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[ÇØ¿Ü ¼öó¸® ±â¼ú µ¿Çâ] RO ±â¼ú°ú UF¡¤MF ¸âºê·¹ÀÎ, ¿©°ú¿ëÀ¸·Î ±Þ¼ºÀå
À̸§ °ü¸®ÀÚ waterindustry@hanmail.net ÀÛ¼ºÀÏ 2014.07.08 Á¶È¸¼ö 1681
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RO ±â¼ú°ú UF¡¤MF ¸âºê·¹ÀÎ, ¿©°ú¿ëÀ¸·Î ±Þ¼ºÀå.pdf


RO ±â¼ú°ú UF¡¤MF ¸âºê·¹ÀÎ, ¿©°ú¿ëÀ¸·Î ±Þ¼ºÀå
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BASF, ¸· Á¦Á¶»ç Inge Àμö¡¦ÄɹÌÄà Á¦Á¶»çµé ¸· »ý»ê±â¾÷ °æ¿µ ¼ÒÀ¯¿¡ °ü½É

 
¸âºê·¹ÀÎ(membrane) Á¦Á¶»çµéÀº ´Ù¾çÇÑ Ã³¸®¡¤Àû¿ë ¸ñÀûÀ¸·Î °³¹ßµÈ »ó¾÷¿ëÀÇ Æú¸®¸Ó ¼ÒÀç¿¡ ÀÇÁ¸ÇØ ¿Ô´Ù. ±×·¯³ª 1982³â´ë Dow»ç°¡ ¸âºê·¹ÀÎ Á¦Á¶»çÀÎ Filmtec»ç¸¦ ÀμöÇÑ ÀÌÈÄ, BASF(¹Ù½ºÇÁ) ¹× Lanxess(¶û¼¼½º) µî ÀüÅëÀûÀÎ È­ÇÐȸ»çµéÀº ¸âºê·¹Àο¡ ´õ¿í ¸¹Àº °ü½ÉÀ» ±â¿ïÀÌ°Ô µÆ´Ù. À̵é ȸ»çµéÀÇ Æú¸®¸Ó(polymer chemical) »ç¾÷ È°¼ºÈ­·Î ÀüÅëÀûÀÎ ¸âºê·¹ÀÎ Á¦Á¶»çµé¿¡ ´ëÇØ ¸í¹éÇÑ »ç¾÷Àû ÀåÁ¡À» °¡Áú ¼ö ÀÖÀ»±î?  ÀÌ¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ¼³¸íÀ¸·Î ¸âºê·¹ÀÎ ÄÁ¼³Æÿ¬ÇÕ(Membrane Consultancy Associates)ÀÇ ±×·¹¹Ì ÇǾ(Graeme Pearce) ¹Ú»ç´Â ¡ºWater&wastewater international¡» 2014³â 4¡­5¿ùÈ£¿¡¼­ ¸âºê·¹ÀÎ Á¦Á¶±â¼ú µ¿ÇâÀ» ¼Ò°³Çß´Ù. ±× ³»¿ëÀ» ¹ø¿ªÇß´Ù.    [¹ø¿ª = ±è´ö¿¬ º»Áö ÆíÁýÀ§¿ø]

¸âºê·¹ÀÎ, 1990³â´ëºÎÅÍ »ó¾÷È­(Membranes, commercialization of the 1990s)

¸âºê·¹ÀÎÀº ¼öó¸® ¸ñÀûÀ¸·Î °ÅÀÇ 50³â ÀÌ»ó »ç¿ëµÇ¾î ¿ÔÀ¸³ª ÁÖ·Â Á¦Ç°À¸·ÎÀÇ ÀÎÁ¤Àº ´ÜÁö Áö³­ 15³â µ¿¾È¸¸ ÀÌ·ç¾îÁ³´Ù. RO ±â¼úÀÌ ¡®¹° ½ºÆ®·¹½º(water stress)¡¯ Çö»óÀ» ÇØ°áÇϱâ À§ÇØ »ç¿ëµÆÀ¸¸ç 1990³â´ë Áß¹Ý ÀÌÈÄ, ÇؾȰ¡ µµ½Ã Áö¿ª¿¡¼­ ´ë±Ô¸ð ¿ë·® ÇÁ·ÎÁ§Æ® °³¹ß Çü½ÄÀ¸·Î »ç¿ëµÆ´Ù. ¸âºê·¹ÀÎ ¿©°ú ¸ñÀûÀÇ Àû¿ëÀ¸·Î´Â 1980³â´ë ´ë±Ô¸ð ¼öó¸® ÇÁ·ÎÁ§Æ® Àû¿ë¿¡ UF ¹× MF ¸âºê·¹ÀÎ »ç¿ëÀÌ Ã³À½À¸·Î Á¦¾ÈµÇ¾úÀ¸¸ç, 1990³â´ë¿¡ À̸£·¯ º»°ÝÀûÀÎ Á¦Ç°ÀÇ »ó¾÷È­°¡ ÀÌ·ç¾îÁ³´Ù.

Ãʱ⿡ ¸âºê·¹ÀÎ Á¦Ç°ÀÇ ´ëÁßÈ­¿¡ ÀÖ¾î ºñ½Ñ ÀÌÀ¯·Î ¸Å¿ì ȸÀÇÀûÀ̾ú´Ù. ±×·¯³ª RO Á¦Ç°¿¡ ´ëÇÑ Ç¥ÁØÈ­ ½Ç½Ã·Î °ø±ÞÀÚ Á¦Ç° °£ »óÈ£ ȣȯÀÌ °¡´ÉÇϸç, Á¦Ç° °¡°ÝÀÇ ±Þ¼ÓÇÑ Ç϶ôÀ¸·Î ½ÃÀåÀÇ ´ëÁßÈ­¸¦ °¡Á®¿À°Ô µÆ´Ù. ¶ÇÇÑ RO ±â¼úÀº ¿¡³ÊÁö ºñ¿ëÀÌ »ó½ÂÇÏ¸ç ¸âºê·¹ÀÎ Ç÷£Æ®ÀÇ °Ç¼³ºñ¿ëÀÌ Ç϶ôÇÔ¿¡ µû¶ó ±âÁ¸ Áõ¹ß¹æ½ÄÀÇ ´ã¼öÈ­ °øÁ¤À» ´ëüÇÏ°Ô µÆ´Ù. ÀÌÁ¦ RO ±â¼úÀº ½ÉÁö¾î Áßµ¿ Áö¿ª¿¡¼­µµ °¡Àå Ç¥ÁØÈ­µÈ Çؼö´ã¼öÈ­ ±â¼ú·Î Àνĵǰí ÀÖ´Ù.

¸âºê·¹ÀÎ ¿©°ú±â¼úÀÇ °æ¿ì, ¸Ô´Â ¹°¿¡¼­ Å©¸³Å佺Æ÷¸®µð¿ò(cryptosporidium)À̳ª ¹ÙÀÌ·¯½º Á¦°Å°¡ ¹ý·ü·Î ±ÔÁ¤µÊ¿¡ µû¶ó Á¡Â÷ÀûÀ¸·Î ÀÌ ±â¼úÀÌ Ã¤Åà »ç¿ëµÇ°Ô µÆ´Ù. ÀÌ ±â¼úÀº ¾÷ü°£ °æÀïÀ¸·Î Á¦Ç°°¡°ÝÀÇ Ç϶ôÇö»óÀÌ ¹ß»ýÇßÁö¸¸ RO Á¦Ç°°ú ´Þ¸® ¾÷üº°·Î Á¦Ç°º°·Î µ¶ÀÚÀû Â÷º°¼ºÀ» À¯ÁöÇÏ°í ÀÖ¾ú´Ù.
 
   
¡ã ¶û¼¼½º¡¤¹Ù½ºÇÁ µî ÀüÅëÀûÀÎ È­ÇÐȸ»çµéÀº ¼öó¸® ºÐ¾ß¿¡ RO ¸âºê·¹ÀÎ »ç¿ëÀ» ¸¹Àº °ü½ÉÀ» ±â¿ïÀÌ°í ÀÖ´Ù. »çÁøÀº ¶û¼¼½º»çÀÇ ¸âºê·¹ÀÎ Á¦Á¶ Àå¸é. [»çÁøÃâó =¶û¼¼½º ȨÆäÀÌÁö(www.lanxess.com)]
Membranes have been used in water treatment for nearly 50years. Yet mainstream acceptance has only occurred in the last 15years. Reverse osmosis(RO) has been used to combat water stress, with project development for cities in coastal areas increasing in scale since the mid 1990s. In the case of membrane filtration, ultrafiltration(UF) and microfiltration(MF) membranes were first proposed for large scale water treatment applications in the 1980¡¯s and by the end of the 1990¡¯s, significant commercialisation occurred.
Initially, users were sceptical that membranes would ever become commonplace because they were too expensive. However, standardization of design in RO led to a commoditisation of the market, encouraging interchangeability between suppliers and sharply declining prices. Eventually, RO challenged thermal processes as the cost of energy rose and the capital cost of membrane plants fell. RO is now considered the standard seawater desalination technology even in the Gulf.
In the case of membrane filtration, the emergence of legislative drivers for cryptosporidium and virus removal in drinking water led to a gradual adoption of the technology. Competition has created downward pressure on prices, but unlike RO the market has retained a significant degree of differentiation.

¸âºê·¹ÀÎ Á¦Á¶»çµéÀº Á¦Ç°À» ÀÏ¹Ý ½ÃÀå¿¡¼­ ½±°Ô ¾òÀ» ¼ö ÀÖ´Â ÀϹÝÀûÀÎ ¼ÒÀç ¹× ÀçÁúÀ» »ç¿ëÇÏ¿© °³¹ßÇØ ¿Ô´Ù. RO Á¦Ç° °æ¿ì¿¡ ¹Ú¸· ÇÕ¼º Æú¸®¾Æ¹Ìµå ¸·(thin film composite polyamide membrane) »ç¿ëÀ¸·Î ´Ù¼Ò°£ Ç¥ÁØÈ­°¡ ÁøÇàµÆ´Ù. ÁÖ¿ä °ø±Þ»çµéÀÇ Á¦Ç° Áß¿¡´Â ÄɹÌÄà ±¸Á¶¿¡ À¯»çÇÑ Á¡ÀÌ ¸Å¿ì ¸¹ÀÌ Á¸ÀçÇÏ°í ÀÖÀ¸³ª ÀÌµé ¸âºê·¹ÀÎ Á¦Ç° Ư¼ºÀ» ÃÖÀûÈ­½ÃÅ°±â À§Çؼ­ Á¦Ç°º° ¿îÀü»óÀÇ Á¦ÇÑÀÌ µû¸£°Ô µÆ´Ù.

RO Á¦Ç°Àº ÁÖ·Î ³ª±ÇÇü ÇüÅ·ΠÁ¦Á¶µÇ¾î »ç¿ëÀÚ¿¡°Ô °ø±ÞµÈ´Ù. ÇÑÆí, UF¡¤MF ¸âºê·¹ÀÎ ¿©°ú °æ¿ì¿¡´Â ´Ù¾çÇÑ ¼ÒÀçÀÇ ÀçÁú·Î Á¦Á¶µÇ´Âµ¥ ÀÌÁß 2°¡Áö ÇÙ½É Æú¸®¸Ó ¼ÒÀç·Î´Â PES ¹× PVDF ÀçÁúÀ» »ç¿ëÇÑ Á¦Ç°ÀÌ´Ù. À̵é Á¦Ç° ¸ðµÎ ¸Å¿ì ´Ù¾çÇÑ Àû¿ë ºÐ¾ß¿¡ »ç¿ë °¡´ÉÇÏ¸ç µ¿½Ã¿¡ ¸¹Àº ¾çÀÇ ¹°·®À» ó¸®ÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Â ±â´ÉÀ» °®´Â´Ù. ¸âºê·¹ÀÎ Á¦Á¶ ¸ñÀûÀ¸·Î Æú¸®¸Ó ÀçÁúÀÇ »ç¿ëÀº Àü ¼¼°èÀûÀ¸·Î Æú¸®¸Ó Àüü »ç¿ë·® Áß ¸Å¿ì ÀûÀº ¾çÀ̹ǷΠ´ÜÁö ¸âºê·¹ÀÎ ½ÃÀåÀ» ¸ñÇ¥·Î ÇÑ Æ¯º°ÇÑ °³¹ßÀº ÀÌ·ç¾îÁöÁö ¾Ê¾Ò´Ù.

Ãʱ⿡ ¸âºê·¹ÀÎ Á¦Á¶»çµéÀº Á¦Ç° ¼º´É ÃÖÀûÈ­, È¿À²¼º µîÀÇ °üÁ¡¿¡¼­ °øÁ¤ÀÇ ÁöÇ¥¸¦ °áÁ¤Çϱ⿡ ¸Å¿ì ¾î·Á¿î »óȲ¿¡ Á÷¸éÇß´Ù. ¸âºê·¹ÀÎÀº ³ôÀº Ç÷°½º(flux) ¹× ³·Àº ¿îÀü ¾Ð·Â¿¡¼­ÀÇ ¿îÀüÀÌ ¿ä±¸µÇ¹Ç·Î ³ôÀº Åõ°ú·ÂÀ» °¡Áö´Â °ÍÀÌ ÇÊ¿äÇÏ°Ô µÆ´Ù. ÇÑÆí, ¿ÏÀüÇÑ »óÅÂ(integrity) ¼öÁØ À¯Áö¸ñÀûÀ¸·Î ÃæºÐÇÑ °­µµ°¡ ÇÊ¿äÇÏ¸ç ¸¸Á·ÇÒ ¸¸ÇÑ ¸âºê·¹ÀÎ ¼ö¸íÀÌ º¸ÀåµÇ¾î¾ß Çß´Ù. ¸¶Áö¸·À¸·Î ÆĿ︵(fouling) ¹ß»ýÀÌ ÃÖ¼ÒÈ­Çϴ Ư¼ºÀ» ¿ä±¸ÇÏ°Ô µÆ´Ù.
 
   
¡ã ¶û¼¼½ºÀÇ ¹Ú¸·(¾ãÀº Çʸ§) ÇÕ¼º Æú¸®¾Æ¹Ìµå È­Çй°ÁúÀ» ±â¹ÝÇÑ RO ¸âºê·¹ÀÎ. [»çÁøÃâó =¶û¼¼½º ȨÆäÀÌÁö(www.lanxess.com)]
ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ 3°¡Áö ¿ä±¸»çÇ×ÀÌ ´Ù¾çÇÏ°Ô Àû¿ëµÇ¾î ¾ó¸¶°£ ½ÃÀå ÁøÃâ¿¡ À庮À¸·Î ÀÛ¿ëµÇ¾úÀ¸¸ç ±×µ¿¾È ¸âºê·¹ÀÎ Á¦Ç°ÀÇ »ó¾÷È­´Â ÁÖ·Î »ç¿ëÀÚ¿ÍÀÇ Å¸Çù, ÀýÃæ¿¡ ÀÇÁ¸ÇÏ°Ô µÇ¾ú´Ù. ½Ã°£ÀÌ Áö³²¿¡ µû¶ó ¸âºê·¹ÀÎ Á¦Á¶»çµéÀº ±âº» ¼ÒÀçÀÇ »ç¾çÀ» °³¹ßÇϸç, ¼ö󸮿¡ ÀûÇÕÇÑ Á¦Ç° °³¹ß¿¡ Ä¡ÁßÇÏ°Ô µÇ¾ú´Ù. ±×·¯³ª ÁÖ·Î ÃÖÁ¾ Á¦Ç°ÀÇ ¼º´ÉÀ» ÄÁÆ®·ÑÇϰųª ÁÖ¿ä Ư¼ºÄ¡¸¦ º¸¿ÏÇÒ ¸ñÀûÀ¸·Î º¸Á¶¿ë Æú¸®¸Ó(co-polymer) Á¦Ç°À» »ç¿ëÇϰųª ÃÖÁ¾ Á¦Ç°¿¡ ´ëÇÑ »çÈÄ °³Áú µî ¼öÁ¤ÀÛ¾÷¿¡¸¸ ÀÇÁ¸ÇÏ°Ô µÇ¾ú´Ù. 

Membrane manufacturers have developed their products from commodity materials available on the open market. In the case of RO, the market has more or less standardised on the use of the thin film composite polyamide membrane, in which there is a high degree of chemical similarity between the major suppliers with limited opportunity to optimise the basic material.
The membrane element is provided in a spiral wound format. Membrane filtration uses several different materials, but the two most common polymers are polyethersulfone(PES) and polyvinylidene difluoride(PVDF), both produced in high volume for a variety of applications. The use of these materials for membrane manufacture forms a small proportion of the total market for the polymers. They have not been developed specifically for membrane market requirements.
The early membrane makers were faced with difficult decisions regarding the optimisation of their products. Clearly, membranes needed to be highly permeable since this would allow high flux and low operating pressure. However, they also need to have sufficient strength to maintain integrity and ensure a satisfactory membrane life. Finally, the membranes needed a good low fouling characteristic.
These three requirements are to some degree in tension, so commercial products represent a compromise. Over time, membrane manufacturers have developed a specification for the basic materials in terms of molecular weight etc, and have developed suitable products for water industry application. However, they have been largely reliant on co-polymers and post modification to achieve an appropriate blend of the key characteristics and adjust and control performance of the final product.

»ó¾÷¿ë ¸âºê·¹ÀÎÀÇ ÇöÀç »óȲ(Current status of commercial membrane products)

¸âºê·¹ÀÎ »ê¾÷ÀÌ ¼º¼÷´Ü°è¿¡ µé¾î¼­ÀÚ, ¸âºê·¹ÀÎ Á¦Á¶»çµéÀº ±âÃÊÀûÀÎ Á¦Ç°ÀÇ °³¼±, Áï À§¿¡ ¾ð±ÞÇÑ ¼º´ÉÀ» ³ªÅ¸³»´Â 3°¡Áö Ç׸ñ¿¡ ´ëÇÑ °³¼±¿¡ ÁÖ·ÂÇÏ°Ô µÇ¾ú´Ù. ÀϺΠÁ¦Ç°Àº Åõ°ú·ÂÀÇ ÀϺθ¦ Èñ»ý½ÃÅ°´Â ¹Ý¸é¿¡ ³ôÀº °­µµ¸¦ ³ªÅ¸³»´Â Ư¼ºÀ» °¡Áö°í ÀÖÀ¸¸ç, ¶Ç ÀϺΠÁ¦Ç°Àº ÀÌ¿Í ¹Ý´ë·Î ÀÏÁ¤ÇÑ Åº¼º°­µµ¿¡¼­ ³ôÀº Åõ°ú¼º´ÉÀ» °®±âµµ ÇÑ´Ù. ½ÇÁúÀûÀ¸·Î ¸âºê·¹ÀÎ ÇÊÅÍ¿ëÀ¸·Î °ø±ÞµÇ´Â Á¦Ç°µéÀº À§ÀÇ 2°¡Áö ¼­·Î ´Ù¸¥ Ư¼ºÀÇ Á¶ÇÕ¿¡ µû¶ó ºÐ·ùµÇ±âµµ ÇÑ´Ù.

¿Ü¾ÐÇü(outside feed format) ±¸Á¶ÀÇ ¸ðµâÀº °­µµ°¡ ³ô°í À¯¿¬¼ºÀÌ ÈǸ¢ÇÑ ¸âºê·¹ÀÎ ¼ÒÀçÀÇ »ç¿ëÀ» ¼±È£Çϸç, Å©¸®´× ¸ðµå¿¡¼­ ±â°èÀûÀ¸·Î °­·ÂÇÑ ¿¡¾î ¼¼Á¤(air scour)ÀÌ °¡´ÉÇÏ°Ô µÈ´Ù. PVDF ¼ÒÀçÀÇ ¸âºê·¹ÀÎÀÌ ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ ¸ñÀû¿¡ ºÎÇյǴ Á¦Ç°ÀÌ´Ù. ÀÌ¿Í ¹Ý´ë·Î ³»¾ÐÇü(inside feed format) ±¸Á¶ÀÇ ¸ðµâÀº ¸ðµâ ³» ÀåÂøµÈ ÀÏÁ¤ÇÑ ÆÄÀ̹ö ¼ö·®´ëºñ ¿©°ú ¸éÀû(membrane area)ÀÌ ÀÛ¾ÆÁö¸ç Åõ°ú ¼º´ÉÀÌ ¹®Á¦Á¡À¸·Î ºÎ°¢µÈ´Ù. ¿¡¾î ¼¼Á¤ÀÌ ÇÊ¿äÇÏÁö ¾ÊÀ¸¹Ç·Î ÀϹÝÀûÀ¸·Î °øÁ¤ À¯¿¬¼º(flexibility)¿¡ ´ëÇÑ »çÇ×Àº °í·ÁµÇÁö ¾Ê´Â´Ù. ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ Çü»óÀÇ Á¦Ç°¿¡´Â ÁÖ·Î PES ¼ÒÀç°¡ »ç¿ëµÈ´Ù.

±×·¯³ª »õ·Î¿î ÀçÁúÀÇ Á¦Ç°Àº ¿î¿µ ÃÖÀûÈ­¸¦ À§ÇÑ °­·ÂÇÑ Æ¯¼ºÀ» Á¦°øÇÏ°Ô µÉ °ÍÀÌ´Ù. Áï, °­µµ¿Í Åõ°ú ¼º´ÉÀ» º¸´Ù È¿À²ÀûÀ¸·Î À¶ÇÕÇÏ°í ³·Àº ÆĿ︵ Ư¼ºÀ» °®µµ·Ï °³¹ßµÇ¸ç °á°úÀûÀ¸·Î ÀϺΠƯ¼ºÄ¡ÀÇ ¼º´É°ªÀ» »óÈ£ ±³È¯ÇÏ¿© ÃÖÀû »óÅÂÀÇ ¼º´ÉÀ» °®´Â Á¦Ç°À¸·Î °³¹ßµÉ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù.

As the membrane industry has matured, many membrane makers have now achieved substantial product improvements, sometimes with improvements in all three areas of performance. Some products exhibit exceptional strength potentially sacrificing a degree of permeability. Or conversely, are extremely high permeability at the expense to some degree of resilience. In fact, products supplied for membrane filtration divide fairly equally between these two different combinations of characteristics.
Thus the outside feed format tends to favour the use of a membrane with high strength and flexibility so that a mechanically aggressive air scour can be used in the cleaning cycle. PVDF is often chosen to fulfil this objective. In contrast, the inside feed format has a lower membrane area for a given number of the fibres with the same dimension and so permeability is key; since air scour is not required for this format, flexibility is not a key requirement. Indeed flexible fibres are often found to have lower permeability. PES is the normal choice for this format.
However, new materials would offer the potential of a different optimization, perhaps combining strength and permeability more beneficially and with enhanced low fouling properties, thereby enabling the potential trade-off between desirable characteristics to be shifted to a new balance point.

»õ·Î¿î ¸âºê·¹ÀÎ Á¦Á¶»ç(New membrane IP)

ÃÖ±Ù ¸âºê·¹ÀÎ ¼º´ÉÀ» °³¼±Çϱâ À§ÇÏ¿© ¸âºê·¹ÀÎ IP¸¦ µµÀÔÇÑ È¸»ç ¹× ¿¬±¸´ÜüÀÇ ÀϺΠ»ç·Ê°¡ ÀÖ´Ù. ¸¹ÀÌ »ç¿ëµÈ ÀûÀÌ ¾ø´Â »õ·Î¿î Á¾·ùÀÇ Æú¸®¸Ó¸¦ ¸âºê·¹ÀÎ Á¦Á¶¿¡ Àû¿ëÇÑ ÀϺΠȸ»çÀÇ »ç·Ê°¡ ÀüÇØÁö°í Àִµ¥ À̵é ȸ»ç·Î´Â Clean Membranes(PAN ¸âºê·¹ÀÎÀÇ °³Áú, °³Á¶¿¡ ÀÇÇÑ »ç¿ë), Sumitomo(PTFE ÀçÁú °³Á¶¿¡ ÀÇÇÑ »ç¿ë), Water Planet Engineering(Â÷º°È­µÈ Æú¸®¸Ó¼ÒÀçÀÇ °³¹ß¡¤»ç¿ë) µîÀÌ ÀÖ´Ù.

¶ÇÇÑ ÀϺΠȸ»çµéÀº co-polymer »ç¿ë È®´ë, Çõ½ÅÀûÀÎ Á¦Á¶±â¼ú °³¹ßÀ» ½ÃµµÇßÀ¸¸ç PVDF, PES ¹× PS ÀçÁúÀÇ ÀϹÝÀû Æú¸®¸Ó¿¡ ´ëÇØ »çÈÄ °³ÁúÀ» ½Ç½ÃÇϱ⵵ Çß´Ù. ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ °³¹ß »ç·ÊÀÇ È¸»ç·Î´Â Áß±¹ÀÇ Tianjin Motimo, ÀεµÀÇ Qua»ç, À̽º¶ó¿¤ÀÇ ½Å»ýȸ»çÀÎ Advanced MemTech»ç µîÀÌ ÀÖ´Ù.

ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ »õ·Î¿î µµÀÔ »ç·ÊÀÇ È¸»ç Á¦Ç°¿¡ ´ëÇÑ »ó¾÷ÀûÀÎ ÀåÁ¡Àº ¾ÆÁ÷ ¸íÈ®ÇÏ°Ô µå·¯³ªÁö ¾Ê¾ÒÁö¸¸ ÀϺΠ°³¼±¿¡ µû¸¥ È¿°ú´Â ±â´ëÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Â ¼öÁØÀ̸ç, À̵é ȸ»çÀÇ °³¹ßÀÌ »ç¿ëµÇ°í ÀÖ´Â Æú¸®¸Ó ¼ÒÀçÀÇ ±âº»Æ¯¼º¿¡ ¿µÇâÀ» ¹ÌÄ¡´Â Á¤µµ·Î Á¦ÇѵȴÙ.

There are several recent examples of companies or research groups introducing new membrane IP to improve membrane performance. For example there are some companies that have introduced polymers which are novel or not widely used such as Clean Membranes with its use of a modified PAN membrane, Sumitomo with their modified PTFE, and Water Planet Engineering with their differentiated polymer development.
Also, several companies have promoted co-polymer use, innovative manufacturing methods, or a post modification to the standard polymer families of PVDF, PES, and PS. Examples of some of these developments include Tianjin Motimo in China, Qua of India, and a new start up in Israel, Advanced MemTech.
These new introductions have yet to confirm their commercial benefits but all could make a contribution to the trend for improvement. However, there is a limit to the extent to which of any of the developments cited above can influence the fundamental characteristics of their chosen polymer family.

¸âºê·¹ÀÎ ¼º´É ¹× ÆĿ︵ ÄÁÆ®·Ñ(Membrane performance and control of fouling)

¸âºê·¹ÀÎÀÌ Ãʱ⠼öó¸® Àû¿ë¿¡ µµÀԵǾúÀ» ¶§ Á¦Ç° ÀÚü´Â ¸Å¿ì ºñ½Ñ Á¦Ç°À¸·Î °¡´ÉÇÏ¸é ³ôÀº Ç÷°½º °ª¿¡¼­ ¿îÀüµÇµµ·Ï °­¿äµÇ¾ú´Ù. Ç÷£Æ®¿¡¼­´Â ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ Á¶°ÇÀ¸·Î È¿À²Àû ¿îÀüÀÌ °¡´ÉÇßÀ¸³ª ¿îÀüºñ¿ë, Áï ¿¡³ÊÁö ¹× ÄɹÌÄà ¼¼Á¤¿¡ ÇÊ¿äÇÑ ºñ¿ëÀº ¸Å¿ì ¸¹¾ÆÁö´Â °á°ú¸¦ ÃÊ·¡Çß´Ù.

º¸´Ù ½É°¢ÇÑ ¹®Á¦´Â ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ ³ôÀº Ç÷°½º¿¡¼­ÀÇ ¿îÀüÀº ¸âºê·¹ÀÎ ¼ö¸íÀ» ´ÜÃà½ÃÅ°¸ç °á±¹ ÆÄÀ̹öÀÇ ¼Õ»óÀ» °¡Á®¿À°Ô µÈ´Ù. Ç÷£Æ®ÀÇ Ãʱ⠿îÀü¿¡¼­ ÆÄÀ̹ö ¿Ï°á¼ºÀÇ ¼Õ½Ç(integrity loss), ÆÄÀ̹ö ºÒ·® ¹ß»ý(fiber failure), ÆÄÀ̹ö ¼ö¸®(repair) µîÀÇ Ç׸ñ¿¡¼­ »ó´çÇÑ ¼öÁØÀÇ ºÒ¸¸Á·½º·¯¿î ¿î¿µ °á°úÀÇ ±â·ÏÀ» °®°Ô µÇ¾ú´Ù.
±× ÀÌÈÄ ¸âºê·¹ÀÎ °¡°ÝÀÇ Ç϶ôÀ¸·Î Ç÷£Æ®¿¡¼­´Â ³·Àº Ç÷°½º °ªÀ¸·Î ¿îÀüµÇµµ·Ï ¼³°èµÇ¾úÀ¸¸ç, ÀÌ·Î ÀÎÇØ ÆĿ︵ ¹ß»ýÀº Çö°ÝÈ÷ ÁÙ¾îµé°Ô µÇ¾ú´Ù. ÆĿ︵À» ÃÖ¼Ò·Î ÇÏ¸ç ´Ù¾çÇÑ ÄɹÌÄà ¼¼Á¤¾×¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ¾ÈÁ¤¼º È®º¸¸¦ À§ÇÑ ¸âºê·¹ÀÎÀÇ °³¹ßÀº ÇʼöÀûÀÎ »çÇ×ÀÌ µÆ´Ù. µû¶ó¼­ ÆĿ︵ÀÇ ¿µÇâÀ» Å©°Ô ¿ÏÈ­½Ãų ¼ö ÀÖ¾ú´Ù.

ÇÑÆí, ¸âºê·¹Àο¡¼­´Â ³ôÀº Åõ°ú·ÂÀ» °®±â À§ÇÏ¿© ³ôÀº ±â°ø ¹Ðµµ(high pore density)¸¦ ÇÊ¿ä·Î ÇÑ´Ù. ±×·¯³ª pore density°¡ ³Ê¹« ³ô¾ÆÁö¸é °­µµ°¡ ¶³¾îÁö´Â Çö»óÀÌ ¹ß»ýµÈ´Ù. ¶ÇÇÑ ±â°øºÐÆ÷µµÀÇ ºÐ»êÄ¡°¡ ÃÖ¼ÒÈ­(narrow pore size distribution) Ư¼ºÀÌ ÇÊ¿äÇÏ´Ù. ÀÌ´Â ÀϺΠũ±â°¡ Å« ±â°øÀ¸·Î ±¸Á¶ ÀÚü¸¦ ¾àÈ­½ÃÅ°°Ô µÇ°í ¸âºê·¹ÀÎÀÌ Æ¯Á¤ ÀÔÀÚÅ©±âÀÇ ÀÔÀÚ¹°ÁúÀ» Á¦°ÅÇÏ´Â ±â´ÉÀ» ¶³¾î¶ß¸®°Ô µÇ±â ¶§¹®ÀÌ´Ù.

Å©±â°¡ Å« ±â°øÀº ¸âºê·¹ÀÎ ÀÚüÀÇ ±â°øÀÇ Æó¼â Çö»ó(pore plugging mechanism)À» ¹ß»ý½ÃÅ°±âµµ ÇÑ´Ù. Áï, ±â°øÀÇ ±¸Á¶ Ư¼ºÀº ¹°ÀÌ ÀúÇ×·ÂÀ» ÃÖ¼Ò·Î ÇÏ¿© ½±°Ô À̵¿ÀÌ µÇµµ·Ï »óÈ£ ¿¬°ü¼ºÀ» °¡Á®¾ß ÇÑ´Ù. ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ Æ¯¼ºÀº ¸âºê·¹ÀÎ Á¦Á¶ ½Ã Àû¿ëµÇ´Â Á¦Á¶ ¹æ¹ý ¹× Á¦Á¶ ȯ°æ¿¡ ÀÇÇÏ¿© ÀϺΠÄÁÆ®·Ñ °¡´ÉÇÏÁö¸¸, Á¦Á¶ ½Ã »ç¿ëµÇ´Â ¿øÀç·á ¼ÒÀçÀÇ ±âº» ¹°¼º¿¡ ÀÇÇؼ­µµ Å« ¿µÇâÀ» ¹Þ´Â´Ù.
 
   
¡ã ¶û¼¼½º¿¡¼­ Á¦Á¶ÇÑ ¸âºê·¹ÀÎ ¼º´É½ÃÇè Àå¸é. [»çÁøÃâó =¶û¼¼½º ȨÆäÀÌÁö(www.lanxess.com)]
When membranes were first introduced into water treatment, products were expensive, and there was a strong incentive to operate at as high a fux as possible. Initially, plants can cope with these conditions, but operating costs are high, both in terms of energy and chemical cleaning.
However, a more serious impact is that these aggressive conditions may reduce membrane life and result in fibre breakage, especially during feed upsets. A significant proportion of early plants had an unacceptable track record for integrity loss, fibre failure and repair Reduction in membrane prices has meant that plants are now designed with lower fluxes, so that fouling rates are significantly lower. However, it is still the case that at commercially competitive fluxes, fouling is ubiquitous.
Developing membrane properties which minimize fouling and ensure stability to chemical cleaning regimes is therefore essential so that the effects of fouling can be mitigated. Membranes require a high pore density to achieve good permeability, but if too high, strength will eventually be sacrificed.
A narrow pore size distribution is highly desirable since a few large pores will weaken the structure and make the membrane less useful as a barrier for a specific particle size. Also large pores can make the membrane more prone to the pore plugging fouling mechanism.
The pores need to be interconnected to ensure that water can flow through the structure with low resistance. Although these characteristics are to some degree controlled by the method and conditions utilised when the membrane is formed, it is also strongly influenced by the basic nature of the raw material used.

¼ÒÀç ȸ»çµéÀÇ ¿µÇâ·Â Áõ°¡(Potential impact of a material manufacturer)

¼ÒÀç ȸ»çµéÀº ¼ö³â µ¿¾È ¸âºê·¹ÀÎ ¼öó¸® ½ÃÀåÀ» °ü½É ÀÖ°Ô ÁöÄѺ¸¾Ò´Ù. ±×Áß °¡Àå °­·ÂÇÏ°í ÃÖÃÊÀÇ ÅëÇÕ ½Ãµµ´Â 1980³â´ë Dow»ç°¡ Filmtec»ç¸¦ ÀμöÇÑ °ÍÀÌ´Ù. Dow»ç´Â RO ¸âºê·¹ÀÎ ¿¤¸®¸ÕÆ®¿¡ »ç¿ëµÇ´Â ´Ù¾çÇÑ Æú¸®¸Ó Á¦Ç°À» »ý»êÇÏ°í ÀÖ¾úÀ¸¸ç, Àμö ÀÛ¾÷À¸·Î ÀÌ ºÐ¾ß¿¡¼­ ½Ã³ÊÁö È¿°ú¸¦ ¾òÀ» ¼ö ÀÖ¾ú´Ù. ±×·¯³ª Dow»çÀÇ ¿øÀç·á ¼ÒÀç´Â ¸âºê·¹ÀÎ Á¦Ç°¿¡ »ç¿ëÇϱâ À§ÇÑ ¸ñÀûÀ¸·ÎÀÇ °³¼±¡¤°³¹ßÀÌ °ÅÀÇ ÀÌ·ç¾îÁöÁö ¾Ê¾Ò´Ù.

ÃÖ±Ù ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ ÁøÀÔÀÇ »ç·Ê·Î °ú°Å Bayer»çÀÇ ÇÑ ºÎ¹®¿¡ ¼ÓÇØ ÀÖ¾ú´ø Lanxess»ç°¡ ÀÖ´Ù. Lanxess»ç´Â ¹Ú¸· ÇÕ¼º Æú¸®¾Æ¹Ìµå È­ÇÐ(thin film composite polyamide chemistry)À» ±âº»À¸·Î ÇÏ´Â RO ¸âºê·¹ÀÎÀ» °³¹ß¡¤¹ßÇ¥Çß´Ù. Lanxess»ç°¡ °ü·Ã polymer chemical »ç¾÷ ºÐ¾ß¿¡ ¾ó¸¶³ª ¸¹Àº ¿µÇâÀ» ¹ÌÄ¡°Ô µÇ¾ú´ÂÁö´Â ¸íÈ®ÇÏÁö ¾Ê´Ù. ´ÜÁö RO ±â¼ú°³¹ß·Î ±âÁ¸ Çٽɱâ¼ú·Î º¸À¯ÇÏ°í ÀÖ´ø Ion Exchange ±â¼ú°úÀÇ ÅëÇÕ¿¡ ±â¿©ÇÑ ¹Ù°¡ ÀÖ´Ù°í º»´Ù.
 
Material makers have been interested in the membrane water market for many years. An important early example of a strong corporate entrant was when Dow purchased Filmtec Dow in the 1980s. Dow manufactures several of the polymers used in RO element manufacture, which provided a strong synergy for their business. However, the Dow raw materials utilised have not been specifically modified for use in membrane products.
A more recent entrant to the RO field is Lanxess, a former division of Bayer. They have introduced an RO membrane based on thin film composite polyamide chemistry. It is not clear to what extent Lanxess leverages their related polymer chemical business to provide performance advantage to their RO products. Yet its focus seems to be on the integration of RO with ion exchange, an area in which the former Bayer became strongly established.
Æú¸®¸Ó Ư¼º¿¡ º¯È­¸¦ ÁÖ¾î ¸âºê·¹ÀÎ Á¦Ç° Ư¼º¿¡ ¿µÇâÀ» ¹ÌÄ¡´Â Çö»óÀº RO ±â¼ú°ú ºñ±³ÇÏ¿©  UF ¸âºê·¹ÀÎ °æ¿ì¿¡ ´õ¿í ¸¹Àº ±âȸ°¡ ÀÖ´Ù. ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ ±âȸ¸¦ »ì¸° BASF»ç´Â Ãʱ⠿øÀç·á ¼ÒÀç¿¡ °­·ÂÇÑ ¼ÒÀç °³¹ßÀ» °ÅÃļ­ ¸âºê·¹ÀÎÀ» Á¦Á¶ÇÔÀ¸·Î¼­ ½ÃÀå¿¡¼­ Ä¿´Ù¶õ È¿°ú¸¦ ¾ò°Ô µÇ¾ú´Ù.

BASF»ç°¡ °³¹ß ÃßÁøÇÑ »çÇ×Àº PES Æú¸®¸ÓÀÇ ºÐÀÚ·®À» ÃÖÀûÈ­ÇÏ´Â ½Ãµµ°¡ Æ÷ÇԵǾî ÀÖ´Ù. ÀÌ¿¡ ÀÇÇØ morphology ÄÁÆ®·ÑÀÌ °¡´ÉÇϸç Åõ°ú¼º´É°ú °­µµ°£ÀÇ ¹ë·±½º À¯Áö¿¡ ¿µÇâÀ» ÁÖ°Ô µÈ´Ù. Áï, flexibility Ư¼ºÀÇ °³¼±À» °¡Á®¿Ã ¼ö ÀÖ¾úÀ¸¸ç PES ¼ÒÀç°¡ ¿Ü¾Ð½Ä ¿îÀü ¸ðµâ¿¡ °¡Àå ÀûÇÕÇÑ ¼ÒÀçÀÓÀ» ¼³¸íÇÏ°í ÀÖ´Ù. BASF´Â Ä£¼ö¼º Ư¼ºÀ» °­È­Çϱâ À§ÇÑ ¸ñÀûÀ¸·Î polymer chemistry¸¦ ÀϺΠÃß°¡ ȤÀº polymer chemistry ÀÚü¸¦ ÀϺΠÁ¶ÀýÇÏ´Â µî PES ¼ÒÀç ÀÚüÀÇ Ç¥¸é °³ÁúÀ» °í·ÁÇϱ⵵ Çß´Ù.

¶Ç ´Ù¸¥ Á¢±ÙÀ¸·Î´Â ¼º´ÉƯ¼º ¹× ±â°ø Æó¼â(pore plugging) ¹ß»ý °¡´É¼ºÀ» ÄÁÆ®·ÑÇϱâ À§ÇÏ¿© »õ·Î¿î pore former¸¦ °³¹ßÇÏ´Â °ÍÀÌ´Ù. pore former´Â ºñ±³Àû ³ôÀº ³óµµ¿¡¼­ »ç¿ëµÉ ¼ö ÀÖÀ¸¸ç ÃÖÁ¾ ¸âºê·¹ÀÎ Á¦Ç°¿¡ Ä¿´Ù¶õ ¿µÇâÀ» ¹ÌÄ¡°Ô µÇ´Â ¼ÒÀçÀÌ´Ù. ºÐÀÚ·®À» Á¶ÀýÇÏ´Â ½Ãµµ¿Í ÇÔ²² pore former polymer change¿¡ ´ëÇÑ °³¹ßÀº ¸âºê·¹Àο¡ Ä¿´Ù¶õ ¿µÇâÀ» ¹ÌÄ¥ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù.

¾ÕÀ¸·Î ¼ö³â ³»¿¡ Ưº°È÷ ¸âºê·¹ÀÎ ¿ä±¸»çÇ×°ú °ü·ÃµÇ¾î Æú¸®¸Ó°¡ °³¹ßµÉ Àü¸ÁÀÌ´Ù. ƯÈ÷ UF ¹× MF ¸âºê·¹ÀÎ °æ¿ì¿¡´Â ¼º´ÉÀÌ °³¼±µÇ¸ç ¸âºê·¹ÀÎ ¼ö¸í ¿¬ÀåÀÌ Çã¿ëµÇ´Â ±âº» Ư¼º¿¡ ´ëÇÑ °³¹ßÀÌ ÀÌ·ç¾îÁú °ÍÀÌ´Ù. ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ Çö»ó »ç¿ëÀÚ¿¡°Ô Ä¿´Ù¶õ ÇýÅÃÀ» Á¦°øÇÒ »Ó¸¸ ¾Æ´Ï¶ó ƯÈ÷ Æú¸®¸Ó °³¹ßÀ» ½ÃµµÇÏ´Â ¸âºê·¹ÀÎ Á¦Á¶»çµé¿¡°Ôµµ Ưº°ÇÑ ÀåÁ¡À» Á¦°øÇÒ °ÍÀÌ´Ù.
 
   
¡ã BASF´Â Ä£¼ö¼º Ư¼ºÀ» °­È­Çϱâ À§ÇÑ ¸ñÀûÀ¸·Î polymer chemistry¸¦ ÀϺΠÃß°¡ ȤÀº polymer chemistry ÀÚü¸¦ ÀϺΠÁ¶ÀýÇÏ´Â µî PES ¼ÒÀç ÀÚüÀÇ Ç¥¸é °³ÁúÀ» °í·ÁÇϱ⵵ Çß´Ù. [»çÁøÃâó =¹Ù½ºÇÁ ȨÆäÀÌÁö(www.basf.com)]
There is much more opportunity in UF for a material maker to influence membrane products by adjustment of polymer properties than in RO. As such, it could have a profound effect on the market as BASF brings the potential of material development into the primary source material for membrane making.
Some of the possibilities that BASF might explore include the optimisation of molecular weight of the base PES polymer. This could control morphology and impact on the balance between permeability and strength. It might also be possible to introduce improved flexibility characteristics, making PES potentially more suitable for an outside feed format. In addition, BASF might consider modification to the PES adding to or adjusting the polymer chemistry to improve hydrophilicity, which could improve fouling characteristics.
Another approach is to develop novel pore formers to control performance characteristics and the potential for pore plugging. Pore formers can be used at relatively high concentration and have a significant impact on the final membrane. Adjusting molecular weight and characteristics of the pore former polymer change could affect the membrane profoundly.
It is likely that the next few years will see polymers developed specifically for the requirements of membranes, especially UF and MF, with basic characteristics which allow improved performance and longevity of the membranes formed. This will provide a general advantage to users and more specifically to the membrane makers that have access to the new polymers that are introduced.

³ª³ë±â¼úÀÇ ÇÙ½É(The potential of nanotechnology)

NanoH2O»ç¿¡ ÀÇÇÑ ÃÖ±Ù °³¹ß·Î ³ª³ëÀÔÀÚÀÇ À¶ÇÕÀû¿ëÀº RO ¼º´É¿¡ Ä¿´Ù¶õ Ư¼ºÀ» Á¦°øÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù´Â °ÍÀ» º¸¿©ÁÖ°í ÀÖ´Ù. 1990³â´ë µ¿¾È À¯·´¿¡¼­ÀÇ ¿¬±¸ È°µ¿À» º¸¸é, ÀÛÀº ¾çÀÇ ¹«±â¼º ÀÔÀÚ¹°Áú UF ¼º´ÉÀ» °³¼±½Ãų ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù´Â °ÍÀ» º¸¿©ÁØ´Ù.

ƼŸ´½»ê(titania), »êÈ­ Áö¸£ÄڴϾÆ(zirconia), Á¦¿À¶óÀÌÆ®(zeolites) µîÀÇ ´Ù¸¥ Àç·áµéµµ ¿¬±¸¡¤°ËÅäµÆ´Ù. Ç÷°½º ¹× ¼±ÅÃÀû ¿©°úÀÇ °³¼±¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ¿¬±¸µµ ÁøÇàµÇ¾úÀ¸³ª NanoH2O °³¹ß°ú´Â ´Ù¸£°Ô Ưº°ÇÑ »ó¾÷Àû ¼º°ú´Â ¾ø¾ú´Ù. ±×·¯³ª ¼ÒÀç ȸ»çµéÀº ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ ºÐ¾ß¿¡ ´Ù½Ã °³ÀÔÇÏ¿© ¸âºê·¹ÀÎ °³¼±¿¡ ±Ùº»ÀûÀ¸·Î »õ·Î¿î ½Ã°¢À» °®°í ¿¬±¸ È°µ¿À» Áö¼ÓÇÒ Àü¸ÁÀÌ´Ù.

As a final note, recent developments by Nano H2O have shown that the incorporation of nanoparticles can have a significant effect on RO performance. Research activity in Europe during the 1990s (before the term nanoparticle was coined!) also showed that small inorganic particles could improve UF.
Different materials were studied including titania, zirconia and zeolites. Improved flux and selectivity have been observed, but unlike the Nano H2O development, there were no commercial outcomes. However, material makers could revisit this area and explore membrane improvement through a radically new perspective.

°á·Ð ¹× ¿ä¾à(Conclusions and outlook)

¸âºê·¹ÀÎ Á¦Ç°Àº ¼öó¸® ¿ëµµ·Î 50³â°£ »ç¿ëµÇ¾î ¿ÔÀ¸¸ç, Áö³­ 15³â°£ ¸Å¿ì ´Ù¾çÇÏ°Ô ³Î¸® »ç¿ëµÇ¾î ¿Ô´Ù. ƯÈ÷ RO ±â¼ú ¹× UF¡¤MF ¸âºê·¹ÀÎ ¿©°ú¿ëÀ¸·Î ±Þ°ÝÇÑ ¼ºÀåÀÌ ÀÖ¾ú´Ù.

- RO ½ÃÀåÀº polyamide thin film compositeÀÇ Æø³ÐÀº »ç¿ëÀ¸·Î »óÇ°È­°¡ ÁøÇàµÆ´Ù. ±×·¯³ª ¿©·¯ Á¦Á¶È¸»çº° ¸âºê·¹ÀÎÀÇ Æ¯¼ºÀº È­ÇÐÀûÀ¸·Î À¯»çÇÑ ±¸Á¶¸¦ °®°í ÀÖ´Ù.
- ¹Ý¸é¿¡ UF¡¤MF ½ÃÀåÀº 2°¡Áö µ¶Á¡ÀûÀÎ polymer ¼ÒÀç·Î Â÷º°È­µÇ¾î ÀÖ´Ù. PES ¹× PVDF ¼ÒÀç·Î ¼­·Î ´Ù¸¥ Çü»ó ±¸Á¶ ¹× À¯ÀÔ¼ö¶óÀÎ ±¸Á¶¸¦ °®°í ÀÖ´Ù.
- ÀÌÁ¦±îÁö ¸âºê·¹ÀÎ Á¦Á¶»çµéÀº ´Ù¾çÇÑ Àû¿ë¿¡ ÀûÇÕÇϵµ·Ï °³¹ßµÈ »ó¾÷¿ëÀÇ Æú¸®¸Ó¿¡ ÀÇÁ¸ÇØ ¿Ô´Ù. ÃÖÁ¾ Á¦Ç°ÀÇ ¼º´É¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ÄÁÆ®·ÑÀº Æú¸®¸Ó ¿øÀç·á ¼ÒÀçÀÇ Á¶½É½º·¯¿î ¼±Á¤, Æú¸®¸Ó ÷°¡Á¦ÀÇ »ç¿ë °ËÅä ¹× ÀÏÁ¤ÇÑ ¼öÁØÀ¸·ÎÀÇ »çÈÄ °³Áú µî¿¡ ÀÇÇØ ÀÌ·ç¾îÁ³´Ù.
- ÄɹÌÄà Á¦Á¶»çµéÀº ¸âºê·¹ÀÎ Á¦Á¶»çÀÇ °æ¿µ ¼ÒÀ¯¿¡ ´ëÇÑ °­ÇÑ °ü½ÉÀ» º¸À̱⠽ÃÀÛÇß´Ù. BASF»çÀÇ Inge ¸âºê·¹ÀÎ Á¦Á¶»çÀÇ Àμö´Â UF ¸âºê·¹ÀÎÀÇ ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ »ç·Ê¸¦ º¸¿©ÁÖ°í ÀÖ´Ù.
 
Membranes have been used in water treatment for 50 years, and have become widely used for the last 15 years with strong sustained growth for both RO and UF/MF.
- The RO market has become largely commoditised with widespread use of the polyamide thin flm composite; membranes from different manufacturers are chemically similar
- In contrast the UF/MF market is differentiated with two dominant polymer families, PES and PVDF, available in different formats and feed configurations.
- Up to now membrane makers have been reliant on commercial polymers developed for a wide variety of applications; control of the performance of the final product has been achieved by careful selection of the raw polymer material and though the use of polymeric additives, and by some extent by post modification.
- Chemical manufacturers have now begun to show an interest in owning membrane makers, and the acquisition of inge by BASF represents the first example of this type of link up in UF.

 
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