microbial-electrode interface)À» Á¶»çÇÏ´Â µ¥¼­ Ãâ¹ßÇß´Ù. ÀÌ °è¸éÀº ¹ÙÀÌ¿À-Àü±âÈ­ÇÐÀû ½Ã½ºÅÛÀ» »ý¼ºÇϱâ À§ÇÏ¿© ¹Ì»ý¹°ÀÌ °íü Àü±Ø°ú ÀüÀÚ¸¦ ±³È¯ÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ°Ô ÇØÁÖ´Â º¹ÀâÇÑ ¹°¸®-È­ÇÐ ¹× »ý¹°ÇÐÀû »óÈ£ ÀÛ¿ëÀÌ ÀÌ·ç¾îÁö´Â Àå¼ÒÀÌ´Ù.

¿¬±¸ÆÀÀº ¹Ì»ý¹° ±ºÁýÀÌ Àü±Ø°ú ¿¬°áÇϴµ¥ µµ¿òÀ» ÁÖ°í, µû¶ó¼­ º¯°æµÇÁö ¾ÊÀº Àü±Ø°ú ºñ±³ÇÏ¿© º¸´Ù ´õ ½Å¼ÓÇÏ°Ô º¸´Ù ´õ ¸¹Àº Àü±â¸¦ »ý»êÇÑ´Ù´Â Áõ°Å¸¦ ¹ß°ßÇß´Ù. ÀüÀÚ ±³È¯(electron exchange)Àº ¼ÒÀ§ ¹ÙÀÌ¿À-Àü±âÈ­ÇÐÀû ½Ã½ºÅÛÀ̶ó°í ºÒ¸®´Â ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ ½Ã½ºÅÛ»Ó ¾Æ´Ï¶ó ÀÚ¿¬Àû ¼¼°è¿¡¼­ ÀϾ´Â ¹ÝÀÀÀÇ Áß½ÉÀÌ´Ù.

¹Ì»ý¹° ¹ÙÀÌ¿À Àü±âÈ­ÇÐÀû ½Ã½ºÅÛ(BES; microbial bioelectrochemical system)¿¡¼­, ´Ù¾çÇÑ Àç·á¿Í ¹Ì»ý¹°ÀÌ ÀüÀÚ¸¦ ±³È¯ÇÏ´Â ´É·ÂÀ» ±â¹ÝÀ¸·Î ¼±ÅõȴÙ. ±×·¯³ª ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ ½Ã½ºÅÛ¿¡ ´ëÇÑ »ó´ëÀûÀ¸·Î ³·Àº Àü·ù ¹Ðµµ¿Í ±ä ½Ãµ¿ ½Ã°£ ¶§¹®¿¡, ¹Ì»ý¹°À» ÀÌ¿ëÇÏ´Â BES ±â¼úÀÇ ÁøÈ­´Â Àü±Ø Ç¥¸é¿¡ ¹ÙÀÌ¿ÀÃ˸ÅÀÇ Àû¿ë °°Àº º¸´Ù ´õ È¿À²ÀûÀÎ ¹Ì»ý¹°ÀÇ ¿¬°è¸¦ ÇÊ¿ä·Î ÇÑ´Ù.
 
Àü±Ø Ç¥¸é¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ÀǵµÀûÀ¸·Î Á¦¾îµÈ º¯°æÀº ¹ÚÅ׸®¾Æ¿Í Àü±Ø »çÀÌ¿¡ ÀüÀÚ ±³È¯ ¸ÞÄ¿´ÏÁòÀ» º¸´Ù ´õ ¿¬±¸ÇÏ°í ÁýÁßÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Â °æ·Î¸¦ Á¦°øÇÑ´Ù. ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ °úÁ¤Àº ½Ç¿ëÀûÀÎ ÀÀ¿ëÀ» °¡´ÉÇÏ°Ô ÇÏ´Â BES ¼öÇà·Â °­È­·Î À̾îÁø´Ù.

¿¬±¸ÆÀÀº ±×·¡ÆÄÀÌÆ® Àü±Ø¿¡ ¾Æ¸±¾Æ¹Î ÀÛ¿ë±â(arylamine functional group)¸¦ µµÀÔÇß´Ù. ¾Æ¸±¾Æ¹ÎÀº ƯÁ¤ È­ÇÐ ¹ÝÀÀÀ» Ã˸ÅÈ­ÇÏ´Â È¿¼ÒÀÌ´Ù. ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ È¿¼ÒÀÇ Ãß°¡´Â º¯°æµÇÁö ¾ÊÀº ¾ç±Ø¿¡¼­ °üÂûµÇ´Â ¹Ì»ý¹° »ý¹°¸·(microbial biofilm)¿¡ ÀÇÇÑ ¾Æ¼¼Å×ÀÌÆ® »êÈ­(acetate oxidation)¿Í °ü·ÃµÈ Ãʱâ Ã˸Ÿ¦ °³¼±ÇÏ´Â °á°ú·Î À̾îÁø´Ù.

¿¬±¸ÁøÀº ¼±À» ¿¬°áÇÑ ¹Ì»ý¹°ÀÌ Àü±â¸¦ º¸´Ù ´õ ½Å¼ÓÇÏ°Ô »ý¼º ¹× ¼öÇàÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖµµ·Ï ÀÌ¿ë °¡´ÉÇÏ´Ù´Â °ÍÀ» ÀÔÁõÇß´Ù. ¿¬±¸´Â ¾ÆÀÏ·£µå °øÈ­±¹ ¼­ºÎ °ñ¿þÀÌ(Galway) Áö¿ª¿¡ À§Ä¡ÇÑ ¹ÙÀÌ¿ÀºÐÀÚ ÀüÀÚ±â±â ¿¬±¸ ½ÇÇè½Ç(Biomolecular Electronics Research Laboratory)¿¡¼­ ¼öÇàµÆ´Ù. ÀÌ ¿¬±¸¼Ò´Â ¼ö³â µ¿¾È ¹Ì»ý¹°¿¡ ÀÇÇÑ Àü±ØÀÇ ¼±Åÿ¡ ´ëÇÑ Á¶°ÇÀ» Á¶»çÇØ¿Ô´Ù.

±×·¡ÆÄÀÌÆ® Àü±Ø¿¡ ¾Æ¸±¾Æ¹Î ÀÛ¿ë±âÀÇ µµÀÔÀº º¯°æµÇÁö ¾ÊÀº ¾ç±Ø¿¡¼­ °üÂûµÈ °á°ú¿Í ºñ±³ÇÒ ¶§, ¹Ì»ý¹° »ý¹°¸·¿¡ ÀÇÇÑ ¾Æ¼¼Å×ÀÌÆ® »êÈ­¸¦ À§ÇÑ Ãʱâ Ã˸ŠÀÛ¿ëÀ» °³¼±ÇÏ´Â °á°ú·Î À̾îÁ³´Ù. ¾Æ¸±¾Æ¹ÎÀ¸·Î º¯°æµÈ ¾ç±ØÀÌ 3.4 A m?2ÀÇ Àü·ù ¹Ðµµ¸¦ ´Þ¼ºÇÏ´Â ÇÑÆí, º¯°æµÇÁö ¾ÊÀº ¾ç±ØÀº ÃÖÃÊÀÇ ¹èÄ¡ Çǵå ÁÖ±â(batch feed cycle) µ¿¾È 1.3 A m?2ÀÇ ³·Àº Àü·ù ¹Ðµµ¸¦ ´Þ¼ºÇß´Ù.
 
Ç¥¸é ±â´ÉÈ­ Àü·«(surface functionalization strategy)Àº ¹Ì»ý¹° ¹ÙÀÌ¿À Àü±âÈ­ÇÐÀû ½Ã½ºÅÛ °øÁ¤ ¼öÇà·ÂÀ» °­È­½ÃÅ°´Â °æ·Î¸¦ Á¦°øÇÏ°í, ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ ½Ã½ºÅÛ¿¡ °ü¿©ÇÏ´Â º¹ÀâÇÑ ¸ÞÄ¿´ÏÁò¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ¿¬±¸ °æ·Î¸¦ Á¦°øÇÑ´Ù.

ºñ·Ï Ãß°¡ÀûÀÎ ¿¬±¸°¡ Áß¿äÇÑ ¹ÙÀÌ¿À±â¼úÀ» º¸°­ÇÏ´Â Áß¿äÇÑ »ý¹°ÇÐ ¹× °øÇÐÀû ¹®Á¦¸¦ ÀÌÇØÇϴµ¥ ÇÊ¿äÇÏ´Ù°í ÇÏ´õ¶óµµ, ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ ½ÇÇè½Ç ³»¿¡¼­ ÀÌ·ç¾îÁö´Â ½ÇÇèÀº ¹ÙÀÌ¿À-Àü±âÈ­ÇÐÀû ½Ã½ºÅÛÀÌ ÀÛµ¿ °¡´ÉÇÏ´Ù´Â °ÍÀ» º¸¿©ÁÖ¾ú´Ù. ±×·¯³ª Áö±Ý±îÁö ¼Ò¼öÀÇ ½Ã¹ü ¿¬±¸µéÀÌ ½Ç»ýÈ° Á¶°Ç¿¡¼­ ¿î¿µµÇ¾î ¿ÔÀ¸¸ç, ´õ ¸¹Àº ½Ã¹ü ¿¬±¸¿Í ±Ô¸ð¸¦ È®´ëÇÑ ³íÁõ ÇÁ·ÎÁ§Æ®°¡ ½Ã½ºÅÛÀÇ ½Å·Ú¼ºÀ» ÀÔÀåÇϴµ¥ ÇÊ¿äÇÏ´Ù.

ºÎ°¡ÀûÀ¸·Î, ¹ÙÀÌ¿À ±â¼úÀÌ »ó¾÷Àû ±Ô¸ð·Î ä¿ëµÇ±â Àü ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ ºñ¿ëÀº ´Ù¸¥ Æó¼ö ó¸® ¹× È­Çй°Áú »ý»ê °øÁ¤°ú °æÀïÇؾ߸¸ ÇÑ´Ù. ±×·¯³ª ÃÖ±Ù ÀÌ ÁÖÁ¦¿¡ ´ëÇÑ À¯·´ ¿¬ÇÕ À§¿øȸ(EC; European Commission)¿¡¼­ °¡Áø ºê¸®ÇÎÀ» ÅëÇÏ¿© ¿¬±¸ÁøÀº »ó¾÷Àû ¼³Ä¡°¡ 2~5³â À̳»¿¡ ½ÇÇöµÉ °ÍÀ¸·Î ³«°üÇß´Ù.
 
[Ãâó : KISTI ¹Ì¸®¾È(http://mirian.kisti.re.kr) ¡º±Û·Î¹úµ¿Çâºê¸®ÇÎ(GTB)¡»2013. 10. 30]
 

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Bio-electrochemical systems: electricity generators of the future?
 
(Nanowerk News) Billions of euros are spent treating trillions of litres of wastewater every year, consuming substantial amounts of energy. However, this wastewater could act as a renewable resource, saving significant quantities of energy and money, as it contains organic pollutants which can be used to produce electricity, hydrogen and high-value chemicals, such as caustic soda.
 
This can be achieved if the organic matter is broken down by electrically-active bacteria in an electrochemical cell, which, at the same time, helps clean up the wastewater. Examples of such 'bio-electrochemical systems' include microbial fuel cells (MFCs) and microbial electrolysis cells (MECs).
 
The EU is looking to encourage innovative projects that could lead to significant energy savings. One such initiative has been carried out by a team of researchers in Ireland, which focused on the field of bio-electrochemical systems' and looked into how altering the chemistry of an electrode surface could produce more electricity.
 
The study "Arylamine functionalization of carbon anodes for improved microbial electrocatalysis", funded through the Marie Curie Programme, could have an immediate impact in a number of sectors looking to improve their environmental and energy performance, including wastewater treatment and biochemical and biofuel production.
 
The project began by examining the microbial-electrode interface. This is where complex physical-chemical and biological interactions permit microbes to exchange electrons with solid electrodes, to produce bio-electrochemical systems.
 
The team found evidence that could help microbial communities to connect to the electrode, and thus produce more electricity more rapidly compared to unmodified electrodes. Electron exchange is at the heart of reactions that occur in the natural world, as well as in these so-called bio-electrochemical systems. The team introduced arylamine functional groups to graphite electrodes. Arylamine is an enzyme that catalyses a specific chemical reaction.
 
The addition of this enzyme resulted in improved initial catalysis for acetate oxidation by microbial biofilms over that observed on unmodified anodes. The researchers proved that 'wiring' microbes to conduct and produce electricity faster is feasible.
 
The research was carried out by the Biomolecular Electronics Research Laboratory in Galway, Ireland, which has been working on probing conditions for selection of electrodes by microbes for several years.
 
Although further work is needed to understand important biological and engineering issues that underpin the biotechnology, these laboratory experiments have shown that bio-electrochemical systems can work.
 
So far, however, only a few such pilot studies have been run in real-world conditions and more pilot studies and scaled-up demonstration projects are needed to prove the reliability of the systems. In addition, costs have to be competitive with other wastewater treatment and chemical production processes before the biotechnology can be adopted on a commercial scale.
 
 However, researchers are optimistic that commercial installations could be realised in two to five years' time, according to a recent European Commission briefing on the subject.
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