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À̸§ °ü¸®ÀÚ waterindustry@hanmail.net ÀÛ¼ºÀÏ 2019.07.04 Á¶È¸¼ö 744
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½ºÀ§½º EPFL, ȯ°æ ģȭÀû¡¤°æÁ¦ÀûÀÎ ¡®E-METS¡¯ °³¹ß 

 (·ÎÀÜ¿¬¹æ°ø°ú´ëÇб³)                                        (Çؼö´ã¼öÈ­ ó¸® ±â¼ú)

Á¦ÇÁ ¿Ë ¹Ú»çÆÀ, ÇöÀç »ç¿ëµÇ´Â ¸ðµç ´ã¼öÈ­ ±â¼ú ÀÌÁ¡ °áÇÕ¡¦Çâ»óµÈ ¼º´É Á¦°ø

(Jeff Ong)                                                                                                             
¿°ºÐ 99.9% Á¦°ÅÇϳª ¿¡³ÊÁö Àû°Ô »ç¿ë¡¦»ó¿ëÈ­ À§ÇØ ¾ÆÄí¾Æ¶óÀÌÇÁ ±Û·Î¹ú ¼³¸³
                                                                
  (Aqualife Global) 


 º¸´Ù ȯ°æģȭÀûÀÎ ¹æ¹ýÀ¸·Î ¹°À» Å»¿°ÇÏ´Â ¹æ¹ý
 Desalinating Water In A Greener And More Economical Way
 
½ºÀ§½º ·ÎÀÜ¿¬¹æ°ø°ú´ëÇб³(EPFL)ÀÇ ¿¬±¸¿øµéÀº ±âÁ¸ÀÇ ½Ã½ºÅÛº¸´Ù ´õ ȯ°æ ģȭÀûÀÌ°í °æÁ¦ÀûÀÎ ¹æ¹ýÀ¸·Î ¹Ù´å¹°À» ½Ä¼ö·Î ¹Ù²Ù´Â ½Ã½ºÅÛÀ» °³¹ßÇß´Ù. EPFLÀº ÀÌ ±â¼úÀ» °³¹ßÇÏ°í »ó¿ëÈ­Çϱâ À§ÇØ ½ºÇÉ¿ÀÇÁ(spin-off)ÀÎ ¾ÆÄí¾Æ¶óÀÌÇÁ ±Û·Î¹ú(Aqualife Global)À» ¼³¸³Çß´Ù.

Researchers at EPFL have developed a machine that turns seawater into drinking water in a more environmentally friendly and economical way than existing systems. A spin-off, Aqualife Global, has now been set up to develop and commercialize the technology.


Àü¼¼°è Àα¸ÀÇ °úµµÇÑ ¼Òºñ, »ê¾÷ È°µ¿ ¹× ¼ºÀåÀº Àü¼¼°è »ç¶÷µéÀÇ Áõ°¡ÇÏ´Â ºñÀ²·Î ½Ä¼ö¿¡ ´ëÇÑ Á¢±ÙÀ» À§ÇùÇÏ´Â ¿ä¼Ò Áß ÀϺÎÀÌ´Ù. 2012³â À¯³×½ºÄÚ(UNESCO) Åë°è¿¡ µû¸£¸é °ÅÀÇ 7¾ï ¸íÀÌ ¹°¿¡ ´ëÇÑ Á¢±ÙÀÌ Á¦ÇѵǾî ÀÖÀ¸¸ç ±× ¼ö´Â 2025³â±îÁö 18¾ï ¸íÀ¸·Î Áõ°¡ÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù.

»ê¾÷Æó¼öÀÇ ´ã¼öÈ­ ¹× 󸮷Π¸¹Àº ¾çÀÇ ½Ä¼ö¸¦ »ý»êÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖÀ¸¸ç ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ ¹æ¹ýÀº ¾Æ¶ø¿¡¹Ì¸®Æ®(UAE), »ç¿ìµð¾Æ¶óºñ¾Æ, Áß±¹, À¯·´ ¹× ¹Ì±¹°ú °°Àº ¸¹Àº ±¹°¡ ¹× Áö¿ª¿¡¼­ ÀÌ¹Ì »ç¿ëµÇ°í ÀÖ´Ù. ±×·¯³ª ±âÁ¸ ½Ã½ºÅÛÀº ºñ¿ëÀÌ ¸¹ÀÌ µé°í ¸¹Àº ¿¡³ÊÁö¸¦ »ç¿ëÇÑ´Ù. 

 

   
¡ã ½ºÀ§½º ·ÎÀÜ¿¬¹æ°ø°ú´ëÇб³(EPFL)ÀÇ ¹«±âÇÕ¼º ¹× Ã˸ÅÀÛ¿ë ¿¬±¸¼ÒÀÇ Á¦ÇÁ ¿Ë(Jeff Ong) ¹Ú»ç(»çÁø)´Â ÇöÀç »ç¿ëµÇ´Â ¸ðµç ´ã¼öÈ­ ±â¼úÀÇ ÀÌÁ¡À» °áÇÕ½ÃŲ ȯ°æ ģȭÀûÀÌ°í °æÁ¦ÀûÀÎ Çؼö´ã¼öÈ­ ó¸® ±â¼úÀÎ ¡®E-METS¡¯¸¦ °³¹ßÇß´Ù.


½ºÀ§½º ·ÎÀÜ¿¬¹æ°ø°ú´ëÇб³(EPFL)ÀÇ ¹«±âÇÕ¼º ¹× Ã˸ÅÀÛ¿ë ¿¬±¸¼ÒÀÇ Á¦ÇÁ ¿Ë(Jeff Ong) ¹Ú»ç´Â ÇöÀç »ç¿ëµÇ´Â ¸ðµç ÁÖ¿ä ±â¼úÀÇ ÀÌÁ¡À» °áÇÕÇÏ¿© Çâ»óµÈ ¼º´ÉÀ» Á¦°øÇÏ´Â ¼öó¸® ±â¼úÀ» °³¹ßÇß´Ù. ´ë·® »ý»ê¿¡ ¾Õ¼­ ¹Ì¸® Á¦ÀÛÇغ¸´Â ½ÃÁ¦Ç°ÀÎ ÇÁ·ÎÅä ŸÀÔ(prototype)¿¡¼­ ÀÌ ÀåÄ¡´Â µ¿ÀÏÇÑ Ã³¸®·®À¸·Î Çؼö¿¡¼­ 99.9% ÀÌ»óÀÇ ¿°ºÐÀ» Á¦°ÅÇÏÁö¸¸ ¿¡³ÊÁö´Â Àû°Ô »ç¿ëÇÏ´Â °ÍÀ¸·Î ³ªÅ¸³µ´Ù. ÀÌ ½Ã½ºÅÛÀº ¿ÃÇØ ½ÇÁ¦ »óȲ¿¡¼­ Å×½ºÆ®µÉ ¿¹Á¤ÀÌ´Ù.

We know that excessive consumption, industrial activity and growth in the global population are some of the factors threatening access to drinking water for an increasing proportion of people around the world. According to UNESCO figures from 2012, almost 700 million people suffer from limited access to water - and that number could rise to 1.8 billion by 2025.

Desalination and the treatment of industrial wastewater can produce large amounts of drinking water, and these methods are already used in many countries and regions such as the United Arab Emirates, Saudi Arabia, China, Europe and the USA. However, existing systems are costly and use a lot of energy.

Jeff Ong, from EPFL¡¯s Laboratory of Inorganic Synthesis and Catalysis, has developed a water treatment machine that combines the benefits of all of the main technologies currently being used while offering improved performance. For example, the prototype removes more than 99.9% of the salt from seawater with the same throughput but using less energy. The system will be tested in real-world conditions this year.

󸮷® Áõ°¡(Increasing throughput)

¿À´Ã³¯ »ç¿ëµÇ´Â ÁÖ¿ä ´ë±Ô¸ð ´ã¼öÈ­ ±â¼úÀº ¿ª»ïÅõ¾Ð(RO, Reverse Osmosis)ÀÌ´Ù. ¹ÝÅõ¸·(Semi-permeable membrane)¿¡ ÀÇÇØ ºÐ¸®µÈ µÎ °³ÀÇ µ¿ÀÏÇÑ ¾×ü°¡ ´Ù¸¥ ³óµµÀÇ ¿° ¶Ç´Â ¹Ì³×¶öÀ» °®´Â °æ¿ì, °¢°¢ÀÇ ¾×ü°¡ µ¿ÀÏÇÑ ³óµµ¸¦ °¡Áú ¶§±îÁö Àú³óµµÀÇ ¾×ü°¡ ¸âºê·¹ÀÎÀ» Åë°úÇÑ´Ù.

ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ ÀÚ¿¬Àû °úÁ¤À» ¿ªÀ¸·Î ÇÏ¿© ¸¼Àº ¹°ÀÇ ¾çÀ» ±Ø´ëÈ­Çϱâ À§ÇØ ´õ ³óÃàµÈ ¾×ü¿¡ ¾Ð·ÂÀ» °¡ÇÏ¿© ¿©°ú¸·À» ÅëÇØ À½¿ë¼ö ÂÊÀ» ÇâÇÏ¿© È帣°Ô ÇÑ´Ù. ÀÌ ±â¼úÀº »ó´ëÀûÀ¸·Î ¸¹Àº ¾çÀÇ Àü±â(¾à 4¡­5kWh/§©)¸¦ »ç¿ëÇÏ¸ç ¸âºê·¹ÀÎÀº ±¤¹°ÀÔÀÚ·Î ¸¶¸ðµÈ ´Ù¸¥ ±¸¼º ¿ä¼Ò¿Í ¸¶Âù°¡Áö·Î ±Þ¼ÓÈ÷ ¿­È­µÈ´Ù.

¸âºê·¹ÀÎÀº 1³â¿¡ ¸î ¹ø È­ÇÐÀûÀ¸·Î û¼ÒÇØ¾ß ÇÏ¸ç ¸Å¿ì ºó¹øÇÏ°Ô ±³Ã¼ÇØ¾ß ÇÑ´Ù. ¡°ÀÌ°ÍÀº »ý»êÀڵ鿡°Ô ³ôÀº À¯Áöº¸¼ö ºñ¿ëÀ» ÃÊ·¡ÇÑ´Ù¡±¶ó°í Á¦ÇÁ ¿Ë(Jeff Ong) ¹Ú»ç´Â ¸»ÇÑ´Ù. ±×·¯³ª, EPFL ½ºÇÉ ¿ÀÇÁ(spin-off)¿¡ ÀÇÇØ »ç¿ëµÇ´Â ´ã¼öÈ­ °³³äÀº ºÒÈ°¼º ¼Ò¼ö¼º ¹°Áú·Î Á¦Á¶µÈ ¸âºê·¹ÀÎÀ» »ç¿ëÇÏ¿© ´ú »¡¸® ¸¶¸ðµÇ°í °ª½Î°Ô ÀçÈ°¿ëµÉ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù.

The main large-scale desalination technology used today is reverse osmosis. When two identical liquids separated by a semi-permeable membrane have a different concentration of salt or other minerals, the one with the lower concentration passes through the membrane until each liquid has the same concentration.

To reverse this natural process and therefore maximize the amount of fresh water, pressure is applied to the more concentrated liquid so that it flows through the filtration membrane towards the drinking water side. The technique uses a relatively large amount of electricity (around 4¡­5kWh/§©) and the membranes deteriorate rapidly, as do other components, worn down by mineral particles.

They need to be chemically cleaned several times per year and replaced very frequently. ¡°That results in high maintenance costs for producers,¡± says Ong. However, the desalination concept used by the EPFL spin-off use membranes made of inert hydrophobic material, wear out less quickly and can be recycled cheaply.

 

   
¡ã »õ·Î¿î Çؼö´ã¼öÈ­ ó¸® ±â¼úÀÎ ¡®E-METS¡¯´Â ÇÁ·ÎÅä ŸÀÔ(prototype)¿¡¼­ ¿°ºÐÀ» 99.9% ÀÌ»ó Á¦°ÅÇÏÁö¸¸ ¿¡³ÊÁö´Â Àû°Ô »ç¿ëÇÏ´Â °ÍÀ¸·Î ³ªÅ¸³µ´Ù.

¿­È¸¼ö ¿ä¼Ò¸¦ »ç¿ëÇÏ¿© Áõ¹ßÇÏ´Â ¹°
(Evaporating water using heat recovery elements)

 
 EPFL(Ecole Polytechnique Federale de Lausanne)ÀÇ ÇÁ·ÎÅä ŸÀÔÀÌ 99.9% ÀÌ»óÀ¸·Î Áõ°¡ÇÏ´Â ¿°ºÐ ºÐ¸®¸¦ ±Ø´ëÈ­Çϱâ À§ÇØ ÀÏ·ÃÀÇ Áõ¹ß ±â¹Ý ´ã¼öÈ­ ¸ðµâÀ» ÇÔ²² »ç¿ëÇß´Ù. ½Ã½ºÅÛÀÇ ÁÖµÈ ¾àÁ¡ÀÎ ¿¡³ÊÁö ¼Òºñ ¹®Á¦¸¦ ÇØ°áÇϱâ À§ÇØ Á¦ÇÁ ¿Ë(Jeff Ong) ¹Ú»çÆÀÀº ³»ºÎ ¿­È¸¼ö ¹× º¸´Ù È¿À²ÀûÀÎ ¿­ Àü´ÞÀ» Æ÷ÇÔÇÏ¿© ¸î °¡Áö °³¼± ÀÛ¾÷À» ¼öÇàÇß´Ù.

¾Ð·ÂÀ» ÁÙÀÓÀ¸·Î½á ¹°Àº ¼·¾¾ 80µµ(80¡É) ¹Ì¸¸ÀÇ ¿Âµµ¿¡¼­ ²úÀ» ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù. »ý¼ºµÈ Áõ±â´Â ³Ã°¢µÇ¾î ±ú²ýÇÑ ¹°·Î ȸ¼öµÈ´Ù. ³²¾ÆÀÖ´Â ¼Ò±ÝÀÌ µé¾îÀÖ´Â ³ª¸ÓÁö ¾×ü´Â ÈξÀ ³·Àº ¾Ð·ÂÀ¸·Î ´Ù¸¥ ¼¿(cell)·Î Àü´ÞµÈ´Ù.

¿­È¸¼ö ¿ä¼Ò´Â ½Ã½ºÅÛ ¿ÜºÎÀÇ ¿¡³ÊÁö¸¦ »ç¿ëÇÏÁö ¾Ê°í ÀÜ¿© ¿°¼ö¸¦ ¿¹¿­ ¹× ±âÈ­½ÃÅ°´Â µ¥ »ç¿ëµÈ´Ù. °¢ ´Ü°è¿¡¼­ »ý¼ºµÈ Áõ±â´Â ³Ã°¢µÇ°í »ý¼ºµÈ ´ã¼ö°¡ ȸ¼öµÈ´Ù. ´ã¼ö´Â ½Ã½ºÅÛÀ» ³Ã°¢½ÃÅ°±â À§ÇØ ¹èÄ¡µÈ ¿­±³È¯±â ÀåÄ¡¸¦ »ç¿ëÇÏ¿© Á¦°ÅµÈ´Ù. ¼Õ½ÇµÉ ¿­À» Àç»ç¿ëÇÔÀ¸·Î½á ¡®E-METS¡¯´Â ±âÁ¸ ¿­ ½Ã½ºÅÛº¸´Ù ÈξÀ ÀûÀº °ø°£(foot print)À» °®´Â´Ù.

Á¦ÇÁ ¿Ë(Jeff Ong) ¹Ú»ç´Â ¡°ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ Áõ¹ß ¹× ³Ã°¢ È帧¿ø¸®´Â ¿øÀÚ·Â »ê¾÷¿¡¼­ ÀϹÝÀûÀ¸·Î »ç¿ëµÇ´Âµ¥, ¿ì¸®´Â ¹° ºÐ¸® ºÐ¾ß¿¡¼­ ÀÌ °³³äÀ» óÀ½À¸·Î Àû¿ëÇÏ°í ÀÖ´Ù¡±°í ¸»Çß´Ù.

To maximize salt separation, which the EPFL prototype increases to more than 99.9%, Ong put together a series of evaporation-based desalination modules. To address the system¡¯s main weakness - energy consumption - he made several improvements including internal heat recovery and more efficient heat transfer.

By reducing the pressure, the water can be brought to a boil at a temperature of less than 80¡É. The vapor produced is cooled and recovered as fresh water. The rest of the liquid, which contains the remaining salt, passes into another cell with even lower pressure, and so forth.

Heat recovery elements are used to pre-heat and vaporize the remaining saltwater, without using any energy from outside the system. At each stage, the vapor produced is cooled and the resulting fresh water is recovered. The fresh water is removed using heat exchanger devices that are positioned so as to cool the system. By reusing heat that would otherwise be lost, E-METS has a much lower carbon footprint than a conventional thermal system.

 ¡°These evaporation and cooling flow principles are commonly employed in the nuclear power industry¡±, explains Ong. ¡°We are the first to apply the concept in the water separation field.¡±

¸Å¿ì § ¹°Ã³¸®(Treating very salty water)

 

 

   
¡ã »õ·Î¿î Çؼö´ã¼öÈ­ ó¸® ±â¼úÀÎ ¡®E-METS¡¯¸¦ °³¹ßÇÑ Á¦ÇÁ ¿Ë(Jeff Ong) ¹Ú»ç°¡ ¡°¿øÀÚ·Â »ê¾÷¿¡¼­ ÀϹÝÀûÀ¸·Î »ç¿ëµÇ´Â Áõ¹ß ¹× ³Ã°¢ È帧¿ø¸®¸¦ ¹° ºÐ¸® ºÐ¾ß¿¡¼­ óÀ½À¸·Î Àû¿ëÇß´Ù¡±°í ¸»ÇÏ°í ÀÖ´Ù.

ÀÌ ÇÏÀ̺긮µå ÇÁ·ÎÅä ŸÀÔÀÇ ÃÖ±Ù °³¼± »çÇ×Àº 󸮷®ÀÌ ¿ª»ïÅõ ½Ã½ºÅÛÀÇ ÃÖ´ë 2¹è¿¡ ´ÞÇϱ⠶§¹®¿¡ ½Ã°£À» Àý¾àÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù. ¶ÇÇÑ »õ·Î¿î ½Ã½ºÅÛÀº 200g/L ÀÌ»óÀÇ ¸Å¿ì ³ôÀº ¿° ³óµµ¸¦ ó¸®ÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù´Â ÀåÁ¡ÀÌ ÀÖÀ¸¸ç, À̴ ǥÁØ ¿­ ºÐ¸® ±â¼úÀÇ 2¹è, ¿ª»ïÅõÀÇ 4¹è ÀÌ»óÀ̳ª µÈ´Ù. ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ ³ôÀº ¿° ³óµµ´Â ¿¹¸¦ µé¾î ¿ª»ïÅõ ¼³ºñ¿¡ ÀÇÇØ »ý¼ºµÈ Æó¾×¿¡¼­ ¹ß°ßµÉ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù.

´ã¼öÈ­ ½ÃÀåÀº 2025³â¿¡ 274¾ï ´Þ·¯(¾à 29Á¶ 7õ¾ï ¿ø)ÀÇ °¡Ä¡°¡ ÀÖÀ» °ÍÀ¸·Î ¿¹»óµÇ¸ç, ¹° ¹× ¼öó¸® ½ÃÀåÀº ÃÑ 675¾ï ´Þ·¯(¾à 74Á¶2õ500¸¸ ¿ø)¿¡ ´ÞÇÒ °ÍÀ¸·Î ¿¹»óµÈ´Ù. ½Å»ý ±â¾÷ ¾ÆÄí¾Æ¶óÀÌÇÁ ±Û·Î¹ú(Aqualife Global)Àº ÀÌ ±â¼úÀ» ¡®E-METS¡¯·Î ¸í¸íÇÏ°í ÀÌ ±â¼úÀ» »ó¿ëÈ­Çϱâ À§ÇØ ÇöÀç ÅëÇյǾî ÀÖ´Ù. ½Ã½ºÅÛÀÇ ¸ðµâ½Ä ¹è¿­Àº ó¸®ÇÒ ¹°ÀÇ ¾ç¿¡ ¸ÂÃâ ¼ö ÀÖÀ½À» ÀǹÌÇÑ´Ù.

¿ÃÇØ °øµ¿ ⸳ÀÚµéÀº ¿î¼Û ÄÁÅ×À̳ʿ¡ ¸Â´Â ¹öÀüÀ» °³¹ßÇÏ¿© °¡Àå ÇÊ¿äÇÑ °÷À¸·Î ½±°Ô ¿î¼ÛÇÏ°í ¼³Ä¡Çϵµ·Ï ÇÏ°í ÀÖ´Ù. Çؼö ´ã¼öÈ­¿¡ »ç¿ëµÇ´Â °Í»Ó¸¸ ¾Æ´Ï¶ó ÀÌ ½Ã½ºÅÛÀº ¿ª»ïÅõ ¼³ºñ¿Í ¿¬°áµÇ¾î º¸´Ù ¸¹Àº ¾çÀÇ ´ã¼öÈ­µÈ À½¿ë¼ö¸¦ »ý»êÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù.

°øµ¿ ⸳ÀÚ´Â ¶ÇÇÑ ±¤»ê¾÷°èÀÇ Æó¼öó¸®(ƯÈ÷ ¸®Æ¬ ±¤¾÷) ¹× ¹ßÀü ȸ»ç¿¡¼­ »ý»êÇÑ Æó¼ö¿¡¼­ ȲÀ» Á¦°ÅÇÏ´Â °Í°ú °°Àº ¸¹Àº ´Ù¸¥ ÀáÀçÀûÀÎ ÀÀ¿ë ºÐ¾ß¸¦ º¸°í ÀÖ´Ù. ÀÌ ½Ã½ºÅÛÀº ³ó½ÄÇ° ¹× ¼®À¯ ¹× °¡½º»ê¾÷¿¡¼­ »ý»êµÇ´Â Æó¼ö¸¦ ó¸®ÇÏ´Â µ¥¿¡µµ »ç¿ëµÉ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù.

 Recent improvements in this hybrid prototype have also resulted in time savings, because throughput is now up to twice as high as that of reverse osmosis systems. In addition, the new system has the advantage of being able to handle very high salt concentrations - more than 200g/L - which is twice as much as standard thermal separation technologies and more than four times as much as reverse osmosis. Such high salt concentrations can be found, for example, in the waste solutions produced by reverse-osmosis plants.

The desalination market is expected to be worth $27.4 billion in 2025, with the water and water treatment market overall worth $675 billion. The start-up, Aqualife Global, is currently in incorporated to commercialize the E-METS technology. The modular arrangement of the system means that it can be adapted to the amount of water to be treated.

This year, the co-founders intend to develop a version that fits into a shipping container, making it easy to transport and allowing it to be set up where it is most needed. As well as being used to desalinate seawater, the system can be connected to reverse osmosis plants, helping them to produce higher volumes of desalinated drinking water.

The co-founders also see many other potential applications, such as treating wastewater from the mining industry - and more specifically for lithium mining - and removing sulfur from wastewater produced by electricity generation companies. The system could also be used to treat wastewater produced by the agri-food and oil and gas industries.

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