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[ÇØ¿Ü ¼ö󸮱â¼ú µ¿Çâ] Ãʼø¼ö, »ê¾÷¿ëÀ¸·Î ±¤¹üÀ§ÇÏ°Ô »ç¿ë
À̸§ °ü¸®ÀÚ waterindustry@hanmail.net ÀÛ¼ºÀÏ 2014.06.11 Á¶È¸¼ö 797
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Ãʼø¼ö, »ê¾÷¿ëÀ¸·Î ±¤¹üÀ§ÇÏ°Ô »ç¿ë.pdf

[ÇØ¿Ü ¼ö󸮱â¼ú µ¿Çâ] Ãʼø¼ö, »ê¾÷¿ëÀ¸·Î ±¤¹üÀ§ÇÏ°Ô »ç¿ë

¼öó¸® °øÁ¤¿¡ MF¡¤UF¡¤NF¡¤RO ¸âºê·¹ÀÎ Àû¿ë È®´ë
EDI¡¤ED °øÁ¤±â¼ú »ç¿ë¡¦¹°ºÐÀÚº¸´Ù À̿¼º ¹°Áú ¿ì¼± Á¦°Å


°¡¿ë ¼öÀÚ¿ø(water availability)
ÅÂÆò¾ç »ó°øÀ» ºñÇàÇÏ´Â »ç¶÷Àº Áö±¸ÀÇ 70.6%°¡ ¹°·Î ±¸¼ºµÇ¾î ÀÖÀ¸¹Ç·Î Àηù¿¡°Ô ÇÊ¿äÇÑ ¹°ÀÇ ¾çÀº ÁÙ¾îµéÁö ¾ÊÀ» °ÍÀ̶ó »ý°¢ÇÏ°Ô µÈ´Ù. ±×·¯³ª ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ ¼öÀÚ¿øÀÇ 97.5%´Â ¹Ù´Ù¿¡ Á¸ÀçÇÏ´Â ¿°ºÐ¼ö·Î, À½¿ë¼ö·Î´Â ºÎÀûÀýÇÏ´Ù. Áï, Áö±¸»óÀÇ ¼öÀÚ¿ø Áß 2.5%¸¸ÀÌ Ã»Á¤ÇÑ »óÅÂÀÇ À½¿ë¼ö·Î °³¹ß °¡´ÉÇÑ ÀÚ¿øÀÌ µÈ´Ù.

°³¹ß °¡´ÉÇÑ ¼öÀÚ¿øÀÇ 70% Á¤µµ´Â ÇöÀç »óÅ·Π»ç¿ëÀÌ ºÒ°¡´ÉÇÑ ºùÇÏ»óÅ·ΠºÏ±Ø ¹× ³²±Ø¿¡ ºÐÆ÷ÇØ ÀÖ°í, ¿µ±¸ µ¿ÅäÃþ ³»¿¡ Á¸ÀçÇÏ°í ÀÖ´Ù. ±×Áß ÀϺΠ¼öÀÚ¿øÀº ´ëºÎºÐ ÁöÇÏÀÇ ±íÀº ´ë¼öÃþ ³»¿¡ ÀÖ¾î °æÁ¦Àû Ãø¸é¿¡¼­ ÃßÃâ¿¡ ¾î·Á¿òÀÌ ÀÖ´Ù. ÀÌ ¶§¹®¿¡ Á÷Á¢ Àηù¿¡°Ô Á¢±ÙÀÌ ¿ëÀÌÇÑ ¼öÀÚ¿øÀº Àüü ûÁ¤¼ö ÀÚ¿øÀÇ 1% ¹Ì¸¸ÀÌ´Ù(Áö±¸»ó ¼öÀÚ¿øÀÇ 0.007% ¼öÁØ).

ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ Á¦ÇÑµÈ »óÅÂÀÇ °¡¿ë ¼öÀÚ¿ø¿¡ ´ëÇÑ Ãß°¡ °³¹ßÀº Àü ¼¼°èÀûÀ¸·Î ´ëºÎºÐÀ» Â÷ÁöÇÏ´Â ¹° ºÎÁ· ±¹°¡ Â÷¿ø¿¡¼­ °ËÅäµÇ¾î¾ß ÇÑ´Ù. ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ ³ª¶óµéÀº Àα¸°¡ Áõ°¡ÇÔ¿¡ µû¶ó ¹° ¼ö¿ä°¡ Áõ°¡ÇÏ°í, ÁֹεéÀÇ »ýÈ°¼öÁØÀÌ Çâ»óµÊ¿¡ µû¶ó ¹°¼Òºñ·®µµ Áõ°¡µÇ°í ÀÖ´Ù. ¶ÇÇÑ °ú°Å¿¡´Â ÀûÇÕÇÑ ¼öÁúÀ̾úÀ¸³ª ÀÌÁ¦´Â ¸À, ³¿»õ, »öµµ ¹×  Źµµ µîÀÇ °üÁ¡¿¡¼­ ÇöÀç´Â ÀûÇÕÇÏÁö ¾Ê´Ù´Â ¼ÒºñÀÚµéÀÇ Àνĺ¯È­·Î ÀÎÇØ À½¿ë¼ö »ý»ê ¹× °ü¸®¿¡¼­ÀÇ ±ÔÁ¤ÀÌ Áö¼ÓÀûÀ¸·Î °­È­µÇ°í ÀÖ´Â Ãß¼¼¸¦ °í·ÁÇØ¾ß ÇÑ´Ù.


   
¡ã Áö±¸´Â Àηù¿¡°Ô ¸¹Àº ¹°À» Á¦°øÇÏÁö¸¸ ´ëºÎºÐÀÇ ¹°Àº ¸¶½Ç ¼ö ¾ø´Â »óÅÂÀÌ´Ù.
To the person flying over the Earth(especially the Pacific Ocean), the amount of water available to mankind seems to be inexhaustible, since 70.6% of the earth¡¯s surface is covered by water. However, most of this water, amounting to 97.5 % of the total global stock of water, is contained in the oceans, in a salty and entirely undrinkable state, leaving only one-fortieth of the world¡¯s water as fresh and nominally available for drinking.

Even this is not without restriction, since most of it (almost 70%) is unavailable, under present conditions, because it is firmly frozen, as glaciers, or in the Arctic and Antarctic icecaps, or in the ground as permafrost. Of the residual, mobile water, most is held in subterranean aquifers as ground water, too deep for economic abstraction, or dispersed throughout the land absorbed in the soil, leaving less than1% of the total freshwater as accessible for direct human use (which is about 0.007% of all of the water on earth).

This limited availability situation must be seen in context with the water poverty conditions of so much of the world, where demand for water is increasing as the world¡¯s population grows, and also as the existing populations in the developing countries increase their standards of living and with it their specific water consumption. The required standards of drinking water production and care are rising continuously, partly because the consumer¡¯s perception of received water quality is slowly changing so as no longer being willing toaccept what was once acceptable, in terms of taste, odour, colour and turbidity.
 
¼öó¸® °øÁ¤(water treatment process)
À§»ýÀûÀÎ À½¿ë¼ö 󸮷Π´ëÇ¥µÇ´Â ûÁ¤¼ö ¼öó¸® °øÁ¤¿¡¼­ÀÇ Áö¼ÓÀûÀÎ °³¼±ÀÇ ³ë·ÂÀº °­È­µÇ°í ÀÖ´Ù. À½¿ë¼ö ¼öÁú ±âÁØÀ» ÁؼöÇÒ ¸ñÀûÀ¸·Î ÁöÇ¥¼ö³ª ÁöÇϼö¸¦ ²ø¾îµéÀÎ ¿ø¼ö¿¡ ´ëÇÏ¿© ±âÁ¸ÀÇ ÀϹÝÀû Á¤¼öó¸® ¹æ¹ý¿¡ °üÇÑ °³¼±, °³¹ßÀ» ÇÊ¿ä·Î Çß´Ù.

ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ °³¹ßÀº »ý»ê °¡´ÉÇÑ ¹°ÀÇ ¾çÀ» Å©°Ô È®´ë½ÃÅ°±â À§ÇÏ¿© ±âÁ¸ÀÇ ÀϹÝÈ­µÈ ¼öÀÚ¿øÀÌ ¾Æ´Ñ »õ·Î¿î ¼öÀÚ¿ø °³¹ßµµ Æ÷ÇÔÇÏ°í ÀÖ´Ù. »õ·Î¿î ÀÚ¿øÀ¸·Î´Â ¿°ºÐÀÌ ¸¹Àº ¹Ù´å¹°ÀÇ ´ã¼öÈ­, ¿°ºÐ³óµµ°¡ ³·Àº ±â¼öÀÇ ´ã¼öÈ­, ºø¹°ÀÇ Ã¤¼ö ¹× ÀçÀÌ¿ë, ±×¸®°í »ýÈ°¿¡¼­ ¹ß»ýÇÏ´Â ¿À¼öÀÎ gray waterÀÇ Ã¤¼ö ¹× ÀçÀÌ¿ë µîÀ¸·Î ´Ù¾çÇÏ°Ô È®»êµÇ°í ÀÖ´Ù. ÇÑÆí, µµ½Ã¿ë Æó¼ö¸¦ ÀçÀÌ¿ë ¸ñÀûÀ¸·Î »ç¿ëÇÏ·Á´Â Á¤Ã¥µµ ÁֹεéÀÌ ¼ö±àÇÏ´Â ºÐÀ§±â°¡ ÀÌ·ç¾îÁö°í ÀÖ´Ù.

ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ Ã³¸®°øÁ¤ °³¹ß·Î ÀÎÇØ ´Ù¾çÇÑ ¼öÀÚ¿øÀ¸·ÎºÎÅÍ ¾ÈÀüÇÏ°í ÀûÀýÇÑ À½¿ë¼ö¸¦ ¾ò°íÀÚ ÇÏ´Â Àΰ£ÀÇ ¿å±¸¸¦ ¸¸Á·ÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ°Ô µÆ´Ù. ±×·¯³ª ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ Åë»óÀûÀÎ ¼öó¸® ±×·ì°ú´Â º°µµÀÇ ±×·ìÀÌ Á¸ÀçÇϴµ¥, ÀÌ´Â À½¿ë¼ö °ø±Þ¿ë ó¸®¿Ü º°µµ·Î 󸮸¦ ÇÏ´Â ¹æ¹ýÀÌ´Ù. Ưº°ÇÑ »ê¾÷ °øÁ¤¿¡ »ç¿ë ¸ñÀûÀ¸·Î ó¸®ÇÏ´Â ¹æ¹ýÀÌ´Ù. Áï, »ê¾÷¿ëÀÇ Æ¯¼öÇÑ °íµµ Ç°ÁúÀÇ ¹°À» »ý»êÇÏ´Â °ÍÀÌ´Ù.

ƯÁ¤ ¿À¿°¹°ÁúÀ» ÀûÁ¤ ¼öÁØÀÌÇÏ·Î °¨¼Ò½ÃÅ°´Â ¸ñÀûÀ¸·Î »ç¿ëµÇ´Â ¹°ÀÇ Á¤È­¡¤Á¤¼ö °øÁ¤Àº ¿À·£ ±â°£ µ¿¾È ¸¹Àº °³¼±ÀÌ ÀÌ·ç¾îÁø ±âÁ¸ÀÇ ÀϹÝÀû ó¸® °øÁ¤°ú ÃÖ±Ù °³¹ßµÈ ±â¼úÁý¾àÀûÀΠ󸮰øÁ¤ÀÌ ¼­·Î È¥ÇÕµÇ¾î »ç¿ëµÇ°í ÀÖ´Ù. ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ ÃֽŠ±â¼úÀÇ °øÁ¤ÀÌ Ã³¸®ÇØ¾ß ÇÏ´Â ¿À¿°¹°ÁúÀÇ ¿ä¼ÒµéÀº ´ÙÀ½°ú °°´Ù.
- »öµµ(¿ëÁ¸¼º À¯±â¹° ºÐÀڷκÎÅÍ ¹ß»ý)
- Źµµ(ºÎÀ¯¼º °íÇü¹°Áú)
- ¸À, ³¿»õ(¿ëÁ¸¼º À¯±â¹°)
- °æµµ(¿ëÁ¸¼º ¹«±â¹°Áú)
- ºÎ½Ä¼º¹°Áú
- Àηù ¹× µ¿½Ä¹° °Ç°­¿¡ À¯ÇØÇÑ ¹°Áú
´Ü, ºñ±³Àû ûÁ¤ÇÑ ¼öÁØÀÇ ÁöÇϼö´Â ¼Òµ¶¡¤»ì±Õ¸¸À¸·Îµµ À½¿ë¼ö ¼öÁúÀÇ ¹°À» ¾òÀ» ¼öµµ ÀÖ´Ù.


   
¡ã ÀϹÝÀûÀ¸·Î Àΰ£ÀÇ »ýÈ°¿ë¼ö·Î »ç¿ëµÇ´Â ÁÁÀº Ç°ÁúÀÇ ¹°Àº »ê¾÷¿ëÀ¸·Îµµ ±¤¹üÀ§ÇÏ°Ô »ç¿ëµÈ´Ù.
The steadily improving processes for fresh water treatment, leading to a sanitary drinking water, are needed firstly for the conventional purification of raw water, drawn from surface and underground sources, to provide water of a safe drinking quality. Increasingly, this is extended to include the treatment of unconventional sources of water so as to increase the quantity of fresh water that is available.

These unconventional sources include the desalination of salt and brackish waters, the collection and recycle of rain water and of grey water from residential premises, and, as public conceptions start to change to accept it, the recycling of municipal waste waters. These two groups of treatment process provide the means to satisfy human needs for adequate drinking water, from a wide range of raw water supplies.

In addition there is then a third group of processes, basically intended to produce water of a higher quality, by means of the further treatment of potable water supplies, for use in specific industrial applications. The purification processes that are used to achieve the required reduction in contaminant levels are a mix of traditional schemes, which have been steadily improved over the years, and novel systems that are quite exciting developments. The treatment processes are designed to deal with the problems of:
- colour(from dissolved organic molecules mainly);
- turbidity(ie, suspended solids);
- taste and odour(dissolved organics);
- hardness(from dissolved inorganics);
- corrosiveness(from divergence, either way, from pH = 7); and
- harmfulness to human and animal health.
Disinfection alone may be enough to produce an acceptable drinking water from relatively pure groundwater.

¸Ô´Â ¹° »ý»ê(drinking water production)
´ë·®ÀÇ ¿ø¼ö¸¦ ó¸®Çϴµ¥ »ç¿ëµÇ´Â °øÁ¤Àº ¼ö¿øÀÇ Á¾·ù¿¡ µû¶ó ´Þ¶óÁö³ª ÀϹÝÀûÀ¸·Î ÁöÇÏ ´ë¼öÃþ³»ÀÇ ÁöÇϼö(±ú²ýÇÑ ¼öÁØÀ̳ª °æµµ°¡ ³ô´Ù) ȤÀº ÁöÇ¥¼ö(ÀϺΠ¿À¿°ÀÌ µÇ¾î ÀÖÀ¸³ª °æµµ°¡ ³·´Ù)·Î ±¸ºÐµÈ´Ù.
ÁöÇϼö´Â ºñ±³Àû °£´ÜÇÑ Ã³¸®°úÁ¤À» °ÅÄ£´Ù.
- soluble ö ¹× ¸Á°£ ¹°ÁúÀÇ Ä§Àü
- deep bed filtration
- disinfection
- ÀÌ¿Ü¿¡ Æú¸®½Ì(polishing) °øÁ¤À¸·Î UF ¸âºê·¹ÀÎÀ» »ç¿ë, ȤÀº º°µµÀÇ ¿¬¼öÈ­ °øÁ¤.
 
°­¹° µî ÁöÇ¥¼ö ó¸® °øÁ¤Àº ºÎÀ¯¼º °íÇü¹°ÁúÀÇ ´Ù·® ÇÔÀ¯·Î 󸮰øÁ¤ÀÌ ´Ù¼Ò º¹ÀâÇÏ´Ù.
- disinfection(°£È¤ ö¡¤¸Á°£ Á¦°Å¸¦ À§ÇÑ °øÁ¤°ú È¥ÇÕ)
- classification(Ç÷Ïȥȭ °øÁ¤ ¹× Á߷¿¡ ÀÇÇÑ Ä§Àü ȤÀº ºÎ»ó°øÁ¤)
- deep bed filtration
- disinfection 
- º°µµÀÇ ÀÔÀÚ ¹°Áú ¹× »öµµÁ¦°Å ¿ëµµ·Î UF ¸âºê·¹ÀÎ °øÁ¤ÀÌ »ç¿ë
»ýÈ°¿ë¼ö ȤÀº ¸Ô´Â ¹°À» ÇÊ¿ä·Î ÇÏ´Â Áö¿ª¿¡ ´Ü¼øÈ÷ ¿°ºÐÇÔ·®ÀÌ ³ôÀº ¹Ù´å¹°¸¸ Á¸ÀçÇÑ´Ù¸é ´ÙÀ½°ú °°Àº ´ã¼öÈ­°øÁ¤ÀÌ Àû¿ëµÈ´Ù.
- classification(Ç÷Ïȥȭ °øÁ¤ ¹× Á߷¿¡ ÀÇÇÑ Ä§Àü ȤÀº ºÎ»ó°øÁ¤)
- multi-layer deep bed filtration
- successive membrane process(UF ¹× RO)
- ÀÚ¿¬½º·± ¸ÀÀ» ¹ß»ý ¸ñÀûÀ¸·Î ¹Ì³×¶ö °øÁ¤ remineralisation
 
ÇöÀç´Â ÁöÇϼö³ª ÁöÇ¥¼ö ó¸®ÀÇ Æú¸®½Ì ´Ü°è¿¡¼­ UF ¸âºê·¹ÀÎ »ç¿ëÀº ±Þ°ÝÀÌ Áõ°¡ÇÏ°í ÀÖ´Â Ãß¼¼À̸ç, ÀÌ´Â Á¡Â÷ deep-bed filtration °øÁ¤À» ´ëüÇÏ°í ÀÖ´Ù. ¼öó¸® °øÁ¤¿¡¼­ »ç¿ëµÇ´Â ÇÊÅÍ ÀåÄ¡ÀÇ ¸ñÀûÀº ¹° ¼Ó¿¡ ºÎÀ¯»óÅ·ΠÁ¸ÀçÇÏ°í ÀÖ´Â ÀÔÀÚ¼º ¹°ÁúÀ» Á¦°ÅÇÏ´Â °ÍÀ¸·Î grit, sand µîÀÇ Ä¿´Ù¶õ ÀÔÀÚ³ª ÄÝ·ÎÀ̵强 À¯±â¹°, ¹ÚÅ׸®¾Æ, ¹ÙÀÌ·¯½º µî º´¿ø¼º ¹°ÁúÀÇ ¹Ì¼¼¹°ÁúµéÀ» Áß·®±âÁØ 0.5% ÀÌÇÏ·Î, 10ppm ÀÌÇÏ ¼öÁú ±âÁØÀ¸·Î Á¦°ÅÇϵµ·Ï ±ÔÁ¤µÇ¾î ÀÖ´Ù.

ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ ÁÖµÈ ¸ñÀû ¿Ü¿¡ ÇÊÅÍ ÀåÄ¡´Â À¯ÀÔ¼ö³» ¹Ì¼¼ÇÑ ºÎÀ¯»óÅ·ΠÁ¸ÀçÇÏ´Â ¿ÀÀϼººÐÀ» Á¦°ÅÇÏ´Â ±â´É, ÄÝ·ÎÀ̵强 ÀÔÀÚ ¹°Áú ¶Ç´Â Ä¿´Ù¶õ ºÐÀÚ±¸Á¶¸¦ °®´Â ¿ëÁ¸¼º À¯±â¹°Áú µîÀ» Á¦°ÅÇÏ´Â ±â´ÉÀ» °®±âµµ ÇÑ´Ù. ¶ÇÇÑ ¹°¼ÓÀÇ °æµµ¸¦ Áõ°¡½ÃÅ°´Â ¿øÀÎÀÌ µÇ´Â Ä¿´Ù¶õ ¿ëÁ¸¼º À̿¹°Áú ¹× ¿°µµ¸¦ ³ªÅ¸³»´Â ÀÛÀº À̿¼º ¹°ÁúµéÀ» Á¦°ÅÇÏ´Â ±â´Éµµ °®Ãß¾î¾ß ÇÑ´Ù.

   
¡ã ½ÄÇ° ¹× À½·á»ê¾÷¿¡¼­ ³ôÀº Ç°ÁúÀÇ ¹°ÀÌ ´Ù·®À¸·Î »ç¿ëµÇ°í ÀÖ´Ù.
The processes used to treat raw water in bulk depend obviously on the source of the water-whether it be from underground aquifers (and therefore clean but hard) or from surface water (and therefore polluted but softer). Groundwater has the simplest process scheme:
- soluble iron and manganese precipitation;
- deep bed filtration; and
- disinfection;
with a possible UF membrane filtration as a polishing step, and maybe a separate softening step as well.
River water treatment is more complex, because of the greater level of suspended solids:
- disinfection, probably combined with Fe and Mn removal;
- clarification (involving flocculation and gravity settling or flotation);
- deep bed filtration; and
- disinfection;
maybe with a UF membrane process, for final particulate and colour removal (which may also use carbon adsorption).
Where water is needed and only salty water is available, then a desalination process will be necessary, usually involving:
- clarification, probably with flocculation and settling or flotation;
- multi-layer deep bed filtration;
- successive membrane processes, UF followed by RO; and
- remineralisation to give the water its natural flavour.
(If energy is really cheap then athermal desalination process may be preferred.)
The use of UF membranes as a polishing stage for ground or surface water treatment is a rapidly growing component of the treatment works, which is displacing the deep-bed filter as a final processing step. Otherwise, the above equipment groups are very common in bulk water treatment, supplemented probably by inlet screens. The objective of the filtration processes used in water treatment is mainly to achieve the separation of solid particles that are suspended in the water to the extent, perhaps, of 0.5% by weight or as little as 10mg/l (10ppm), by removing particles that are as large as grit or sand (say 1mm in diameter or more) or as small as colloidal organic materials, or pathogens such as bacteria or viruses (say 0.1¥ìm or less).

In addition to this primary purpose, the filtration system may need to address the removal of oil droplets from suspension in the feed water, or the removal of the colloidal particles or large dissolved organic molecules that are usually responsible for unpleasant tastes or odours or colour in the water, or the removal of the large dissolved ions from inorganic salts responsible for causing hardness in the water, or, finally, the removal of the smaller ions causing salinity (or, more correctly in this case, the removal of pure water from residual brine).
»ê¾÷¿ë¼ö »ý»ê°øÁ¤(industrial water processing)
ÀϹÝÀûÀ¸·Î »ýÈ°¿ë¼ö·Î »ç¿ëµÇ´Â ÁÁÀº Ç°ÁúÀÇ ¹°Àº »ê¾÷¿ëÀ¸·Îµµ ±¤¹üÀ§ÇÏ°Ô »ç¿ëµÇ¸ç, ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ ¹°ÀÇ Á߿伺Àº ½ÇÁ¦ Ç÷£Æ® °øÁ¤»ó¿¡¼­ ½±°Ô ÃøÁ¤ ¹× Æò°¡µÉ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù. ¹°Àº Àΰ£ÀÇ °Ç°­À» À§ÇÑ Çʼö ¿ä¼Ò·Î¼­ ´ÙÀ½°ú °°Àº »ê¾÷ü Àû¿ëºÐ¾ß¿¡ »ç¿ëµÇ¾îÁö´Â ÇʼöÀûÀÎ ¿ä¼ÒÀÌ´Ù.

-À½½Ä¹°, À½·á, Á¦¾à°øÁ¤¿¡¼­ÀÇ Ã·°¡¹°
-º¸ÀÏ·¯ À¯ÀÔ¼ö µî¿¡ »ç¿ëµÇ´Â °æ¿ì¿¡ ¿¡³ÊÁö ÀÚ¿ø
-¿µ³ó»óÅÂÀÇ biomass, ¾îÆзù, ¼ö°æÀç¹è °úä·ù µîÀÇ Àç¹è¡¤¾ç½Ä¿ëÀÇ ¸Þµð¾Æ ¼ÒÀç
-³Ã°¢À» À§ÇÑ ¿­¿øÀ¸·Î »ç¿ë
-À̵¿¡¤¿î¼Û ¸ñÀûÀÇ ¸Å°³Ã¼
ƯÈ÷ ÷°¡Á¦·Î »ç¿ë, º¸ÀÏ·¯ À¯ÀÔ¼ö¿ë ¹× ÀϺΠ¼¼Ã´¿ë »ç¿ëÀÇ °æ¿ì, ¸Å¿ì ³ôÀº ¼øµµÀÇ ¹°À» ÇÊ¿ä·Î ÇÑ´Ù. ±×·¯³ª ¿¡³ÊÁö ÀÚ¿øÀÇ ÃßÃâ ¹× Ã³¸®°øÁ¤¿¡¼­ÀÇ ¹°Àº ±×¸® ³ôÀº ¼øµµÀÇ ¹°À» ÇÊ¿ä·Î ÇÏÁö ¾Ê´Â´Ù. ¶ÇÇÑ ±¤»êÀ̳ª ±Ý¼ÓÁ¦Ç° Á¦Á¶¿¡¼­µµ ¹°ÀÇ ¼øµµ ¹× ¼öÁú ÀÚü´Â ±×¸® Áß¿äÇÏÁö ¾ÊÀ¸³ª, »ý»êµÇ´Â Á¦Ç°ÀÇ Æ¯¼º¿¡ ¸Â´Â Ư¼öÇÑ ¹°ÀÇ ¼ººÐÀ» ÇÊ¿ä·Î ÇÏ°í ÀÖ´Ù.

ÄɹÌÄ® »ê¾÷¿¡¼­´Â ¼öó¸® ¼³ºñ ±Ô¸ð°¡ ´ëÇüÀ̸ç, ¹° »ç¿ë·®µµ ¸Å¿ì ¸¹Àº ÆíÀÌ´Ù. Ç÷£Æ® ³»ºÎ¿¡¼­´Â ¸Å¿ì ¸¹Àº º¸ÀÏ·¯ ¼³ºñ°¡ »ç¿ëµÇ¸ç, °íÇ°ÁúÀÇ ¹°À» ÇÊ¿ä·Î ÇÑ´Ù, Á¤¹Ð È­Çко߿¡¼­´Â ½ºÆÀ»ç¿ë·®ÀÌ ºñ±³Àû ÀûÀ¸³ª, »ç¿ëµÇ´Â ¿øÀç·á¿¡ µû¶ó ¸¹Àº ¹°À» ÇÊ¿ä·Î ÇÑ´Ù. °í¹« ¹× Çöó½ºÆ½ »ê¾÷¿¡¼­´Â ºñ±³Àû ¹°ÀÇ ¼ö¿ä´Â ÀûÀ¸³ª, Àü±â¡¤ÀüÀÚ »ê¾÷¿¡¼­´Â ¸Å¿ì Áß¿äÇÑ °øÁ¤ÀÎ ¹ÝµµÃ¼ ÀÚÀçÀÇ ¼¼Ã´¿ëÀ¸·Î Ãʼø¼öÀÇ ¹°À» ÇÊ¿ä·Î ÇÑ´Ù.

¿î¼Û½Ã½ºÅÛ ºÐ¾ß¿¡¼­´Â ¼¼Ã´ ¹× ¼¼Â÷¿ëÀ¸·Î ¸¹Àº ¹°À» ÇÊ¿ä·Î Çϸç, ¹°ÀÇ Ç°ÁúÀº Áß°£Á¤µµÀÇ »ê¾÷¿ë¼ö·Îµµ ÃæºÐÇÏ´Ù. ¹Ý¸é, ¹ßÀü¼Ò¿¡¼­´Â ¸Å¿ì ³ôÀº ¼øµµ °ªÀ» °®´Â ¹°ÀÌ º¸ÀÏ·¯ À¯ÀÔ¿ë¼ö·Î »ç¿ëµÇ¸ç ¸¹Àº ¾çÀÇ Ãʼø¼ö¸¦ ÇÊ¿ä·Î ÇÑ´Ù.

ÇÑÆí, ¼³ºñ ±Ô¸ð °üÁ¡¿¡¼­ ÀÛÀº ½ÃÀåÀ¸·Î ºÐ·ùµÇ´Â ºÐ¾ß·Î´Â ³ó¾÷¿ë, ¿ø¿¹¿ë ¹× ½£¼ÓÀÇ °ü¸ñ Àç¹è¿ë »ç¿ë µîÀÌ ÀÖ´Ù. Àç¹è¿ëÀ¸·Î ¸Å¿ì ¸¹Àº ¹°À» ÇÊ¿ä·Î Çϳª, õ¿¬ÀÇ ¼öÀÚ¿øÀ» ±×´ë·Î »ç¿ëÇÏ´Â ÆíÀÌ¸ç º¹ÀâÇÑ Ã³¸®°úÁ¤À» °®Áö ¾Ê´Â´Ù. À§¿Í °°Àº ¿©·¯ ºÐ¾ß¿¡¼­ ¸¹Àº ¾çÀÇ ¹°À» ÇÊ¿ä·Î Çϸç, ¹°ÀÇ Ç°ÁúÀº Àû¾îµµ À½¿ë¼ö ¼öÁú Á¤µµÀÇ Ç°ÁúÀ» °®Ãß¾î¾ß ÇÑ´Ù.

À½¿ë¼ö ¼öÁú Á¤µµ·Î ¼ö󸮸¦ ÇÊ¿ä·Î ÇÏ´Â ºÐ¾ß´Â ´ÙÀ½°ú °°´Ù.
 - food and beverage
 - paper and board
 - bulk and fine chemicals
 - electronic materials
 - power generation
 - domestic¡¤commercial user
 - medical and health
Good quality water, at least suitable for human consumption, is widely used for industrial purposes, and its importance can be gauged from a quick glance at the various end-use application groups and their water demands. In addition to its need for sustenance and personal hygiene, water is needed: for critical washing of components (especially semiconductor materials);
- as an ingredient in foods, beverages, medicines;
- as an energy vector (especially as boiler feedwater);
- as a growing medium for farmed biomass, fish, hydroponics;
- as a coolant; and
- as a transport agent.
Especially as an ingredient, as boiler feedwater and in some washing tasks, is water of the highest purity needed. Thus, water usage in the energy materials extraction and processing sector does not need to be of the highest quality. Much the same is true for mining and metal production, where the purification of products is largely dictated by the specific nature of the products, rather than water quality.

On the other hand, the food and beverage sector uses a great deal of high quality water, as a raw material, as boiler feedwater and for the maintenance of plant hygiene. The paper and board sector is heavily dependent on water availability for pulp preparation and in the paper-making process, much of which is of drinking water quality. The bulk chemicals sector is both very large in its own right, and proportionally a large user of water per ton of product, so that it becomes a correspondingly huge user of water, a great deal of which is used in high quality, on top of which there are many boilers in use throughout the sector.

The fine chemicals sector has a lower steam demand, but has a large input of water as an ingredient. Rubber and plastic products manufacture has a relatively low water demand, as does mechanical machinery manufacture (apart from the low grade use for floor cleansing), but electrical and electronic products has the very important semi-conductor component washing function, using high purity water.

The transport system manufacture and operation sector uses a lot of water for washdown purposes, but of moderate quality only, whereas power generation requires a high proportion of boiler feedwater of very high quality. The fresh and waste water treatment sector, of course, is concerned with nothing but water, of all qualities, mainly of drinking quality or better, as is the domestic, commercial and institutional sector, now with an emphasis onhygiene, like the medical and health sector, which needs an even higher quality.

This leaves what is only a small market for equipment (other sectors) but includes agriculture, horticulture and forestry as a very large user of water for irrigation. Much of this water is used as it comes from natural water courses, and does not involve complicated treatment.

This extremely cursory look at the range of end-use applications shows water of at least drinking quality employed in significant quantity in most of them, and thus the importance of treating fresh water to at least drinking water quality, in:
food and beverage;
paper and board;
bulk and fine chemicals;
electronic materials;
power generation;
domestic, commercial and institutional; and
medical and health;
as well, of course, as the fresh and waste water sector itself.
»ê¾÷¿ë¼ö ¼öó¸®(industrial water treatment)
¸¹Àº ¾çÀÇ À½¿ë¼ö ¼öÁúÀÇ ¹°ÀÌ »ê¾÷ü¿¡¼­ »ç¿ëµÇ°í ÀÖÀ¸³ª »ê¾÷¿ëÀ¸·Î Ư¼öÇÑ ¼öÁúÀ» ÇÊ¿ä·Î ÇÏ´Â ¹°ÀÇ ¼ö¿ä°¡ Á¸ÀçÇÏ°í ÀÖ´Ù. Áï, À½½Ä·á ¹× Á¦¾à°øÁ¤¿¡¼­ÀÇ Ã·°¡Á¦ »ç¿ë, ¹ÝµµÃ¼ Á¦Ç°ÀÇ ¼¼Ã´¿ëÀ¸·Î »ç¿ëÇÏ´Â °æ¿ì¿¡´Â ³ôÀº Ç°Áú ¼øµµÀÇ ¹°À» ÇÊ¿ä·Î ÇÑ´Ù. ÀÌ °æ¿ì ¸Å¿ì ¹Ì¼¼ÇÑ ÀÔÀÚ¼º ¹°Áú ¹× ¹ÚÅ׸®¾Æ³ª ¹ÙÀÌ·¯½º µîÀÇ º´¿ø¼º ¹Ì»ý¹°µéÀÌ Á¦°ÅµÇ¾î¾ß ÇÑ´Ù.

MF ¹× UF ¸âºê·¹ÀÎÀÌ ÇÊÅÍ ¸Þµð¾Æ·Î¼­ÀÇ Á¤Âø ¹× Áö¼ÓÀûÀÎ ºñ¿ë Àý°¨ ³ë·ÂÀ¸·Î »ê¾÷üÀÇ °øÁ¤¼ö 󸮿¡ Àû¿ëµÇ±â ½ÃÀÛÇÏ¿© Å« º¯È­¸¦ °¡Á®¿ÔÀ¸¸ç ÀÌÁ¦´Â ´ëºÎºÐÀÇ »ê¾÷ü °øÁ¤¿¡¼­ ¸¶Áö¸· 󸮰øÁ¤¿¡ ¸âºê·¹ÀÎÀ» »ç¿ëÇÏ°Ô µÆ´Ù.

°øÁ¤¿¡¼­ ¹ß»ýµÈ °øÁ¤»ý»ê¼öÀÇ ÀçÀÌ¿ëÀ» À§ÇÑ °úÁ¤¿¡µµ ¸âºê·¹ÀÎ »ç¿ëÀÇ ±æÀÌ ¿­¸®°Ô µÆ´Ù. RO, NF ¹× ÀϺΠUF¿ë ¸âºê·¹ÀÎÀº ºñ±³Àû ûÁ¤ÇÑ »óÅÂÀÇ ¹°ÀÌ ¸âºê·¹ÀΠǥ¸éÀ» Åë°úÇϸ鼭 È®»êµÇ´Â Çö»óÀ¸·Î ÀÛµ¿µÈ´Ù. ÀÌ Áß RO ¸âºê·¹ÀÎÀº ¹Ù´å¹°À» ´ã¼öÈ­ ó¸®ÇÏ¿© ¸Ô´Â ¹°À» ¾ò´Â ¿ëµµ·Î »ç¿ëµÇ°í, UF ¸âºê·¹ÀÎÀº RO °øÁ¤Ã³¸®¸¦ À§ÇÑ Áß¿äÇÑ Àüó¸® °úÁ¤À¸·Î »ç¿ëµÈ´Ù.

ÀÚüÀûÀ¸·Îµµ À½¿ë¼ö ¹× °øÁ¤¼ö¿¡ ÀûÇÕÇÑ ¼öÁØÀÇ Á¤¼öó¸® ´É·ÂÀ» °®°í ÀÖ´Ù. »ê¾÷¿ëÀ¸·Î »ç¿ëµÇ´Â ¼ø¼ö, Ãʼø¼ö´Â À½¿ë¼ö ¼öÁú±âÁØÀ¸·ÎºÎÅÍ Ãâ¹ßÇÏ¿© ¸âºê·¹ÀÎ ÇÊÅÍ ±â¼úÀÌ »ç¿ëµÈ´Ù. ÀϹÝÀûÀ¸·Î MF, UF, NF ¹× ÃÖÁ¾ÀûÀ¸·Î RO ¸âºê·¹ÀÎ ¼ø¼­·Î »ç¿ëµÈ´Ù. ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ ¸âºê·¹ÀÎ °úÁ¤À¸·Î ¿À¿°¹°ÁúÀÌ ¸ðµÎ Á¦°ÅµÈ ¿Ïº®ÇÑ Ã»Á¤¼ö¸¦ »ý»êÇÏ´Â °ÍÀÌ °¡´ÉÇϳª, ¸Å¿ì ³ôÀº ƯÁ¤ÇÑ °í¼øµµÀÇ ¹°À» ¾ò±â À§Çؼ­´Â EDI ȤÀº ED °øÁ¤±â¼ú »ç¿ëÀ¸·Î ¹°ºÐÀÚº¸´Ù´Â À̿¼º ¹°ÁúÀ» ¿ì¼±ÀûÀ¸·Î Á¦°ÅÇÏ´Â °úÁ¤À» °ÅÄ¥ ÇÊ¿ä°¡ ÀÖ´Ù.


   
¡ã ¿î¼Û½Ã½ºÅÛ ºÐ¾ß¿¡¼­´Â ¼¼Ã´ ¹× ¼¼Â÷¿ëÀ¸·Î ¸¹Àº ¹°ÀÌ »ç¿ëµÇ°í ÀÖÀ¸¸ç, ¼öÁúÀº Áß°£Á¤µµÀÇ »ê¾÷¿ë¼ö·Îµµ ÃæºÐÇÏ´Ù.

Large quantities of drinking quality water are used in industry, but it is also true that many specialised water needs exist (as just described), which require treatment to higher standards of purity, whether for use as an ingredient (eg, in foodstuffs and beverages, or in pharmaceutical preparations), or as a washing liquid (eg, in semiconductors). The additional purification usually involves the removal of very fine solids or of pathogens (bacteria and viruses).

The arrival on the filter media scene of MF and UF membranes, and their steady reduction in cost, has revolutionised industrial process water treatment, and have gone a considerable way towards enabling disinfection of solutions by filtration. Most production processes for industrial process water now employ membranes as their final treatment stage.

They are also opening up the processes for the recycling of process water (which has often, because of its careful treatment and dosing, been turned into an expensive fluid, well justifying its collection and recycling). The membranes used for reverse osmosis, nanofiltration and much ultrafiltration work by diffusion of the relatively pure liquid through the body of the membrane material, under quite high applied pressures. Reverse osmosis has become a key process in the desalination of salty water to produce drinking water. Ultrafiltration is becoming a key preliminary stage for reverse osmosis, but also an important water purification stage in its own right, giving guaranteed purity to drinking and process waters.
Pure water, for industrial use, will usually start with a drinking-quality water, produced as described above, followed by the use of membrane filtration in increasing severity (MF, then UF, then NF, leading up to RO for the purest water).

This does not necessarily produce completely pollutant free water, and the very highest quality may need complete removal of all ionic species other than water, by methods such as electrodeionisation (EDI) or electrodialysis (ED), on their own or working together Care must be taken to see that the regeneration of the ion removal processes, nor the disposal of concentrate from the membrane systems, do not add to the local water treatment problems.
°³¹ß ÇöȲ(developments)
ÇÊÅÍ¿©°ú »ê¾÷¸¸À¸·Î ¹°ÀÌ ºÎÁ·ÇÑ Çö»óÀ» ÇØ°áÇÏ´Â ¼ö´ÜÀÌ µÇÁö ¸øÇÏ´Â »óȲ¿¡¼­ Æó¼öÀÇ ÀçÀÌ¿ë µîÀ¸·Î °¡¿ë¼öÀÚ¿øÀ» È®´ëÇÏ´Â °ÍÀÌ ¹° ºÎÁ·¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ¹Ù¶÷Á÷ÇÑ ´ëü ¼ö´ÜÀÌ µÉ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù. ºø¹°Ã¤¼ö¿¡ ÀÇÇÑ ¹æ¹ý ¶ÇÇÑ À¯»çÇÑ ¼ö´ÜÀÌ µÉ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù.

À̹ۿ¡µµ ÇöÀç ¿¬±¸ ÁßÀ̰ųª ÀϺΠ»ç¿ëµÇ°í ÀÖ´Â ´Ù¸¥ ȹ±âÀûÀÎ ÀåÄ¡ÀÇ °³¹ß·Î FO ±â¼úÀÌ ÀÖÀ¸¸ç, ÀÌ´Â ¿°ºÐÀÌ¿ÂÀÇ À̵¿ÀÌ ¾Æ´Ñ ¹°ºÐÀÚ°¡ À̵¿µÇ´Â Ư¼ºÀ» °®´Â ¸âºê·¹ÀÎÀ» »ç¿ëÇÑ´Ù. ÃֽŠ±â¼ú °³¹ß µ¿ÇâÀ¸·Î´Â ¡â»ì±Õ¿ëÀ¸·Î UF ¹× NF ¸âºê·¹ÀÎÀ» »ç¿ë ¡â´Ù¾çÇÑ ºÐ·ù ±â´ÉÀÌ Ãß°¡µÈ lamellar settler °³¹ß ¡âED±â¼ú°ú °áÇÕµÈ RO°øÁ¤ÀÇ »ç¿ëÁõ°¡ ¡âÀç³­Áö¿ª¿¡¼­ÀÇ ÀûÀýÇÑ ´ã¼öÈ­ ÀåÄ¡ÀÇ Ç¥ÁØÈ­ ÃßÁø µîÀÌ ÀÖ´Ù.

ÇÑÆí, ·ÎÅ°µå ¸¶Æ¾ °³¹ßÀÇ monatomic membrane ¹ßÇ¥, ´Ù¸¥ ÇüÅÂÀÇ Ä«º» ³ª³ëÆ©ºêÀÇ °³¹ß µîÀÇ ³ª³ë¼ÒÀçÀÇ »ç¿ë Áõ°¡´Â ¸Å¿ì ¹Ì¼¼ÇÑ ÇÊÅÍ ¸Þµð¾ÆÀÇ °³¹ßÀ» ¼±µµÇÏ°í ÀÖ´Ù. ÀÌ¿Ü¿¡ ´Ù¸¥ ÇüÅÂÀÇ ÀåÄ¡·Î ¸Å¿ì ¹Ì¼¼ÇÑ ÃþÀÇ ³ª³ëÆÄÀ̹ö¸¦ »ç¿ëÇÑ ¸âºê·¹ÀÎÀÌ ÀÖÀ¸¸ç À̴  Hollingsworth&Vose ¹× Donaldson¿¡ ÀÇÇØ ¹ßÇ¥µÆ´Ù.

Á¾ÀÌ ÆÞÇÁ·ÎºÎÅÍ ¸¸µé¾îÁö´Â ÇÊÅÍ ¸Þµð¾Æ·Î¼­ÀÇ ºñ±³Àû »õ·Î¿î ¼ÒÀç´Â CelluForce»ç¿¡¼­ °³¹ßÇÑ ¸Å¿ì °­µµ°¡ ³ôÀº nanocrystalline cellulose°¡ ÀÖ´Ù. ÇÑÆí, ¹°ÀÇ ÇÊÅÍ¿©°ú ±â¼ú¿¡¼­ °ü½ÉÀ» µÎ¾î¾ß ÇÏ´Â Ç׸ñÀº ÁöÇϼö³»¿¡ ¸¶ÀÌÅ©·Î ÀÔÀÚÅ©±âÀÇ ¿À¿°¹°Áú ÃàÀûÀ¸·Î ¹ß»ýµÇ´Â ¹®Á¦Á¡, ÁöÇϼö¸¦ ¼Ò¹æ¿ë¼ö·Î »ç¿ëÇÒ ¶§ ¼ÒÈ­Áö¿¬Á¦ÀÇ Á¸Àç·Î ÀÎÇÑ ¹®Á¦ µîÀÌ ¹ß»ýÇÏ´Â °æ¿ìÀÇ ÇØ°áÃ¥¿¡ °üÇÑ °ÍÀÌ´Ù. 
 
There has been a theme of scarcity running through this article, and whilst the filtration industry can do little to prevent the wars with which the world is threatened ¡°when the water runs out¡±, it can do a great deal to make more water available, such as the recycling of municipal waste water-better called grey water recycling, to make it more acceptable.

Rainwater harvesting is a similar activity, without the public relations problems-but with the very real advantage that each rainwater harvesting system involves a filter (as probably does a grey water plant). Other equipment developments under way, or to be fully implemented, include forward osmosis (with a special membrane that allows passage to water molecules rather than salt); the use of UF and NF membranes for disinfection (by removing all harmful entities, including viruses); the lamellar settler taking on more clarifying duties; the increasing usage of reverse osmosis coupled with electrodialysis (to achieve full de-ionisation); and the provision as standard of ¡°adequate¡± desalination kits for disaster areas.

The increasing availability of nano-scale materials will lead to very fine filter media, such as Lockheed Martin¡¯s recent announcement of a monatomic membrane in the form of a single layer, carrying pores of the size of an atom, and other announcements of carbon nanotubes with membrane possibilities. In a different format are the membranes using very thin layers of nanofibres, announced, for example, by Hollingsworth & Vose, and by Donaldson. A relatively new material, showing filter media potential, derived from paper pulp as plastic fibrils, is the very strong nanocrystalline cellulose, currently made by CelluForce.

On a more specific, water filtration note, mention must be made of the concern being expressed over the accumulation of micropollutants in groundwater, either in suspension or solution. In particular, warnings have been sounded over oestrogens (from birth control tablets), but another hazard, because of its co-existence with large quantities of groundwater, is the fire-retardant chemicals used in fire-fighting.
 
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