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[¹Ì±¹] ¹é±ÝÀ» ´É°¡ÇÏ´Â ¹°À» ºÐÇØÇÏ¿© ¼ö¼Ò¸¦ »ý¼ºÇÏ´Â »õ·Î¿î Ã˸űâ¼ú °³¹ß
 

¹Ì±¹ ºê¶ó¿î ´ëÇÐ(Brown University) ¼Ò¼ÓÀÇ ¿¬±¸Áø°ú Áß±¹ ÀÌ¾È ¿ì°ø´ëÇÐ(Wuhan University of Technology) ¼Ò¼ÓÀÇ ¿¬±¸Áø, Áß±¹ ÇϾóºó °ø°ú´ëÇÐ(Harbin Institute of Technology) ¼Ò¼ÓÀÇ ¿¬±¸Áø µîÀ¸·Î ±¸¼ºµÈ ¿¬±¸ÆÀÀº ¼ö¼Ò »ý¼º ¹ÝÀÀ(HER; hydrogen evolution reaction)À» ¸Å¿ì È¿À²ÀûÀ¸·Î ¼öÇàÇÏ´Â Ã˸Ÿ¦ °³¹ßÇß´Ù. »õ·Î¿î Ã˸Ŵ ÄÚ¾î/½© NiAu/Au ³ª³ëÀÔÀÚ(core/shell NiAu/Au nanoparticles)¸¦ ±â¹ÝÀ¸·Î ÇÑ´Ù.

¹Ì±¹ È­ÇÐÇÐȸ(American Chemical Society) Àú³Î¿¡ ¹ßÇ¥µÈ ³í¹®¿¡¼­, ¿¬±¸ÁøÀº »õ·Î¿î Á¢±ÙÀÌ NiAu¿¡ Á¦ÇѵÇÁö¸¸, ¹°À» ºÐÇØÇÏ¿© ¼ö¼Ò¸¦ »ý»êÇϱâ À§ÇÑ ÈξÀ ´õ ¿ì¼öÇÑ ³»±¸¼º(durability)°ú ¹é±Ý°ú °°Àº È°¼º(activity)À» °¡Áø »õ·Î¿î Ã˸Š°è±ÞÀ¸·Î MAu/Au ³ª³ëÀÔÀÚ¿¡ ÀϹÝÀûÀÎ Á¢±ÙÀ» Á¦°øÇÒ »Ó ¾Æ´Ï¶ó, FeAu¿Í CoAu¿¡ È®´ëµÉ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù°í Á¦¾ÈÇß´Ù.

HERÀº Á¾Á¾ ¼ö¼Ò¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ¾çÀÚÀÇ Àü±âÈ­ÇÐÀû ȯ¿øÀ¸·Î Á¾Á¾ ¾ð±ÞµÇ¸ç, ¹° ºÐÇØ¿¡¼­ »ê¼Ò ¹ß»ý ¹ÝÀÀ°ú ¦À» ÀÌ·ç¾î »ç¿ëµÇ´Â Áß¿äÇÑ ¹Ý¹ÝÀÀ(half reaction)ÀÌ´Ù. HERÀº ûÁ¤¿¡³ÊÁö ÀÀ¿ëÀ» À§ÇÑ ¼ö¼Ò »ý¼ºÀÇ Áö¼Ó °¡´ÉÇÑ ¹æ½ÄÀ¸·Î ÁýÁßÀûÀ¸·Î ¿¬±¸µÇ¾î ¿Ô´Ù. HER¿¡ ´ëÇÑ Ãß°¡ÀûÀÎ ¿¡³ÊÁö ¼Òºñ ¾øÀÌ À¯¿¬ÇÑ °øÁ¤À» °ÅÄ¡±â À§ÇÏ¿©, Ã˸Ŵ ÃÖ¼Ò °úÀüÀ§·Î ¾çÀÚ È¯¿øÀ» °³½ÃÇϱâ À§ÇÏ¿© Á¸ÀçÇÒ ÇÊ¿ä°¡ ÀÖ´Ù.

°ú°Å ¿¬±¸´Â ³·Àº ȯ¿ø °úÀüÀ§¿Í »ê¼º ¸ÅÁú¿¡¼­ ºü¸¥ ȯ¿ø ¿ªÇÐ µîÀ¸·Î ÀÎÇÏ¿© HERÀ» Ã˸ÅÈ­ÇÏ´Â µ¥ °¡Áõ È¿°úÀûÀÎ Ã˸ŷΠ¹é±Ý(Pt) ±â¹ÝÀÇ Ã˸Ÿ¦ ±Ô¸íÇß´Ù. Pt ÃË¸Å¿Í °ü·ÃµÈ ºñ¿ë ¹®Á¦¸¦ ±Øº¹Çϱâ À§ÇÏ¿©, ÃÖ±ÙÀÇ ³ë·ÂÀº Mo, W ¹× Ni°ú ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ ¿ø¼ÒÀÇ ºÐÀÚ À¯µµÃ¼ µî°ú °°Àº Áö±¸ »ó¿¡¼­ dzºÎÇÑ ¿ø¼Ò·ÎºÎÅÍ »õ·Î¿î Ã˸Ÿ¦ °³¹ßÇϴµ¥ Çå½ÅÇØ¿Ô´Ù. HER¿¡ ´ëÇÏ¿© Áõ¸íµÈ À¯¸ÁÇÑ Ã˸Š¹ÝÀÀ¿¡µµ ºÒ±¸ÇÏ°í, ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ Ã˸ŵéÀº »ó´ëÀûÀ¸·Î ³ôÀº °úÀüÀ§¸¦ °¡Áö´Â ¹é±Ý ±â¹ÝÀÇ Ã˸ź¸´Ù ÀϹÝÀûÀ¸·Î ÈξÀ ´õ ¿­µîÇÏ´Ù. °á°úÀûÀ¸·Î Pt Ã˸ſ¡ »óÀÀÇϰųª ´õ ¿ì¼öÇÑ Ã˸Š¹ÝÀÀÀ» ¼öÇàÇÏ´Â »õ·Î¿î ±ºÀÇ ºñ-¹é±Ý Ã˸Å(non-Pt catalyst)´Â ¼ö¼Ò »ý¼ºÀ» À§ÇÏ¿© ½Ç¿ëÀûÀ¸·Î Àû¿ëµÉ ¼ö ÀÖ´Â ¹° ºÐÇØ ÀÌÀü °øÁ¤¿¡ Àý´ëÀûÀ¸·Î ÇÊ¿äÇÏ´Ù.

Àü±âÈ­ÇÐÀû ȯ¿øÀ» À§ÇÑ ÄÚ¾î/½© ±¸Á¶ÀÇ Àü±âÈ­ÇÐÀû Ã˸Š¹ÝÀÀÀ» Á¶Á¤ÇÏ´Â ÃÖ±Ù ¿¬±¸¿Í °áÇÕµÈ ±ÝÀÇ Ã˸Š¿ë·®¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ´Ù¸¥ °üÂûÀº ¿¬±¸ÆÀÀ¸·Î ÇÏ¿©±Ý HERÀ» À§ÇÑ ºñ-¹é±Ý Ã˸ŷΠÄÚ¾î/½© M/Au NPs(¿©±â¼­ MÀº ÀüÀÌ ±Ý¼ÓÀ¸·Î ÁÖ±âÀ² Ç¥ »ó¿¡¼­ ù° ÁÙ¿¡ ÀÖ´Â ¿ø¼Ò)¿¡ °ü½ÉÀ» °¡Áöµµ·Ï Çß´Ù.

¿¬±¸ÆÀÀº ¿Ã·¹»ê(oleic acid)°ú ¿Ã·¹À̶ó¹Î(oleylamine) Á¸Àç ÇÏ¿¡ 220¡ÆC¿¡¼­ Ni(acac)2 (acac = acetylacetonate)¿Í HAuCl4¡¤3H2OÀÇ °ø-ȯ¿ø(co-reduction)À¸·Î NiAu ÇÕ±Ý ³ª³ëÀÔÀÚ¸¦ »ý¼ºÇÏ´Â ÀϹÝÀûÀÎ Á¢±Ù¿¡ ´ëÇÏ¿© º¸°íÇß´Ù. 0.5 M H2SO4¿¡¼­ 0.6-1.0 V »çÀÌÀÇ ÀüÀ§ ÁÖ±â(potential cycling)¸¦ Á¶°ÇÀ¸·Î, NiAu NPs´Â ÄÚ¾î/½© NiAu/Au NPs·Î ÀüȯµÆ´Ù. ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ Ã˸Ŵ ¹é±Ý Ã˸ź¸´Ù ÈξÀ ´õ ¿ì¼öÇÑ ³»±¸¼º°ú ¹é±Ý°ú °°Àº È°¼ºÀ» °¡Áö´Â ¼ö¼Ò ¹ß»ý ¹ÝÀÀÀ» À§ÇÑ Ã˸Š¹ÝÀÀÀ» °­È­½ÃÅ°´Â °ÍÀ» º¸¿©ÁÖ¾ú´Ù.

Ã˸Ÿ¦ ÇÕ¼ºÇÏ´Â ¿¬±¸¸¦ ¼öÇàÇÏ´Â Áß, ¿¬±¸ÁøÀº ÄÚ¾î/½© NiAu/Au NPs´Â NiAu ¶Ç´Â Au NPsº¸´Ù »ê¼º ¿ë¾×¿¡¼­ HER¿¡ ´ëÇÏ¿© ÈξÀ ´õ ¿ì¼öÇÑ È°¼ºÀ» ³ªÅ¸³Â´Ù´Â °ÍÀ» È®ÀÎÇß´Ù. ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ Ã˸Ŵ »ó¿ë Ã˸ſ¡ ¹ö±Ý°¡´Â È°¼ºÀ» ³ªÅ¸³»¸ç ³»±¸¼ºÀº ÈξÀ ´õ °­È­µÆ´Ù.

ÄÚ¾î/½© NiAu/Au´Â ¹é±Ý°ú °°Àº È°¼ºÀ» º¸À¯ÇÏ°í ÀÖÀ¸¸ç, ½ÉÁö¾î »ê¼º ¸ÅÁú¿¡¼­ HER¿¡ ´ëÇÏ¿© ÀÌÁ¦±îÁö º¸°íµÆ´ø °¡Àå È¿À²ÀûÀÎ ºñ-¹é±Ý Ã˸ŷΠÀÛ¿ëÇϴµ¥ ¹é±Ýº¸´Ù ÈξÀ ´õ ¾ÈÁ¤ÀûÀÌ´Ù. ±âº» ¿øÄ¢ °è»êÀº ÄÚ¾î/½© ±¸Á¶ÀÇ ³ôÀº È°¼ºÀÌ ³·Àº ¹èÀ§¼ö(low coordination numbers)¸¦ °¡Áö´Â ±Ý À§Ä¡ÀÇ Çü¼ºÀ¸·ÎºÎÅÍ À¯·¡ÇÑ´Ù°í Á¦¾ÈÇß´Ù. ŸÆç ±â¿ï±â(Tafel slopes)¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ºÐ¼®Àº NiAu/Au ±¸Á¶¿¡¼­ °áÇÔÀÌ ÀÖ´Â ±Ý ½©ÀÌ µÎ °³ÀÇ Èí¼öµÈ ¼ö¼Ò ¿øÀÚÀÇ Àç°áÇÕÀ» ÃËÁøÇÏ¿© HERÀ» Ã˸ÅÈ­ÇÑ´Ù´Â »ç½ÇÀ» ±Ô¸íÇß´Ù. ÀÌ ¿¬±¸´Â Ã˸ÅÀÇ Á¶Àý°ú ÃÖÀûÈ­¸¦ À§ÇÏ¿© MAu/Au ÄÚ¾î/½© ³ª³ëÀÔÀÚ¿Í MAu Çձݿ¡ ´ëÇÑ ÀϹÝÀûÀÎ Á¢±ÙÀ» Á¦°øÇß´Ù. ÃÖÀûÈ­µÈ MAu/Au´Â Áß¿äÇÑ ¿¡³ÊÁö ÀÀ¿ëÀ» À§ÇÏ¿© HERÀ» Ã˸ÅÈ­Çϴµ¥ ¹é±ÝÀ» ´ëüÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù°í ¿¬±¸ÆÀÀº ¹àÇû´Ù.
 
[Ãâó = KISTI ¹Ì¸®¾È ¡º±Û·Î¹úµ¿Çâºê¸®ÇΡ»/ 2015³â 5¿ù 14ÀÏ]

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US-China team develops new class of catalyst superior to platinum for H2O splitting and H2 generation

A team from Brown University, Wuhan University of Technology (China), Cal State University Northridge and Harbin Institute of Technology (China) has developed a new catalyst for a highly efficient hydrogen evolution reaction based on core/shell NiAu/Au nanoparticles (NPs).

In their paper, published in the Journal of the American Chemical Society, the researchers go on to suggest that their approach is not limited to NiAu but can be extended to FeAu and CoAu as well, providing a general approach to MAu/Au NPs as a class of new catalyst with platinum-like activity and much superior durability for water splitting and hydrogen generation.

Hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) is often referred to as electrochemical reduction of protons to hydrogen and is an important half reaction used to couple with oxygen evolution reaction in water splitting. It has been studied extensively as a sustainable way of producing H2 for clean energy applications. For HER to proceed smoothly without consuming extra energy, a catalyst must be present to initiate proton reduction with minimal overpotential.

Past studies have identified Pt-based catalysts as being the most effective in catalyzing HER due to their low reduction overpotentials and fast reduction kinetics in acidic media. To overcome the cost issues related to the Pt catalysts, recent efforts have been devoted to developing new catalysts from earth-abundant elements, such as Mo, W, and Ni and their molecular derivatives. Despite the promising catalysis demonstrated on HER, these catalysts are generally much inferior to the Pt-based ones with relatively high overpotentials. Consequently a new class of non-Pt catalysts with their catalysis superior to or comparable with Pt catalysts is still desperately needed before water splitting can be applied practically for hydrogen generation.

Other observations on the catalytic capability of gold, combined with recent studies on tuning electrocatalysis of core/shell structures for electrochemical reduction reactions, inspired the team to study core/shell M/Au NPs—where M is a first-row transition metal—as a non-Pt catalyst for HER.

During their work in synthesizing the catalysts, the researchers found that core/shell NiAu/Au NPs were more active for HER in an acid solution than either NiAu or Au NPs. They were nearly as active as the commercial Pt catalyst but with much enhanced durability.

The core/shell NiAu/Au has the Pt-like activity and is even more stable than the Pt in the HER condition, becoming the most efficient non-Pt catalyst ever reported for HER in acidic media. The first-principles calculations suggest that the high activity of core/shell structure arises from the formation of the Au sites with low coordination numbers. Analyses on the Tafel slopes reveal that the defected Au shell in the NiAu/Au structure facilitates the recombination of two adsorbed H atoms and therefore the HER. Our study provides a general approach to MAu alloy and MAu/ Au core/shell NPs for catalytic tuning and optimization. The optimized MAu/Au can replace Pt to catalyze HER for important energy applications.
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